Chapter 2 of our subject

2. 1. Describe the nineteenth century as
represented in the film.
2. What is the main question that the film seeks
to answer? What is your reflection and
understanding based on the film?

3. THE 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES AS
RIZAL’S CONTEXT

4. (1) Instability of colonial administration,
(2) corrupt officialdom
(3) no Philippine representation in the
Spanish Cortes,
(4) human rights denied to Filipinos.
(5) no equality before the law.
(6) maladministration of justice,
(7) racial discrimination
(8) frailocracy,
(9) forced labor.
(10) haciendas owned by the friars, and
(11) the Guardia Civil.
Spanish Misrules
and Abuses

5. ECONOMIC STRUCTURE

6. Pre-colonial period- trading with neighboring
countries (China, Japan, Siam (Thailand), India,
Cambodia, Moluccas island (Spice Islands).
1565-1815 Spanish government closed the ports
of Manila to all countries except to Mexico giving
birth to Manila-Acapulco Trade (Galleon Trade).
Galleon Trade served as an income generating
business for Spanish colonists in the Philippines.
END OF THE GALLEON TRADE

7. Pre-colonial period- trading with neighboring
countries (China, Japan, Siam (Thailand), India,
Cambodia, Moluccas island (Spice Islands).
1565-1815 Spanish government closed the ports
of Manila to all countries except to Mexico giving
birth to Manila-Acapulco Trade (Galleon Trade).
Galleon Trade served as an income generating
business for Spanish colonists in the Philippines.
Manila became a trading hub where China,
Japan, and South East Asian countries sent their
goods to be consolidated for shipping.
END OF THE GALLEON TRADE

8. • Chinese ran the hub and do all of the work. They arrived in
the Philippine yearly bringing good and workforce.
END OF THE GALLEON TRADE
Spanish feared them. Taxed them. Sent them out to Parian (it is in
Calamba which is an area adjacent to intramuros built to house
Chinese merchants in Manila during 16-17th century). And later on
massacred (Reason: Rumor that Spaniards were planning to
poison the Chinese water supply. An 18 day rebellion started and
20, 000 Chinese died on the massacre)

9. END OF THE GALLEON TRADE
Outcome/Result
1. Allowed modern, liberal ideas to enter the Philippines that inspires
the movement for independence from Spain.
Reason for the End of Galleon Trade (September 14, 1815)
1. Mexico’s war for independence.

10. END OF THE GALLEON TRADE
Outcome/Result
1. Allowed modern, liberal ideas to enter the Philippines that inspires
the movement for independence from Spain.
Reason for the End of Galleon Trade (September 14, 1815)
1. Mexico’s war for independence. (1821)

11. OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL
• Suez canal- man made canal/ an artificial waterway in
Egypt.
• Connects the Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea through
the Isthmus of Suez.
• 1859-1869- created by Suez Canal Company led by
Ferdinand de Lesseps

12. OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL
1. Distance of travel between Europe and Asia was
considerably abbreviated and thus virtually brought
the country closer to the Spain.
2. Significant factor that enabled the growth of
nationalistic desires of Jose Rizal and other Filipino
illustrados.
3. Expedited the importation not only of commercial
products but also books, magazines, and
newspapers, with liberal ideas from the West.

13. OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL
4. Encouraged illustrados to pursue education
abroad and learn scientific and liberal in European
academic institution which influenced their thoughts
on nationhood, politics, and government.

14. THE RISE OF THE EXPORT
CROP ECONOMY

15. MONOPOLIES

16. EDUCATIONAL
ENVIRONMENT

17. • Promotion of Christianity
• Promotion of Spanish Language
• Imposition of Spanish Culture
• Church controlled the curriculum.
• Education was entirely under clerical direction.
• However, many sons of the wealthy were sent to Europe to
study.
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
Aims

18. • Curriculum was formal, organized, and religion-
oriented.
• Spanish missionaries were the teachers or tutors
• Christian doctrines, prayers, and sacred songs
• 3r’s (reading, writing and religion) were only given
the brighter pupils
• Teach catechism to the natives.
• Method of teaching was predominantly individual
memorization
• Study of Spanish language was compulsory.
• Education is considered privilege not a right
• Education for the elite was controlled by the friars.
Colonial Educational System

19. • Access to education by the Filipinos was later liberalized
through the enactment.
• It provided for the establishment of at least one primary
school for boys and girls in each town under the
responsibility of the municipal government.
• Three grade levels: Entrada (Entrance), Acenso
(Promotion) Termino (Finish)
Educational Decree of 1863

20. 1. Christian doctrine
2. Values
3. History
4. Reading and writing in Spanish
5. Mathematics
6. Agriculture
7. Etiquette
8. Singing
9. World Geography
10. Spanish
Curriculum required to study:

21. OLDEST TERTIARY EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS IN THE 19TH CENTURY
YEAR OF
FOUNDATION
CURRENT NAME NAME AT THE TIME
OF THE FOUNDATION
FOUNDING ORDER Location
1589 Colegio de Santa
Potenciana (defunct)
Colegio de Santa
Potenciana destroyed in
1645, rebuilt in 1762,
abolished in 1866)
Franciscans Manila
(Veterans Bank, Red
cross building presently
occupy)
1590 San Jose Seminary Colegio de Manila
(Colegio Seminarios de
San Ignacio/
Unibersidad Maximo de
San Ignacio (defunct)
1590-1768
Society of Jesus Manila

22. OLDEST TERTIARY EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS IN THE 19TH CENTURY
YEAR OF FOUNDATION CURRENT NAME NAME AT THE TIME OF THE
FOUNDATION
FOUNDING
ORDER
Location
1595 University of San Carlos Colegio de San Ildefonso (1595-
1769)
Society of Jesus Cebu City
1611 University of Santo Tomas Colegio de Nuestra Senora de
Santissimo Rosario
Colegio de Santo Tomás de Manila in
1617
Universidad de Santo Tomás in 1645
Dominican Order Manila
1620 Colegio de San Juan de
Letran
Colegio de Niños Huerfanos de San
Juan de Letran
Dominican Order Manila
1859 Ateneo de Manila
University
Escuela Municipal (1859)
Ateneo Municipal de Manila (1865)
Society of Jesus Manila
Claim 1. It was not recognized because its founders failed to have their school registered in Spain.
Claim 2. Fr. Aloysius Cartagenas, professor at the Seminario Mayor de San Carlos of Cebu, argued “UST is
older than USC,” and not by a dozen years, but by hundreds. The seminary was part of the Colegio de San
Carlos until 1924 when they separated. Cartagenas argues there is no clear and visible link between USC and
the now-defunct Colegio de San Ildefonso, and therefore, USC cannot claim to be the oldest school in the
Philippines. At the time it was established by the Jesuits, San Ildefonso was a grammar school for boys attached
to the Jesuit residence in Cebu.
Claim 3. Another historian, Fr. Fidel Villarroel, O.P., argued in 1995 in his paper published in Unitas that the
Society of the Divine Word cannot claim its school was founded in 1595 when it was the Jesuits, not them, who
established San Ildefonso. All Jesuit institutions in the Philippines ceased to exist when they were expelled in
1768.

23. SOCIAL STRUCTURE

24. 19th century was a feudalistic society as a
consequence of encomienda system.
Feudalism-a system in which people were
given land and protection by people of higher
rank and worked and fought for them in return.
Encomienda system- a system where
Spanish adventurers and settlers were granted
the legal rights to extract forced labor from
indigenous tribal chiefs and laborers were
given military protection and offer them
opportunities to be converted to Christianity by
funding a parish priest.

25. 3. Lowest Class (Indios or native or the masses)
1. Highest Class (Spanish Officials, Peninsulares, Insulares,
Friars)
2. Middle Class (Spanish Mestizos, Chinese Mestizos,
Criollos, and Principalia

26. Highest Class- they have the power and authority to rule over the
Filipinos. They enjoyed their positions and do what they want.
• Spanish Officials- Peninsulares and insulares who have official
government designations starting from the government officials.
• Peninsulares- Spaniards who were born in Spain. They were held the
most important government jobs and made up the smallest number
of the population.
• Insulares- are Spaniards born in the Philippines. They are
considered inferior Spaniards compared to those who were born in
Spain.
• Friars- members of any certain religious orders of men, especially
the four religious orders (Augustinians (1565), Franciscans (1577),
Jesuits (1581), Dominicans (1587), Recollects (1606), Benedictines
(1895)

27. Middle Class
• Spanish Mestizos- mixed Spanish and indigenous Filipino
ancestry
• Chinese Mestizos- mixed Chinese and indigenous Filipino ancestry
• Criollos/ Creole- mixed European and black descent, especially in
the Caribbean. Creole means a white man European descent,
born, and raised in tropical or semi-tropical colony. Examples:
Ternate Chabacano. Cavite Chabacano, Zamboanga Chabacano,
Cotabato Chabacano.
• Principalia- ruling class of native elites: gobernadorcillo, cabeza
de barangay, landowners, merchants, wealth native families.)

28. Lowest Class- poor Filipinos
• Indios- poor natives or poor people having pure Filipino blood.

29. POLITICAL STRUCTURE

30. KING OF SPAIN
VICEROY OF MEXICO
PHILIPPINES
BEFORE
1821
INDEPENDENCE
KING OF SPAIN
GOVERNOR-GENERAL
PHILIPPINES
(1821-1898)

31. NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
• Maintained peace and order
• Collected taxes
• Built schools and other public works

32. LOCAL GOVERNMENT

33. • Kings representative and the highest
ranking officials
• Head of the Spanish colonial government
• Has the power to appoint and dismiss
public officials except those personally
chosen by the king.
• Could nominate priests for ecclesiastical
administration.
• Commander-in-chief of the colonial army.
• Supervised all government offices and
collection of taxes.
• President of real audiencia (chief justice of
supreme court.
• Can legislate laws for the colony known as
Actos Acordados
• Qualification: Must be a peninsulares
• 115 governor general
• First-Miguel Lopez de Legaspi (1565-1572)
• Last-Diego de los Rios (1898)

34. • Spanish official sent by the Council
of Indies to observe conditions in the
colony.
• Reported his findings directly to the
king.

35. • Special court that investigates the
governor-general that is to be
replaced.
• The incoming governor-general was
usually a member and submits a
report of findings to the King.

36. • Highest court in the land during the
Spanish times.
• Served as an advisory body to the
Governor-general and checks and reports
his abuses.
• Governor-general is the president/head of
this body.
• Sends yearly report to Spain.

37. 2 Types of local government
units

38. • Represented the Spanish King
and the Governor-general.
• Exercised executive and judicial
functions.
• Managed the day-to day
operations of the provincial
government
• Implemented laws and
supervised the collection of
taxes.
1. Civil mayor
2. Replaced the encomendero
3. Performed judicial fucntions
4. Open only to Spaniards-
Peninsulares or Insulares

39. • A province where conditions
of peace and order were less
stable.
• Under the rule of military
officer known as Corregidor.
1. Governed the province
that were not yet
entirely under Spanish
control.

40. • The Ayuntamiento is had a city
council called the Cabildo.
• Cabildo is composed of:
Alcalde (City Mayor)
Regidores (Councilors)
Alguacil Mayor (Police Chief)
Escribano (Clerk of court and official
notary)
Larger towns that
became cities.
Center of trade and
industry.

41. Main duties:
1. Efficient governance and tax
collection.
Other Duties
• Preparation of the tribute list (padron)
• Recruitment and distribution of men for
draft labor, communal public work and
military conscription (Quinto)
• Postal clerk
• Judge in minor civil suits.
• Intervened in all administrative cases
pertaining to his towns lands, justice,
finance and the municipal policy.
Qualifications:
Any native/Chinese
mestizo
At least 25 years old
Literate in oral or written
Spanish
A Cabeza de barangay
for 4 years.

42. Duties
• Maintain peace and order
• Collect taxes and tributes in the
barangay
• Recruit men for communal public
works.
Qualifications:
Literate in Spanish
Has a good moral character
• A position given to
Filipinos
• Occupied by former datus
• The cabezas who served
over 25 years were
exempted from a forced
labor.

43. KING OF SPAIN
VISITA
(Visitador-General)
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
(Governor-General)
SPECIAL COURT
(Residencia)
JUDICIAL BRANCH
(Real Audiencia)
Provincial Government
Corrigimiento
(Corregidor)
Alcaldia
(Alcalde Mayor)
City Government
Ayuntamiento
(Alcalde)
Pueblos/Towns
(Gobernadorcillo)
Barrios
Cabeza de Barangay
Cabildo-City Council
(Alcalde)
Regidores
Aguacil Mayor
Escribano
Barrios
Cabeza de Barangay
Provincial and City
Courts
(Alcalde Mayor)
Municipal Courts
Gobernadorcillo