This document defines air pollution and classifies air pollutants according to their origin, chemical composition, and state of matter. It then discusses the various effects of air pollution, including damage to materials, vegetation, and farm animals. Air pollution also causes reduced visibility, impacts human health, and contributes to issues like acid rain and global warming. The key pollutants are gases like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides emitted from natural sources as well as human activities like industry, vehicles, and biomass burning.

2. INTRODUCTION
• Definition:
Presence in the outdoor
atmosphere of one or more contaminants that
effect the human, plants and animals daily
normal life & interfere their comfertable
enjoyment of life.

4. INTRODUCTION
• Atmosphere is a dynamic system, steadily absorb
pollutants from;
– Natural & man-made sources
1. Natural sources
– CO, CO2, H2S, SO2 and NOx
– Particulate matters like; sand & dust
• Through natural activities like;
– forest fire
– volcanic eruption
– decay of vegetation
– winds
– sands and dust storm.

5. INTRODUCTION
• Man-made pollutants
– CO, CO2 SO2, NOx and hydrocarbons
• Magnitude of these pollutants increased
alarmingly due to;
– Population explosion
– Industrialization
– Urbanisation
– Automobiles

6. Classification of Air-Pollutants

7. Classification of Air-Pollutants
1. According to origin
2. According to chemical composition
3. According to state of matter

8. Classification of Air-Pollutants
1. According to origin
i. Primary pollutants  directly emitted into
atmosphere & found as such
e.g., CO, CO2 SO2, NO2 and hydrocarbons
ii. Secondary Pollutants  derived from primary
pollutants (chemical & photo-chemical
reaction)
e.g., Ozone, Photo-chemical smog etc.

9. Classification of Air-Pollutants
2. According to chemical composition:
i. Organic pollutants
e.g., Hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, amines
and alcohols
ii. Inorganic pollutants
Carbon compounds (e.g., CO & carbonates)
Nitrogen compounds (e.g., NOx & NH3)
Sulphur compounds (e.g., H2S, SO2 & SO3)
Halogen compounds (e.g., HF & HCL)
Oxidizing agents (e.g.,O3)
Inorganic particles (e.g., fly, from transport & dust)

10. Classification of Air-Pollutants
3. According to state of matter
i. Gaseous pollutants e.g., CO, NOx & SO2
ii. Particulate pollutants  finely divided solids or
liquids exist as aerosols
e.g., smoke, fumes, smog & sprays

11. Effects of Air Pollution

12. Effects of Air Pollution
1. Damaged to materials
2. Damage to vegetation
3. Damage to farm animals
4. Darkening in sky and reduction in visibility
5. Effect on human health and human activities
6. Acid rain
7. Global warming

13. Effects of Air Pollution
1. Damaged to materials
Materials Damage type
Metal Corrosion, Tarnishing
Building Surface erosion
Paints Discoloration, surface erosion
Leather Weakening
Paper Embrittlement
Ruber Cracking, Weakening
Ceramics Change in surface appearance

14. 2. Damage to vegetation

15. 2. Damage to vegetation
• Air pollutants such as;
– SO2, HF, smog, Cl and herbicides
exerts toxic effect on vegetation
• Damage form;
– Chlorotic marking
– Banding
– Silvering underside of leaf
• Retard plant growth

16. 3. Damage to farm animals

17. 3. Damage to farm animals
Arsenic, lead & florides  damage livestock
• Arsenic
– In insecticides
– livestock near industrial operations  suffer arsenic
poisoning  symptoms like salivating, liver necrosis
depression of CNS
• Lead
– From metalurgical smelters, automobile axhaust
– Pb poisoning in animals
– symptoms  lethargy, paralysis and breathing trouble
• Fluorine
– F toxicity in cattle & sheep  fluorosis of teeth &
bones

18. 4. Darkening in sky and reduction in visibility
– Heavy smoke, smog or by dust storm  contains
particulates in size of 0.4-0.9 um  scatter light
Reduce visibility

19. 5. Effect on human health and human
activities

20. 5. Effect on human health and human
activities
– Workers within industries
– Causing  absenteeism, sickness & drop in
production
– General population
– Asthma, emphysema & lungs cancer
– Irritation of nose, eye & throat & bad odours
due to air pollutants cause annoyance, allergy &
health hazards

21. 6. Acid rain

22. 6. Acid rain

23. 7. Global warming

24. 7. Global warming
• The earth heats up  it happen when green
house gases (CO2 , CFCs, water vapours,
nitrous oxide & methane) trap heat and light
from sun in atmosphere  increase temp
• This hurts many people, plants and animals
• Deforestation