1. The Down's cell is an electrolytic cell that operates at 800°C to produce sodium metal through the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride.
2. It consists of a graphite anode and iron cathode separated by an iron screen inside a lined steel chamber. Molten sodium chloride mixed with calcium chloride and barium chloride is used as the electrolyte.
3. During electrolysis, chloride ions are oxidized at the anode to produce chlorine gas while sodium ions are reduced at the cathode to produce molten sodium metal. Some calcium is also produced but separates from the sodium due to differences in density.
The definition and types of an electrochemical cell were explained in this ppt. Galvanic and electrolytic cells and their differences are given in this PowerPoint presentation. if you need any other ppt or help[ you can comment.
The definition and types of an electrochemical cell were explained in this ppt. Galvanic and electrolytic cells and their differences are given in this PowerPoint presentation. if you need any other ppt or help[ you can comment.
Its Is The Process By Which A Iron Nail Is Been Coated With Copper Plate.Electroplating is a process that uses electrical current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a coherent metal coating on an electrode. The term is also used for electrical oxidation of anions onto a solid substrate, as in the formation silver chloride on silver wire to make silver/silver-chloride electrodes. Electroplating is primarily used to change the surface properties of an object (e.g. abrasion and wear resistance, corrosion protection, lubricity, aesthetic qualities, etc.), but may also be used to build up thickness on undersized parts or to form objects by electroforming.
The process used in electroplating is called electrodeposition. It is analogous to a galvanic cell acting in reverse. The part to be plated is the cathode of the circuit. In one technique, the anode is made of the metal to be plated on the part. Both components are immersed in a solution called an electrolyte containing one or more dissolved metal salts as well as other ions that permit the flow of electricity. A power supply supplies a direct current to the anode, oxidizing the metal atoms that comprise it and allowing them to dissolve in the solution. At the cathode, the dissolved metal ions in the electrolyte solution are reduced at the interface between the solution and the cathode, such that they "plate out" onto the cathode. The rate at which the anode is dissolved is equal to the rate at which the cathode is plated, vis-a-vis the current flowing through the circuit. In this manner, the ions in the electrolyte bath are continuously replenished by the anode.[1]
Other electroplating processes may use a non-consumable anode such as lead or carbon. In these techniques, ions of the metal to be plated must be periodically replenished in the bath as they are drawn out of the solution.[2] The most common form of electroplating is used for creating coins such as pennies, which are small zinc plates covered in a layer of copper. [3]Process[edit]
Electroplating of a metal (Me) with copper in a copper sulfate bath
The cations associate with the anions in the solution. These cations are reduced at the cathode to deposit in the metallic, zero valence state. For example, in an acid solution, copper is oxidized at the anode to Cu2+ by losing two electrons. The Cu2+ associates with the anion SO42- in the solution to form copper sulfate. At the cathode, the Cu2+ is reduced to metallic copper by gaining two electrons. The result is the effective transfer of copper from the anode source to a plate covering the cathode.
The plating is most commonly a single metallic element, not an alloy. However, some alloys can be electrodeposited, notably brass and solder.
Novel electrowinning technologies are now a days has great talks among todays scientist. I heartily thanks to the behind this ppt.Namely- bhagyashree,neelu sheoran,pranitha geedigunta. thanks gls...
Its Is The Process By Which A Iron Nail Is Been Coated With Copper Plate.Electroplating is a process that uses electrical current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a coherent metal coating on an electrode. The term is also used for electrical oxidation of anions onto a solid substrate, as in the formation silver chloride on silver wire to make silver/silver-chloride electrodes. Electroplating is primarily used to change the surface properties of an object (e.g. abrasion and wear resistance, corrosion protection, lubricity, aesthetic qualities, etc.), but may also be used to build up thickness on undersized parts or to form objects by electroforming.
The process used in electroplating is called electrodeposition. It is analogous to a galvanic cell acting in reverse. The part to be plated is the cathode of the circuit. In one technique, the anode is made of the metal to be plated on the part. Both components are immersed in a solution called an electrolyte containing one or more dissolved metal salts as well as other ions that permit the flow of electricity. A power supply supplies a direct current to the anode, oxidizing the metal atoms that comprise it and allowing them to dissolve in the solution. At the cathode, the dissolved metal ions in the electrolyte solution are reduced at the interface between the solution and the cathode, such that they "plate out" onto the cathode. The rate at which the anode is dissolved is equal to the rate at which the cathode is plated, vis-a-vis the current flowing through the circuit. In this manner, the ions in the electrolyte bath are continuously replenished by the anode.[1]
Other electroplating processes may use a non-consumable anode such as lead or carbon. In these techniques, ions of the metal to be plated must be periodically replenished in the bath as they are drawn out of the solution.[2] The most common form of electroplating is used for creating coins such as pennies, which are small zinc plates covered in a layer of copper. [3]Process[edit]
Electroplating of a metal (Me) with copper in a copper sulfate bath
The cations associate with the anions in the solution. These cations are reduced at the cathode to deposit in the metallic, zero valence state. For example, in an acid solution, copper is oxidized at the anode to Cu2+ by losing two electrons. The Cu2+ associates with the anion SO42- in the solution to form copper sulfate. At the cathode, the Cu2+ is reduced to metallic copper by gaining two electrons. The result is the effective transfer of copper from the anode source to a plate covering the cathode.
The plating is most commonly a single metallic element, not an alloy. However, some alloys can be electrodeposited, notably brass and solder.
Novel electrowinning technologies are now a days has great talks among todays scientist. I heartily thanks to the behind this ppt.Namely- bhagyashree,neelu sheoran,pranitha geedigunta. thanks gls...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
3. 3
An Electrolytic Cell
Operating Temperature = 800oC
Voltage Of Cell = 3.5 to 4.5 V
Cell current = ≤ 45
Cell efficiency = 80 – 90 %
Lifetime of cell = 1100 – 1200 days
Anode = Graphite
Cathode = Iron
4. 4
Down’s cell consists of:
• Rectangular steel chamber lined inside with firebricks.
• Anode at the centre in the shape of large cylindrical block
made of graphite.
• Cathode in the form of large circular ring of Iron around the anode.
• Both anode and cathode are separated by an iron screen with gauze
to prevent the flow of ions.
• Dome-Shaped area above anode for the removal of chlorine gas.
• Sodium metal outlet connected above the anode for the extraction
of Na metal.
5. In Down’s cell Sodium chloride is used
in molten state.
The melting point of NaCl is 8010C.
At this elevated temperature efficiency
of cell is reduced due to the formation
of metallic fog(emulsion of Na in
molten NaCl), Which is impossible to
separate.
5
6. 6
To lower the melting point of NaCl we add CaCl2 & small amount
of BaCl2 as an impurity in a measured ratio.
Ratio can be vary according to the desired conditions.
The most general one is 1 mole of NaCl in 3 mole of CaCl2.
Melting point of this mixture is red about 6000C.
7. 7
• Both the electrodes are connected to a D.C. source of about 7 to 8 V.
• Cathode is at low potential turns -ve due to the excess of electrons.
• On the other hand anode is at high potential turns +ve due to the
deficiency of electrons.
• When we add molten electrolyte into the chamber the ions Na+ and
Cl- migrates to their respective electrode due to the electrostatic
forces of attraction.
Na+ Na+
Na+
Na+
Cl- Cl-
Cl-
Cl-
8. 8
When chloride ions approaches to anode, they oxidize by losing
one electron by each individual atom and turns into chlorine gas.
2Cl-
(aq) Cl2 (g) + 2e-
When Sodium ions approaches to cathode, they reduce to sodium
metal by gaining one electron.
Na+
(aq) + e- Na(s)
9. 9
2Cl-
(aq) Cl2 (g) + 2e-
( Na+
(aq) + e- Na(s) ) × 2
2 Na+
(aq) + 2Cl-
(aq) 2 Na(s) +
Cl2 (g)
• Chlorine gas produced in the reaction is evaporated through
dome-shaped cavity above the anode
• Sodium metal produced is added into the container attached
at above the cathode.
10. 10
• Since the decomposition potentials of both the salts NaCl & CaCl2
are so close (3 to 4 V) that we are unable to maintain the potential
difference of electrodes to decompose only NaCl.
• We also have to apply some extra voltage ( 7 to 8) to overcome the
potential due to cell resistance as well as the for the evolution
of chlorine gas.
• Due to this high potential difference Ca2+ also reduced to Ca and
released into Na container.
11. 11
• Sodium and calcium do not react with each other .
• Density of sodium is 0.971 gcm-3.
• Density of Calcium is 1.54 gcm-3.
• Sodium moves up due to the low density than calcium.
Na
Ca
12. 12
Both the metals are separated by means of different separation
techniques:
• Generally Na is cooled to temperature
upto 110oC.
• At this temperature solid calcium
make a separate layer with Na.
• Through which we can separate easily
both the metals.
13. 13
• Even after this separation, sodium contain minute amount
of calcium ( 200 to 400 ppm)
• But quantity is too small to render the properties of sodium.
• We can use this sodium industrially for the manufacturing of
many things.
14. 14
In Some fields:
we need 100% pure sodium to use in:
Manufacturing of electronics
Nuclear field
15. 15
We use mixture of salts ( NaCl, CaCl2 and BaCl2 ) to lower
the melting point of electrolyte.
If we mix 58 wt% CaCl2 with 42 wt% NaCl in electrolyte,
then cell will work at 585oC.
If we mix 66.8 wt% CaCl2 with 33.2 wt% NaCl in electrolyte,
then cell will work at 505oC.
By increasing the concentration of CaCl2, sometimes a layer
of Na-Ca is formed on cathode. Which often resists charges
to make connect with the surface of cathode.
Sometimes increased concentration of CaCl2 can cause
short circuiting.
16. 16
Some times current efficiency is reduced by the cell resistance
Due to this energy loss heat is produced
This heat leads to the corrosion of graphite anode.
Also reduce the efficiency of cell.
This extra heat is removed by cell walls.
Current efficiency is also reduced by the diaphragm, due to the
restriction of flow of charges between the electrodes.
17. 17
Sometimes we need pure Na metal without any
impurities for some applications:
To produce pure sodium metal from the mixture of
sodium and Calcium, an electrolyte NaCl / SrCl2 has
been developed.
It lowers the concentration of calcium metal in sodium
metal from 300 ppm to 50 ppm.
18. 18
We can also use two kinds of mixtures of salts:
Ternary electrolyte:
NaCl , SrCl2 & BaCl2
Quaternary electrolyte:
NaCl , SrCl2 , BaCl2 & NaF
19. 19
Pros and cons of these electrolytes:
By using these electrolytes we can get pure sodium metal
Cell works at the same temperature (600o C )
Have same current efficiency 86% to 88%.
But by using strontium salts, electrolyte attacks the
fire brick lining of cell.
20. 20
Anode can be:
Electrically conducting carbon ( Graphite )
Metals ( Platinum, palladium or nickel )
Oxides of these metals
The anode should not be corroded by
the reaction of Chlorine formed at anode:
21. 21
Cathode can be:
Electrically conducting carbon ( graphite )
Steel, Iron
Metals of Group 8 elements
Diaphragm used to separate anode from cathode
non-reacting porous material usually made of
glass, any non-reacting fabric and asbestos.
22. 22
In the later research on Down’s cell research in modified Down’s cell
In this electrolytic cell cathode and anode are used in the form
of horizontal plates.
Electrolyte is a mixture of ( NaCl, co-electrolyte and
chlorine donating compound)
works at between temperature range ( 20 to 200oC )
Can be operate like batch or continuous process.
Cell should be gas tight, so that no moisture enter the chamber.
23. 23
NaCl can be mixed with co-electrolyte before starting the
electrolysis.
Mixer of electrolyte should be moisture free.
Because the water in the electrolyte can react with chlorine
to make hydrochloric acid.
Product formed by this cell is Na and co-electrolyte.
Na can be purified by fractional crystallization as well as
decantation, filtration.
For the further purification we perform solvent extraction
technique.
24. 24
Batch process:
To operate this cell at less than 150oC,
we should remove the solid layer of sodium formed at cathode.
For this purpose process should be queued.
Continuous process:
To make the process continuous,
temperature should be kept higher than the melting point of
sodium metal (97.5o C). Normally for continuous process cell
should be operate at 100o C.
25. References 25
Keppler, Stephen John; Messing, Thomas A. Proulx, Kevin Bernard;
Jain, Davendra Kumar (2001-05-18).
"Molten salt electrolysis of alkali metals, U.S. Patent 6669836".
Retrieved 2010-07-17.
Stephen Ernest Jacobson, Dennie Turin Mah (2004-09-07).
“Low temperature alkali metal electrolysis. U.S. Patent 6787019B2”
Aurbach, Doron. Nonaqueous electrochemistry. CRC Press, 1999.
pp. 531-535
www.researchgate.net
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