IC ENGINE FUNDAMENTALS

1. FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

2. HISTORY OF ICE
• JJ LENOIR (1860) PIONEER
OF IC ENGINE
• NICOLAUS OTTO &
EUGENE LANGEN(1876)
SI ENGINES
• RUDOLF DIESEL(1897)
CI ENGINES

3. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
• The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that
converts chemical energy in a fuel into mechanical energy,
usually made available on a rotating output shaft.
• Chemical energy of the fuel is first converted to thermal
energy by means of combustion or oxidation with air inside
the engine.
• This thermal energy raises the temperature and pressure
of the gases within the engine, and the high-pressure gas
then expands against the mechanical mechanisms of the
engine.

4. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
• This expansion is converted by the mechanical linkages of
the engine to a rotating crankshaft, which is the output of
the engine. The crankshaft, in turn, is connected to a
transmission and/or power train to transmit the rotating
mechanical energy to the desired final use.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES
VARIOUS TYPES OF ENGINES

6. ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION

7. CLASSIFICATION OF
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
1. Application
2. Basic Engine Design
3. Working Cycle
4. Fuel
5. Mixture Preparation
6. Ignition
7. Combustion Chamber Design
8. Method of Load Control
9. Cooling

8. Application
1. Automotive: Car, Truck/Bus, Off-highway
2. Locomotive
3. Light Aircraft
4. Marine: Outboard, Inboard, Ship
5. Power Generation: Portable (Domestic), Fixed
6. Agricultural: Tractors, Pump sets
7. Earthmoving: Dumpers, Tippers, Mining Equipment
8. Home Use: Lawnmowers, Snow blowers, Tools
9. Others

9. TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINES

10. Basic Engine Design
1. Reciprocating (a) Single Cylinder
(b) Multi-cylinder
(i) In-line
(ii) V and W engines
(iii) Radial
(iv) Opposed Cylinder
(v) Opposed Piston
2. Rotary: (a) Single Rotor
(b) Multi-rotor

11. Types of Reciprocating Engines

12. V Engine

13. Working Cycle (Strokes)
1. Four Stroke Cycle
a. Naturally Aspirated
b. Supercharged/Turbocharged
2. Two Stroke Cycle:
a. Crankcase Scavenged
b. Uniflow Scavenged

15. Uniflow requires an exhaust
valve or piston to operate.
SCAVENGING

17. Loop or cross flow relies
on the piston to open and
close exhaust ports
SCAVENGING

18. Turbocharger

19. Supercharger

20. Fuel
1. Conventional:
a. Crude oil derived : Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene
b. Other sources: Coal, Wood (includes bio-mass), Tar Sands, Shale
2. Alternate:
a. Petroleum derived: CNG, LPG
b. Bio-mass Derived: Alcohols (methyl and ethyl), Vegetable oils,
Producer gas and biogas, Hydrogen
3. Blending: E-10 or E-15 (ethanol Blend)
4. Multi-Fuel Engines

21. Mixture Preparation
1. Carburetion
2. Fuel Injection (i) Diesel
(ii) Gasoline
(a) Manifold
(b) Port
(c) Cylinder

22. Ignition
1. Spark Ignition
(a) Conventional
(i) Battery
(ii) Magneto
(b) Other methods
2. Compression Ignition

23. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Wankel engines
• 3 LOBE ROTOR WHICH IS
DRIVEN ECCENTRICALLY IN A
CASING & 3 VOLUMES ARE
TRAPPED BETWEEN THE
ROTOR AND THE CASING.
THESE VOLUMES PERFORM
INDUCTION, COMPRESSION,
POWER & EXHAUST STROKES
SEPARATELY.
• SEAL WEAR & HEAT TRANSFER
ARE PROBLEM AREAS
ROTARY

24. Combustion Chamber Design
1. Open Chamber: Disc type, Wedge, Hemispherical
Bowl-in-piston
2. Divided Chamber:
For CI: Swirl chamber, Pre-chamber
For SI: Compound vortex controlled combustion (CVCC)

25. Method of Load Control
1. Throttling: To control mixture strength. Also called
Charge Control. Used in Carbureted S.I. Engines
2. Fuel Control: To vary the mixture strength according
to load. Used in the C.I. Engine
3. Combination. Used in Throttle body Fuel-injected
S.I. Engine.

26. Cooling
1. Direct Air-cooling
2. Indirect Air-cooling (Liquid Cooling)
3. Low Heat Rejection (Semi-adiabatic)
engine.

27. Applications of IC and EC Engines