1. Name Komal ghias
Roll no 18551507-077
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Tetracycline
(Introduction ,History & Classification)
2. Introduction of Tetracycline
Are bacteriostatic antibiotics having broad spectrum of activity.
They active against both gram positive and negative bacteria.
Isolated from Streptomyces bacteria.
They inhibit protein biosynthesis by binding to 30s ribosomal subunit
and prevent aminoacyl tRNA from binding to the A-site.
They are inexpensive antibiotics, which have been used extensively in
therapy of human and animal infections and also at subtherapeutic
levels in animal feed as growth promoters.
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3. History of Tetracycline
In 1948:
The tetracyclines, a large family of antibiotics, were discovered by Benjamin Minge Duggar in 1948 as
natural products, and first prescribed in 1948.
1945
Benjamin Duggar, working under Yellapragada Subbarow at Lederle Laboratories, discovered the first
tetracycline antibiotic, chlortetracycline (Aureomycin), in 1945.
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4. Structure of Tetracycline
Tetracycline, sold under the brand name Sumycin among others.
It is an oral antibiotic in the tetracyclines family of medications, used
to,treat,number of infections, including acne, cholera, malaria, and syphilis.
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5. Chemistry
In Tetracycline four cyclic rings fused together and form octahydro-napthecene.
There are two ketone group one is at position 1 and one is at position11. At
position 2 amide linkage and four hydroxyl group.
Tetracycline is highly stable because there is no enzyme for distortion.
Molecular formula : C22H24N2O8
TradeName:
Sumycin, Tetracyn,Panmycin,Resteclin,Nicocycline,Alcylin.
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6. Tetracycline chemical structure
They are derivatives of octahydronaphthacene which comprise four
fused six-membered rings.
The structure have 5 or 6 chiral centres.
They have acidic and basic characteristics.
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10. Classification of Tetracycline
According to source:
i. Natural Occurring
Tetracycline
Chlortetracycline
Oxytetracycline
Democycline
ii. Semi-synthetic
Doxycycline
Lymecycline
Rolitetracycline
Methacycline
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11. Route of administration
We can take it Orally.
In the form of Capsule.
Indigestion with empty stomach. With one glass of water.
We can take it before one or two hours of meal.
In severe cases we inject it Intravenous.
Never used as intramuscular form.
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12. S.NO. Name R1 R2 R3 R4
1. Tetracycline H OH CH3 H
2. Chlortetracycl
ine
Cl OH CH3 H
3. Oxytetracycli
ne
H OH CH3 OH
4. Demeclocycli
ne
Cl OH H H
5. Methacycline H CH2 H OH
6. Doxycycline H CH3 H OH
7. Minocycline N(CH3 )2 H H H
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15. References
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978143770310800018X accessed
on February 07, 2022 at 07:39 PM.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4817740/ accessed on February 08,
2022 at 11:45 PM.
https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=tetracycline+antibiotics&form=HDRS
C2&first=1&tsc=ImageBasicHover accessed on Februray 06,2022 at 9 PM.
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17. Biosynthesis of Chlortetracycline
Hutchinson, C. R. (1981). The biosynthesis of tetracycline and anthracycline antibiotics. In Biosynthesis (pp. 1-11). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
18. Hutchinson, C. R. (1981). The biosynthesis of tetracycline and anthracycline antibiotics. In Biosynthesis (pp. 1-11). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
19. Synthesis of Doxycycline and Methacycline
Hutchinson, C. R. (1981). The biosynthesis of tetracycline and anthracycline antibiotics. In Biosynthesis (pp. 1-11). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
20. Clinical Uses Of Tetracycline
1. Primary uses
Mycoplasma pneumonia ( cause of community acquired pneumonia in young adults and in people who live in close
cones, in military camps). (Doxycycline or Macrolide)
Chlamydia trachomatis ( sexually transmitted disease , It causes urethritis pelvic inflammatory disease).
Typical therapeutic applications of tetracyclines
Chlamydia psittaci causes psittacosis, which usually takes the form of pneumonia.( Doxycycline or azithromycin)
Rocky mountain spotted fever Rickettsiae ( is characterized by fever, chills, and aches in bones and joints).
Cholera (Doxycycline)
Periodontal Disease
Pharmacology (Lippincott lllustraded Reviews Series) 7th Edition
21. Secondary uses:
are alternative in treatment of syphilis.
prophylaxis against infection in chronic bronchitis.
in treatment of acne.
Pharmacology (Lippincott lllustraded Reviews Series) 7th Edition
23. Adverse effects of Tetracycline
Super infection can decrease viability of a wide variety of microbes, the risk of
super infection is great.
Effects on calcified tissues This may cause discoloration and hypoplasia of teeth
and a temporary stunting of growth. The use of tetracycline's is limited in pediatrics.
Gastrointestinal Irritation oral therapy is frequently associated with epigastric
burning, cramps, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Hepatotoxicity: Liver damage is most likely when tetracycline are administered
intravenously in high doses.
Photo toxicity: Severe sunburn in patient who exposed to sun or ultraviolet rays
(tetracycline & demeclocycline)
Pharmacology (Lippincott lllustraded Reviews Series) 7th Edition
24. References
Pharmacology (Lippincott lllustraded Reviews Series) 7th Edition
Hutchinson, C. R. (1981). The biosynthesis of tetracycline and anthracycline antibiotics. In Biosynthesis (pp. 1-11).
Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Smilack, J. D. (1999, July). The tetracyclines. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings (Vol. 74, No. 7, pp. 727-729).
Elsevier.
Ciando, S. G., Cobb, C. M., & Leung, M. (1992). Tissue concentration and localization of tetracycline
following site‐specific tetracycline fiber therapy. Journal of periodontology, 63(10), 849-853.
Shutter, M. C., & Akhondi, H. (2019). Tetracycline.
Sloan, B., & Scheinfeld, N. (2008). The use and safety of doxycycline hyclate and other second-generation
tetracyclines. Expert opinion on drug safety, 7(5), 571-577.
Sánchez, A. R., Rogers III, R. S., & Sheridan, P. J. (2004). Tetracycline and other tetracycline‐derivative
staining of the teeth and oral cavity. International journal of dermatology, 43(10), 709-715.
