1 INTRODUCTION 2 PROPERTIES 3 INTERNAL STRUCTURE 4 TYPES 5 ORIGIN AND MODE OF OCCURANCES 6 USES 7 DISTRIBUTION AND PRODUCTION

1. GRAPHITE
PRESENTEDBY :-RANJAN KUMAR PANDA
CLASS ROLLNUMBER:- 22GEOL010
EXAMROLL NUMBER:- 11113V221018

2. CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 PROPERTIES
3 INTERNAL STRUCTURE
4 TYPES
5 ORIGIN AND MODE OF OCCURANCES
6 USES
7 DISTRIBUTION AND PRODUCTION
8 REFERENCES

3. 1. INTRODUCTION
Graphite is a allotropic polymorph of carbon.
A.G. Werner coined the name ‘graphite’ in 1979 . Graphite received its
name from ‘graphene’ means write.
Graphite is also known as ‘plumbago’ or ‘black lead’ or ‘writing stone’.
Graphite is greyish black coloured , extremely soft , slippery, breaks with
very little pressure, soils hand and has very low specific gravity.
Graphite is the only non-metal that conducts electricity.
Graphite is more thermodynamically stable than diamond in earth’s
surficial pressure and temperature condition.

4. 2. PROPERTIES
Chemical Classification Native element
Colour Steel grey to black
Streak Black
Lustre Metallic, sometimes earthy
Diaphaneity Opaque
Cleavage Perfect in one direction
Mohs Hardness 1 to 2
Specific Gravity 2.1 to 2.3
Diagnostic Properties Colour, streak, slippery feel, SG
Chemical Composition C
Crystal System Hexagonal

5. 3. INTERNAL STRUCTURE
 In graphite each carbon is
linked to three other carbon
atoms by single covalent
bond resulting in hexagonal
ring which are arranged in
layer parallel to {001}.
 The layer or sheets are
bonded to another sheet by
van der Walls bonding.

6. What makes graphite good conductor of electricity ?

7. 4. TYPES
GRAPHITE
NATURAL
Crystalline Amorphous
SYNTHETIC
Flake

8. Crystalline or vein or lump graphite
 It is the rarest , most valuable and
highest quality (94-99% graphite)
among all natural graphite.
 It has higher and electrical
conductivity and higher cohesive
integrity.
 Vein graphite is easy to mould and can
be formed into solid shapes without
addition of extra synthetic material.
 Sri Lanka is the only country that
produces vein graphite currently.

9. Amorphous graphite
 It is the most abundant but lowest
grade (20-40% graphite) among all the
natural graphite.
 Amorphous graphite is generally
formed by contact metasomatism of
anthracite coal seam.
 Pencil lead is normally made from
amorphous graphite .
 China , Mexico and United States are
the chief producers of amorphous
graphite.

10. Flake graphite
 When carbon material is subjected to
high pressure ( >1 giga pascal) and
high temperature ( >750℃ ) then
flake graphite is formed . Due to this
flake graphite is found usually in
metamorphic rock.
 Flake graphite comes as jumbo flake ,
large flake , medium flake and fine
flake.
 China , Brazil and Canada are the
chief producers of flake graphite.

11. SYNTHETIC GRAPHITE
 Synthetic graphite is material
consisting of graphitic carbon
which has been obtained by
graphitizing of non graphitic
carbon.
 By cvd from hydrocarbons at
temperature above 2500K.
 By decomposition of thermally
unstable carbides.
 By crystallizing from metal
melts supersaturated with
carbon.

12. 5. Origin and mode of occurrences
 Graphite is formed by the metamorphosis
of sediments containing carbonaceous
material, by the reaction of carbon
compounds with hydrothermal solutions
or magmatic fluids, or possibly by the
crystallization of magmatic carbon.
 It occurs as isolated scales, large masses,
or veins in older crystalline rocks, gneiss,
schist, quartzite, and marble and also in
granites, pegmatites, and carbonaceous
clay slates.
 Small isometric crystals of graphitic
carbon (possibly pseudomorphs after
diamond) found in meteoritic iron are
called clintonite.

13. 6. Uses
Graphite has been used since ancient times. It has
a wide range of applications in the modern world
too. Let’s look at some common uses of graphite
below.
 Writing Materials  Paints
 Lubricants

14.  Batteries
 Nuclear Reactors
 Refractory

15.  Graphene Sheets OVERALL USE

16. 7. Distribution and Production
Graphite reserve by research gate
World scenario

17. Indian scenario
TAMILNADU
36%
JHARKHAND
31%
ODISHA
29%
OTHER
4%
PRODUCTION OF INDIAN GRAPHITE RESOURCES
ARUNANCHAL
PRADESH
43%
JAMMU AND
KASHMIR
37%
JHARKHAND
6%
TAMILNADU
5%
ODISHA
3%
OTHERS
6%
ARUNANCHAL
PRADESH
JAMMU AND
KASHMIR
JHARKHAND
TAMILNADU
ODISHA
OTHERS
RESERVE OF INDIAN GRAPHITE RESOURCE

18. GRAPHITE MINES IN INDIA

19. PRODUCTION
 Eight principal producers including account for the nearly 85% of the total production in India.
COMPANY STATE MINING PROJECTS PRODUCTION CAPACITY
Tirupati Carbon and
Chemicals
Jharkhand Rabda, Gaura, Ekta 20,000tpa (Tonnes per
Annum )
Chotnagpur Graphite
Industries
Jharkhand Satbarwa Bishrampur 10,000tpa
Carbon and Graphite
Products
Jharkhand Latehar, Palamau 7,000tpa
Agarwal graphite Industries Odisha Belpara, Sambalpur 10,000tpa
Pradhan industries Odisha Rayagada 12,000tpa
T.P. Mineral Pvt. Ltd. Odisha Dangachacha, Sargipalli 8,000tpa
G.R. Graphite Industries Odisha Balibandha, Sambalpur 6,000tpa
Tamil Nadu Minerals Ltd. Tamil Nadu Sivagangai, Madurai 8,400tpa

20. 1 Mineral Composition : Native carbon ‘C’
2 Types of ore / mineral : Flaky / crystalline graphite
Amorphous / cryptocrystalline graphite
3 Distribution : Confined to Precambrian Eastern Ghat Complex .
Distributed as follows.
Belt Districts
West zone i ) Sargipalli Belt
ii ) Titlagarh Belt
Bargarh, Nuapara
Bolangir
South zone iii ) Tumudibandh Belt Kalahandi, Kandhamal, Rayagada, Gajapati
East zone iv ) Dandatopa Belt Angul
DISTRICT IMPORTANT LOCATION
Angul Dandatopa, Akharkata, Adeswar, Kamalpur, Girida
Bargarh Temrimal, Tentulikhunti, Hardatal, Ranjitpur, dahigaon, Menaramunda
Balangir Magur jungle, Gerdi, Fulmati, Ganjaudar, Rengali, Sargipalli, Golomunda, Dhandamunda, Godgadbahal, Mahulpati, Banjipali,
Dukukamal, Beherapani, Beheramunda, Sapmunda, Mohanilaha, Malisira, Sargibahal
Kalahandi Sargipada, Baidar, Singjharan, Lamer, Badibahal
Kandhamal Madagurha ( Tumudibandh ), Bargaon, Dhursi, Mahabali
Nuapada Kirkita, Dharamsagar, Gandabahali
Graphite in Odisha

21. 8. References
• SANTI SIR
• superiorgraphite.com
• Research gate, Wikipedia
• https://youtu.be/Epk4wz8Nv1U
• Geology and mineral resources of Odisha –A. Sundaramoorthy