INTRODUCTION FACTORS CONTROLLING GROUND WATER PROVINCES PROVINCES OF GROUNDWATER IN INDIA PROVINCES OF GROUNWATER IN ODISHA CONCLUSION

1. Groundwater Provinces
of India & Odisha
Presented by:-Manaswini Mohapatra
M.Sc. Applied Geology, 1st year
ROLL NO.- 22GEOL031

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 FACTORS CONTROLLING GROUNDWATER PROVINCES
 PROVINCES OFGROUNDWATER IN INDIA
PRECAMBRIANCRYSTALLINE PROVINCE
PRECAMBRIAN SEDIMENTARY PROVINCE
GONDWANA SEDIMENTARY PROVINCE
DECCANTRAP PROVINCE
CENOZOIC SEDIMENTARY PROVINCE
CENOZOIC FAULT BASIN
GANGA- BRAHMAPUTRAALLUVIAL PROVINCE
HIMALAYAN HIGH LAND PROVINCE
 PROVINCES OFGROUNWATER IN ODISHA
 CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION:-
• Groundwater hydrology may be defined as the science of the occurrence, distribution
and movement of water below the surface of the earth.
• An important source of water supply throughout the world and constitute 0.6% of the
Earth’s water.
• The subsurface occurrence of groundwater is divided into:
1)Zone of aeration
-Soil water zone
-Vadose zone
-Capillary fringe zone
2)Zone of Saturation
• The zone of aeration consists of interstices occupied
Partially by water and partially by air.
• In the zone of saturation interstices are filled
with water under hydrostatic pressure.
• In the zone of aeration vadose water occur.
• The saturated zone extends from the upper surface of saturation down to underlying
impermeable rock.
• Water occur in the phreatic zone are termed as GroundWater.

4. High relief areas – High runoff
Alluvial tract – High yielding aquifers
Peninsula- Near surface weathered mantle
India is a vast country having diversified geological, climatological and
topographical set up giving rise to divergent ground water situation.

5. FactorsControlling Groundwater Resources:-
Climate
Topography
Geological structures and
hydrological setup

6. • The high relief areas of Northern and Northeastern region occupied by
Himalayan ranges, the hilly trap of Rajasthan and Peninsular region with steep
topographic slope and characteristics geological set up offer high runoff and
little scope for rain water infiltration.
“ Groundwater province is an area or region in which geology climate combine
to produce groundwater conditions consistent enough to permit useful
generalization.”
• The prevalent rocks formations, ranging in age from the Archean to the recent,
control the occurrence and movement of groundwater.
• The topography and rainfall virtually control runoff and groundwater recharge.

7. Classification of groundwater provinces in India:
1.The Precambrian Crystalline Province
2.Precambrian Sedimentary Province
3.Gondwana Sedimentary Province
4.DeccanTrap Province
5.Cenozoic Sedimentary Province
6.Cenozoic Fault Basin Province
7.Indo- Gangetic Alluvial Province
8.Himalayan High Land Province

8. Precambrian Crystalline Province:-
• It comprises most of the Peninsular India from southern tip ranging up to Delhi
(Kanyakumari to Kolkata) except Maharashtra State.
• Here the rocks are of plutonic igneous and metamorphic rocks of Archean age
consisting of mainly Granite, Quartzite and Schist.
• Groundwater occur mostly in the weathered zone in the top of 10-20 meters.
• In most area the top weathered zone is underlained by mostly impermeable
rocks.
• In the entire formation, there are most poor aquifer and low specific yield and
here we dug the large diameter well they have generally discharge water in the
range of 20 cu m/ day to 200 cu m/ day.
• Ground water movement is mainly along joints.
• Quartzites and marble devoid of primary porosity, opening is not numerous.
• In case of limestone characterized by solution cavities can be expected to give
higher yield.

9. Precambrian Sedimentary Provinces:-
• This province comprises of Limestone, Shale, Sandstone, Quartzites and local
conglomerate belonging to Precambrian to early Palaeozoic age
• These province is found in
1)Cuddapah basin
2)Raipur basin
3)Vindhyan basin
4)Western Rajasthan basin
• The thickness of sediments is 30,000m in Cuddapah Basin, they dip at low angle.
• Some local formation can be sources of spring that are found in Himalayan foot hill of
Uttaranchal
• Because of compaction and cementation process, the rocks mostly devoid of primary
porosity, but the introduction of structural features, the secondary porosity developed
and karstification of calcareous rocks have yielded copious supply of ground water.
• Weathering varies from up to 200m.
• Groundwater occurrence is largely limited to 150m, yield characters ranges from 5 to
200 cum/ day for small drawdown.

10. Gondwana Sedimentary Province:-
• This province occurring as disconnected patches of Gujurat, Rajasthan and eastern
India.
• Mainly developed along the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and DamodarValley.
• Here we found over a dozen of fault graben, structural basins or fault belts, mainly
fluvial type and lacustrine origin, and the rock types are consolidated to semi
consolidated sandstone and shale, a little amount of limestone and tillite also present.
• The rock formations are classified into lower and upper formations
• Total thickness of the formation range from 6 to 7 km. At low angle dipping of strata
gives rise to flowing condition in well.
• Lower Gondwana is compact and it is devoid of water because source rock is compact
shale.
• Upper Gondwana sediments form very good aquifers, because those are more
arenaceous.
• Water table lies generally within 30m. Dug wells in productive sandstone yielded
maximum water.

11. DeccanTrap Provinces:-
• It comprising almost entire state of Maharashtra and parts of Gujurat, Madhya Pradesh
and some areas of Karnataka, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh.
• It occupies an area of 5lakh sq. km consist of volcanic products tuff, breccia, volcanic ash
and intratrappean basalt.
• Age ranging from late Cretaceous to early Eocene.
• The flows are flat but dip of 5 degree to 15 degree is also seen in some places.
• The traps have been divided into three groups, i.e. Upper, Middle and Lower Gondwana,
which are 450, 1200 and 1500 m thick.
• The occurrence of “red boles”, which is reddish brown clayey material, water bearing
causes problems during drilling.
• Groundwater occurs under water table conditions in weathered and jointed traps.
• Bore well drilled in traps have given higher yield mostly trapping 2 or more flows.
• At places the contact between the traps and the basement rock have yielded considerable
quantity of water.
• Here the water bearing stratum is a weathered zone up to 50m, here the quality can be
brackish specially when overlain by black cotton soil.

12. Cenozoic Sedimentary Province:-
• This province comprise of narrow coastal plains along the Kerala andTamil Nādu coast,
coastal fringes of Saurastra and Kutch peninsula.
• In the east coast, the seaward dipping strata contain several artesian aquifers.
• This province characterized by sandstone and shale.
• Shale is more compact, impervious and yield little water. Where as sandstone and
conglomerates are highly permeable and yield about 150 cu m, ex- Cuddalore sandstone.
• In Cambay basin, the sediments of deltaic estuarine and lagoonal alternate with Marine
sediments, which are generally saline.
• Springs are also developed in hilly tracts.

13. Cenozoic Fault Basin:-
• These discrete fault basin are include:- the Narmada, Puurna andTapti
valleys.
• They contain quaternary valley fill deposits consisting of sand and gravel
intermixed with silt and clay, affected by faults.
• Thickness ranging from 50m to 150m.
• These lenses are of sand and gravel, which form moderately, yielding
aquifers.

14. The Ganga- Brahmaputra Alluvial Province:-
• It is the most extensive province covering almost northern Indian planes, after
Precambrian Crystalline Province, deposited in fore deep or crustal buckle; the
thickness increases from south to north.
• The basement is hard rock under the alluvial sloping at an average of 10 degree to 30
degree.
• In alluvium, ground water occurs in 3 distinct physic- graphic and hydrological belts
such as Bhabhar consist of talus material from the hill slope, which is highly permeable
unsorted boulder, gravel sand with little clay.
• The belt merges with Terai consisting of permeable water bearing gravel, sand and
pebble intermingle with silt and clay.
• The axial belt, which comprises of stratified fine gravel, silt and clay deposited by river
system.
• Water table in this area is less than 10 mbgl.
• Wells have recorded free flow of 100- 300 cum/ hr for 6 to 109 m of drawdown.

15. Himalayan High Land Province:-
• This province includes a group of highly folded and faulted sedimentary rock ranging in
age from Palaeozoic to Cenozoic .
• Extended from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh.
• These sedimentary rocks are mainly comprising of limestone, sandstone and shale, and
their metamorphic equivalents traversed by deep gorges and intermundane valley filled
with alluvium this acts as conduits and transmits large quantities of water which
recharges Ganga Brahmaputra province.
• Whenever the alluvium is thick dug well for domestic purpose yield 100 – 200 cum/ hr.
with ion dissolved solid content.

16. Ground Water Provinces of Odisha:-
• The state is underlain by diverse rock types ranging in age from Archean to
recent.
• The state can be hydrologically subdivided into:- Consolidated, Semi
consolidated and Unconsolidated Formation.
• The consolidated formation includes hard crystalline and compact sedimentary
rocks.
• Semi consolidated formation include weathered and friable Gondwana sediment
and loosely cemented Baripada beds.
• The consolidated formation includes laterite and recent alluvium.

17. Consolidated Formations:-
• Include the hard crystalline and partially the metamorphic formation belonging to
Precambrian.
• The rock types are mainly granite, gneiss, schist, khondalite, charnokite, quartzite,
shale, marble etc.
• These rocks are devoid of primary porosity.
• The ground water occur in secondary porosity resulting from fracturing and faulting.
• The areas with Precambrian consolidated are Sundergarh, Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj,
Balangir, Phulbani, Boudh and some parts of Dhenkanal, Sambalpur and Anugul etc.
• The consolidated yield of the tube well 5 – 18cum/hr.

18. Semi- consolidated Formations:-
• It include Gondwana sediments ranging in the age from Upper Carboniferous to
Lower Cretaceous and Baripada beds of Mid Pliocene age.
• The rocks include sandstone, siltstone, conglomerate beds from Gondwana while
Baripada beds consists of fossiliferous limestone and semi consolidated sand beds.
• The areas are Sundergarh, Mayurbhanj, Khorda, Dhenkanal.
• The well yield 20 – 150 cum/hr.

19. Unconsolidated Formations:-
• These include Pleistocene and recent alluvium, the older alluvium which forms
significant horizon is generally overlain by laterite.
• The laterite are vesicular essentially ferruginous and forms shallow aquifer.
• The areas cover unconsolidated formations are coastal tracts of Cuttack,
Kendrapara, Bhadrak, Ganjam.

20. CONCLUSION:-
Groundwater provinces is a very important topic related to hydro-
geology.To know about the hydrogeological structure of any area or
region we must have basic idea about the ground water provinces of
that area, which type of rock is found in that area, whether they are
porous permeable or not, age of the formations.

21. REFERENCES:-
• Groundwater Hydrology by D KTODD, JOHNWILEY
• Economic Geology by UMESHWAR PRASAD
• https://www.usgs.gov
• https://old.amu.ac.in
• https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com

22. THANK YOU