The word “Immuis” means free from burden and “immunitas” means exemption from government taxes and this provided the English terminology Immunity. Immunity is a broad definition: This is a protective or defense mechanism of our body, which leads us to a healthy life. Inborn or Innate immunity: It is present at birth; This is our First Line Of Defense. Acquired or Specific: It is not present at birth but becomes part of our immune system as the lymphoid system develops. 1970: WHO defined immunity as immune response to antigen ( Foreign body) in form of:- Humoral (activation of B-lymhocytes). Cellular (by activation of T-lymphocytes).

1. Introduction To Immunity and
Immunological Products
KARISHMA AGGARWAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF PHARMACEUTICS
ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
WEBSITE: - WWW.ISFCP.ORG
EMAIL: KARISHMAAGGARWAL18@YAHOO.COM
ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga
Ghal Kalan,nGT Road, Moga- 142001, Punjab, INDIA
Internal Quality Assurance Cell - (IQAC)

2. Definition 2
The word “Immuis” means free from burden and “immunitas” means
exemption from government taxes and this provided the English
terminology Immunity.
Immunity is a broad definition: This is a protective or defense
mechanism of our body, which leads us to a healthy life.

3. Types Of Immunity 3
Inborn or Innate immunity: It is present at birth; This is our First Line Of
Defense.
Acquired or Specific: It is not present at birth but becomes part of our
immune system as the lymphoid system develops.
1970: WHO defined immunity as immune response to antigen
( Foreign body) in form of:-
Humoral (activation of B-lymhocytes).
Cellular (by activation of T-lymphocytes).

4. 4

5. Important components of innate immunity
-Keratin layer of intact skin. -Acts as mechanical barrier.
-Lysozyme in tears and other secretions. -Degrades
peptidoglycan bacteria cell wall.
-Respiratory cilia. -Elevate mucus containing trapped
organisms.
-Low pH in stomach and vagina. -Retards growth of
microbes.
-Surface phagocytes. -Ingest and destroy microbes.
-Defensins (cationic peptides). -Create pores in microbial
membrane.
-Normal flora of throat, colon and vagina. -Occupy
receptors which prevent
colonization by pathogens.
5
Factors
that limit
entry of
micro-
organisms
into the
body:-

6. Important components of innate immunity
 Natural killer cells.
 Neutrophils.
 Macrophages and dendritic cells.
 Inferons.
 Complement.
 Transferrin and lactoferrin.
 Fever.
 Inflammatory response.
 APOBEC3G (apolypoprotein is RNA editing
enzyme).
Kill virus infected cells.
Ingest and destroy microbes.
Ingest and destroy microbes, and present antigen
to helper T-cells.
Inhibit viral replication.
C3b is an opsonin, membrane attack complex
creates holes in bacterial membranes.
Sequester iron required for bacterial growth.
Elevated temperature retards bacterial growth.
Limits spread of microbes.
Causes hypermutation in retroviral DNA and mRNA.
6
Factors that limit growth of microorganisms within the body:-

7. Important features Of Innate and Acquired
Immunity 7
Type of Immunity Specificity Effective immediately Improves HasType of Immunity Specificity Effective immediately Improves Has
after exposure to After Exposure memoryafter exposure to After Exposure memory
microbemicrobe
InnateInnate Nonspecific Yes in No NoNonspecific Yes in No No
minutesminutes
AcquiredAcquired Highly No--requires Yes YesHighly No--requires Yes Yes
specific several daysspecific several days
before becomingbefore becoming
effectiveeffective

8. Active immunity 8
Resistance developed in response to stimulus by an antigen (infecting
agent or vaccine) and is characterized by the production of
antibodies by the host.

9. Passive immunity 9
Immunity conferred by an antibody produced in another host. It may
be acquired naturally or artificially (through an antibody-containing
preparation).

10. Cells Involved in Immunity 10
Macrophages.
B cells.
T cells.

11. 11

12. Major Functions Of T Cells and B cells
Antibody-Mediated Immunity (B Cells)
Host defense against infection.
(Opsonize bacteria, neutralize toxins
and viruses).
Allergy (hypersensitivity) eg, hay fever
anaphylactic shock.
Autoimmunity.
Cell Mediated Immunity
Host defense against infection.
(especially M.tuberculosis, fungi
and virus infected cells).
Allergy (hypersensitivity ) eg poison
oak.
Graft and tumor rejection.
Regulation of antibody response
(help and suppression).
12

13. AntigensAntigens 13
Some chemical that creates immune response.
Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism.
Microbes: Capsules, cell walls, toxins, viral capsids, flagella, etc.
Nonmicrobes: Pollen, egg white , red blood cell surface molecules,
serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue.

14. AntibodiesAntibodies 14
Proteins that recognize and bind to a particular antigen with very
high specificity.
Made in response to exposure to the antigen.
One virus or microbe may have several antigenic determinant sites,
to which different antibodies may bind.
Each antibody has at least two identical sites that bind antigen:
Antigen binding sites.
Belong to a group of serum proteins called immunoglobulins (Igs).

15. Immunological Products 15
Immunological Products
AntiseraImmunuglobulinsVaccines

16. Vaccination 16
Vaccination is a method of giving antigen to stimulate the immune
response through active immunization.
A vaccine is an immuno-biological substance designed to produce
specific protection against a given disease.
A vaccine is “antigenic” but not “pathogenic”.

17. Types of vaccines 17
Live
vaccines
Live
Attenuated
vaccines
Killed
Inactivated
vaccines
Toxoids Cellular fraction
vaccines
(Polysaccharide
and polypeptide
)
Recombinant
vaccines
(Surface
antigen )
•Small pox
variola
vaccine
•BCG
•Typhoid
oral
•Plague
•Oral polio
•Yellow fever
•Measles
•Mumps
•Rubella
•Intranasal
Influenza
•Typhus
•Typhoid
•Cholera
•Pertussis
•Plague
•Rabies
•Salk polio
•Intra-
muscular
influenza
•Japanise
encephalitis
•Diphtheria
•Tetanus
•Meningococcal
polysaccharide
vaccine
•Pneumococcal
polysaccharide
vaccine
•Hepatitis B
polypeptide
vaccine
•Hepatitis B
vaccine

18. Live vaccines 18
Live vaccines are made from live infectious agents without any
amendment.
The only live vaccine is “Variola” small pox vaccine, made of live
vaccinia cow-pox virus (not variola virus) which is not pathogenic but
antigenic, giving cross immunity for variola.

19. Live attenuated (avirulent) vaccines 19
Virulent pathogenic organisms are treated to become attenuated
and avirulent but antigenic.
They have lost their capacity to induce full-blown disease but retain
their immunogenicity.
Live attenuated vaccines should not be administered to persons with
suppressed immune response due to:
Leukemia and lymphoma
Other malignancies
Receiving corticosteroids and anti-metabolic agents
Radiation
pregnancy

20. Inactivated (killed) vaccinesInactivated (killed) vaccin20
Organisms are killed or inactivated by heat or chemicals but remain
antigenic. They are usually safe but less effective than live attenuated
vaccines. The only absolute contraindication to their administration is
a severe local or general reaction to a previous dose.

21. Toxoids 21
They are prepared by detoxifying the exotoxins of some bacteria
rendering them antigenic but not pathogenic. Adjuvant (e.g. alum
precipitation) is used to increase the potency of vaccine.
The antibodies produces in the body as a consequence of toxoid
administration neutralize the toxic moiety produced during infection
rather than act upon the organism itself. In general toxoids are highly
efficacious and safe immunizing agents.

22. Polysaccharide and polypeptide (cellular
fraction) vaccines 22
They are prepared from extracted cellular fractions e.g.
meningococcal vaccine from the polysaccharide antigen of the cell
wall, the pneumococcal vaccine from the polysaccharide contained
in the capsule of the organism, and hepatitis B polypeptide vaccine.
Their efficacy and safety appear to be high.

23. Surface antigen (recombinant) vaccines. 23
It is prepared by cloning HBsAg gene in yeast cells where it is
expressed. HBsAg produced is then used for vaccine preparations.
Their efficacy and safety also appear to be high.

24. Immunoglobulins 24
There are 5 major classes: IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD.
Two types of immunoglobulin preparations are available for passive
immunization:
Normal human immunoglobulin.
Specific (hyper-immune) human immunoglobulin.

25. Antisera or antitoxins 25
These are materials prepared in animals or non human sources such
as horses.

26. Immunoglobulin and antiserum 26
Human normal
immunoglobulin
Human specific
immunoglobulin
Non human ig
(antisera)
Hepatitis A
Measles
Rabies
Tetanus
Mumps
Hepatitis B
Varicella
Diphtheria
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Gas gangrene
Botulism
Rabies

27. Thank you
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