MICROBIOLOGY PPT

1. PRESENTED BY :-
BHUKYA.NOM KUMAR NAIK
17AB1T0005
2nd Pharm.D
SIGNIFICANCE OF TOXIODS IN ACTIVE IMMUNITY
VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE
(APPROVED BY AICTE,PCI-NEW DELHI & AFFILIATED TO JNTUK)
VADLAMUDI,GUNTUR DISTRICT 522213cc
PRESENTED TO :-
Sowjanya Pulipati
Asst.Professor
Department of pharmaceutical Microbiology

2. TOXOIDS

3. Difference between vaccine and sera

5. Vaccination : -
1. Inoculation with a vaccine in order to protect against a particular disease.
A scar left on the skin by vaccinating.
2. A vaccine is an immuno-biological substance designed to produce specific
protection against a given disease.
3. A vaccine is antigenic but not pathogenic.

6. Types of vaccines

7. Types of vaccines
Live vaccines
Attenuated live vaccines
Inactivated (killed vaccines)
Toxoids
Polysaccharide and polypeptide (cellular
fraction) vaccines
Surface antigen (recombinant) vaccines.

8. Live vaccine : -
Live vaccines are made from live infectious
agents without any amendment.
The only live vaccine is “Variola” small pox
vaccine, made of live vaccinia cow-pox virus (not
variola virus) which is not pathogenic but
antigenic, giving cross immunity for variola.

9. Live attenuated (avirulent) vaccine
 Live vaccines use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ
that causes a disease.
Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that
they help prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune
response.
But live vaccines also have some limitations.
For example:
Because they contain a small amount of the weakened live virus,
some people should talk to their health care provider before
receiving them, such as people with weakened immune systems,
long-term health problems, or people who’ve had an organ
transplant.

10. Contu….
They need to be kept cool, so they don’t travel well. That means they
can’t be used in countries with limited access to refrigerators.
Live vaccines are used to protect against:
Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR combined vaccine)
Rotavirus
Smallpox
Chickenpox
Yellow fever

11. Inactivated (killed ) vaccines
 Inactivated vaccines use the killed version of the germ that causes a disease.
 Inactivated vaccines usually don’t provide immunity (protection) that’s as
strong as live vaccines. So you may need several doses over time (booster
shots) in order to get ongoing immunity against diseases.
 Inactivated vaccines are used to protect against:
 Hepatitis A
 Flu (shot only)
 Polio (shot only)
 Rabies

12. Toxoids
Toxoid vaccines use a toxin (harmful product) made by the germ that
causes a disease. They create immunity to the parts of the germ that
cause a disease instead of the germ itself. That means the immune
response is targeted to the toxin instead of the whole germ.
Like some other types of vaccines, you may need booster shots to get
ongoing protection against diseases.
Toxoid vaccines are used to protect against:
Diphtheria
Tetanus

13. Polysaccharide and polypeptide(cellular fraction ) vaccine
 They are prepared from extracted cellular fractions e.g. meningococcal vaccine
from the polysaccharide antigen of the cell wall, the pneumococcal vaccine from
the polysaccharide contained in the capsule of the organism, and hepatitis B
polypeptide vaccine.
 Their efficacy and safety appear to be high.

14. Surface antigen (Recombinant) vaccine
It is prepared by cloning HBsAg gene in yeast cells where it is
expressed. HBsAg produced is then used for vaccine preparations
 Is the 1st antigen to show upon a test when some one becoming
initially infected with HBV
HBsAg may be present before symptoms appear.
If some one has the surface antigen they are able to inject others .
When the antigen is in the body longer than 6 months the person has
chronic HBV infetion .
 Their efficacy and safety also appear to be high.

15. Routes of administration
I. Deep subcutaneous or intramuscular route (most vaccines)
II. Oral route (sabin vaccine, oral BCG vaccine)
III. Intradermal route (BCG vaccine)
IV. Scarification (small pox vaccine)
V. Intranasal route (live attenuated influenza vaccine)

16. Scheme of immunization
o Primary vaccination
o One dose vaccines (BCG, variola, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow
fever)
o Multiple dose vaccines (polio, DPT, hepatitis B)
o Booster vaccination
o To maintain immunity level after it declines after some time has
elapsed (DT, MMR).

19. Vaccination schedule for babies