steel construction

1. STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
F19537006
INAS EL FERKHSI

2. Introduction
steel, alloy of iron and carbon in which the carbon content ranges up to 2 percent (with a higher carbon content,
the material is defined as cast iron). By far the most widely used material for building the world’s infrastructure
and industries, it is used to fabricate everything from sewing needles to oil tankers. In addition, the tools required
to build and manufacture such articles are also made of steel. As an indication of the relative importance of this
material, in 2013 the world’s raw steel production was about 1.6 billion tons, while production of the next most
important engineering metal, aluminum, was about 47 million tons. (For a list of steel production by country, see
below World steel production.) The main reasons for the popularity of steel are the relatively low cost of making,
forming, and processing it, the abundance of its two raw materials (iron ore and scrap), and its unparalleled
range of mechanical properties

3. Steel production (in million tons) by country in 2007

4. Common uses of steel
Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is
used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains,
cars, machines, electrical appliances, and weapons.
Iron is the base metal of steel.
Incandescent steel workpiece in this depiction of
the blacksmith's art
The steel cable of a colliery winding tower Iron ore pellets for the production of steel A roll of steel wool

5. Advantages and
Disadvantages
of steel
Structure
Advantages
Disadvantages
1. Reliability
2. Industrial Behavior
3. Lesser Construction
Time / Greater Erection
Speed
4. High Strength And Light
Weight Nature
6. Elasticity
1. High Maintenance Costs And More Corrosion
2. Fireproofing Costs
3. Susceptibility To Buckling
4. Higher Initial Cost / Less Availability
5. Aesthetics

6. 1. RELIABILITY
STEEL STRUCTURES ARE VERY RELIABLE. THE REASONS FOR
THIS RELIABILITY INCLUDE CONSISTENCY AND UNIFORMITY IN
PROPERTIES, BETTER QUALITY CONTROL BECAUSE OF
FACTORY MANUFACTURE, LARGE ELASTICITY, AND DUCTILITY.
2. Industrial Behavior
Rolled steel sections are manufactured in factories. Also, the members
may be cut and prepared for assembly in factories wile only joining of
these components is carried out at the site by installing rivets or bolts and
by welding different components.
3. Lesser Construction Time / Greater Erection Speed
Because of the industrial nature of steel construction. Progress of the
work is fast making the structures economical. The reason is that these
structures can be put to use earlier. The reduction in labor cost and
overhead changes and the benefits obtained from the early use of the
building contribute to the economy
4. HIGH STRENGTH AND LIGHT WEIGHT NATURE
THE HIGH STRENGTH OF STEEL PER UNIT WEIGHT MEANS THAT
THE DEAD LOADS WILL BE SMALLER. IT IS TO BE NOTED THAT
DEAD LOADS ARE A BIGGER PART OF THE TOTAL LOADS ON
STRUCTURE. WHEN DEAD LOAD REDUCES, THE UNDERNEATH
MEMBERS BECOME STILL SMALLER DUE TO LESS WEIGHT
ACTING ON THEM. THIS FACT IS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE FOR
LONG-SPAN BRIDGES, TALL BUILDING, AND FOR STRUCTURES
HAVING POOR FOUNDATION CONDITIONS.
5. Uniformity, Durability And Performance
Steel is a very homogeneous and uniform material. Hence, it satisfies the
basic assumptions of most of the analysis and design formulas. If
properly maintained by painting, etc.
6. Elasticity
Steel behaves closer to design assumption than most of the other
material because it follows Hooke’s law up to fairly high stresses. The
stress produced remains proportional to the strain applied oft the stress-
strain diagram remains a straight line.
ADVANTAGES

7. 1. High Maintenance Costs And More Corrosion
Most steels are susceptible to corrosion when freely exposed to air and
water and must therefore be periodically painted. This requires extra cost
and special care. The use of weathering steels, in stable design
applications, tends to eliminate this cost.
2. Fireproofing Costs
Although steel members are incombustible, their strength is tremendously
reduced at temperatures prevailing in fires. At about 400ºC, creep
becomes much more pronounced. Creep is defined as plastic
deformation under a constant load for a long period of time.
3. Susceptibility To Buckling
The steel sections usually consist of a combination of thin plates. Further,
the overall steel member dimensions are also smaller than reinforced
concrete members. If these slender members are subjected to
compression, there are greater chances of buckling.
4. Higher Initial Cost / Less Availability
In few countries, steel is not available in abundance and its initial cost is
vary high compared with the other structural materials. This is the most
significant factor that has resulted in the decline of steel structures in
these countries.
5. Aesthetics
For certain types of buildings, the steel form is architecturally preferred.
However, for majority of residential and office buildings, steel structures
without the use of false ceiling and cladding are considered to have poor
aesthetic appearance. A considerable cost is to be spent on such
structures to improve their appearance. Cladding is a covering of metal,
plastic or timber put on the surface of a structural member to completely
encase it. The cladding not only protects the member but also improves
its appearance.
DISADVANTAGES

8. Precedents
HL23,New York
NASCARHall of Fame, Charlotte, N.C.
Charlotte, N.C.
LeeHall III– Clemson University,Clemson, S.C.

9. HL23,NewYork

10. Locatedin Manhattan’sWest ChelseaDistrict,HL23 createsa new14-story,
42,395-sf ultra-luxuryresidentialbuilding. In total,the project creates11
condominium units,3,585 sf of ground floor gallery space andanelevated
terrace/gardenarea.Thefloor plateof thebuilding, whichis smaller atthebase
thanatthe top, owes its uniquenessto theexisting elevated exposed Highline
Railway- retrofittedintoacity parkfacility -locatedattheeasternportion of
thebuilding lot.
Clad witha mega-panel glassandstainlesssteel curtainwallsystem, the
project’s distinctform comes from thedramaticsloping of thesouthand east
facades, creatinga dynamic andundulatingthree-dimensional composition.
Building Team
Owner:23HighLine, LLC,New York
Architect:Neil M. DenariArchitects,Los
Angeles
StructuralEngineer:DeSimoneConsulting
Engineers,New York
GeneralContractor:TF Nickel &Associates,
Ronkonkoma,N.Y.
Photograph:Rinzevan BrugPhotography

12. Thebuilding’sdual-lateralsupportsystemisthe mostintriguing elementof the
structure.A steelplateshearwall (SPSW)system- uniquein New York City -
providedthe projectwith the benefitsof increasedstiffnessandsmaller
dimension– both tremendousbenefitsfor thissite.TheSPSWsystemis locatedat
the elevatorandstairsin combinationwith a full-buildingperimeterbracedframe
system.Asa true sign of synergybetweenform andfunction,thearchitect
incorporatedthe perimeterlateralpipebracesinto thefinalinterioraestheticof the
residences.Thisrequiredspecialcare duringthe designof theexposedconnections
of the perimetersteeldiagonalbracesto perimetersteelbeams.It wasachievedby
replacingthetraditionaluseof multipleboltsgussetplateswith endplateshidden
in the concretemetaldeck slabforintermediatediagonalbracesand with pin-end
connectionsfor endbraces.
Architecturalrequirementsplayeda large partin the finalstructurallayout,and the
useof structuralsteelwasdrivenby threeprimaryfactors:
• Minimizingthe overallweight of the structurefor thecapacityof the raft
foundation
• Minimizingthe amountof interiorcolumns
• Providingthe perimeterdiagonalarchitecturalexpression.

14. InNewYork,mostresidentialbuildingsaredesignedusingacast-in-placereinforcedconcreteflatplatesystemtomaximize
floor-to-floorheight.However,due totheuniquegeometryofthebuilding,thesprawlingarchitecturallayouts,thequalityof
thesoil, andthehybridgravityandlateralloadsystemon theperimeterofthebuilding,steelwasthemoreeconomical and
efficientmaterialofchoice.
Floorbeamsarecompositewiththe concreteslab-on-deck;however,alloftheintermediatesteelbeamswereremovedto
increaseheadroomin thelivingareas.Thiswasachievedbyusing shoredconstructionin manyareaswithaslabthickness
between6in.and7in.andvaryingmetaldeck propertiesthroughoutthefloor.Attheupperfloors,themaximum
beam/girderspanwasnearly30’-0”.
Duetothebuilding’smodestheight,a SPSWsystemwasconsideredboth-structurallyeffectiveandvisuallyattractive.The
east-westdimensionofthebuildingisverytight,andanyreductionin dimensionofstructurewasbeneficialtothefloor
layouts.Using3/8-in.thickplates,insteadofwide-flangebracemembers,freedupan extrafootofusablefloorareabetween
thecolumnsforeachwallofthesystem.Thistwo footsavingswasanenormousachievementinabuildingthatis38feet
wide.

17. Tohelpspeederection,thestructuralengineerworkedwiththegeneralcontractorandthe
fabricatortodevelopa systemwheretheperimeteroftheplatewascontinuouslywelded,
withthreeofthefoursidesshopwelded.Prefabricatedshearwallpanels,withintegral
columnsandbeams,wereshippedtothesiteandsplicedinthefield.Thisprocessultimately
savedaconsiderableamountoftimein erectingtheSPSWsystem.
Thesecondpartoftheduallateralsystemiscomprisedofperimeterbraceframesoneachof
theelevations.Inadditiontolateralloads,theperimeterbracedframesinmanylocations
arepartofthegravitysystemaswell.Thebracedexoskeletonmembersare8” diameter
double-extrastrongpipesattheNorth,SouthandpartoftheEastfacade;HSS10x5tubeson
theWestfacadeand 6x4back-to-backangleson theremainderoftheEastfacade.Allofthe
pipeelementsareprimaryarchitecturalfeaturesandexposedonthefacadeandinthe
residences.Therefore,thedetailingoftheseelementswasheavilyscrutinized.Inadditionto
standardArchitecturallyExposed StructuralSteel(AESS) specifications,thenodesofthe
systemhavebeendesignedwithanexposedsingle112-in.diameterpinconnection.The
finalbuildingaestheticmergesthestrengthandbeautyofsteelintoa compositewhole.

18. NASCAR Hall of Fame, Charlotte, N.C

19. Building infos
In approaching the challenge ofdesigning a Hall of Fame for NASCAR, the project’s design
team sought tocapture the essential spirit ofNASCAR andits sport in architectural form. In
exploring the possibilities forexpressing speed andspectacle, the team was drawntothe
arena of action, the racecourse, where fans andrace teams come together each raceweek for
the spectacle ofrace day.
Curving,sloped formsareevocative not only of the dynamic andchanging sinuous shape of
the racetrack but also of the perception of speed, which is at the heart of the NASCAR
spectacle.
The expression of these forms could only havebeen achieved through the use of steel, as
cladding andas structure, encompassing several long-span elements, architecturally exposed
structural steel (AESS) elements, andemploying innovative approaches toconnections, steel
detailing, andthe interface ofstructural steel with stone, glass, andsteel as a finish material.
Building Team
Owner/Developer: City of Charlotte; NASCAR Hall of Fame,
Charlotte, N.C.
Owner’s Representative: NASCAR, Charlotte, N.C.
Architect: Pei Cobb Freed & Partners LLP, New York
Architect: Little Diversified Architectural Consulting, Charlotte,
N.C.
Structural Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Associates, RLLP, New
York
General Contractor: BE&K Building Group, Charlotte, N.C.
Steel Fabricator: SteelFab, Inc., Charlotte, N.C.
Steel Detailer: Hutchins & Associates, Clemmons, N.C.
Steel Erector: Williams Erection Company, Smyrna, Ga.
Bender/Roller: SteelFab, Inc., Charlotte, N.C.
Design-Build Contractor for Ribbon: Zahner, Kansas City, Mo.
Consultant: Ralph Appelbaum Associates, Inc., New York
Consultant: Jaros Baum & Bolles, New York
Photograph: Paul Warchol Photography Inc.

20. TheHall of Fame consists of four basic elements:
• Alarge glazed oval shape forminga Great Hall serves as the symbolic core of the
Hall of Fame.
• Arectangularvolume houses visitor services, includingentryand exhibit space on
upper floors.
• An expressed Hall of Honor is situated as aniconic element within the Great Hall.
• Abroadcast studio enlivens the Hall of Fame Plaza, the sweeping forecourt that
welcomes visitors.
Theresults of theteams’ explorations of speed and spectacle evolved into an
architectural element -the Ribbon -5,000stainless steel panels that envelope the
full-blockbuilding ina form that speaks to theimageryand spirit of NASCAR.Made
of stainless steel ina lustrous angel-hair finish that softly reflects light and
accentuates its dynamic aspect, the Ribbon is a sculpted form that changesas it
wraps aroundthe building.
S
P
A
C
E

21. Within the Great Hall, a signature element of a curvedbanked ramp leads the visitor
from the main floor to exhibit levels above. Therampcontains a display of racecars
frozen ina moment from a race, capturing in another waythe speed and spectacle
that is the essence of the sport.
Steel trusses areused to achievesignificant spans in the project:
• Aset of trusses spanning 175feet achievea grand column-freeballroom • A100-
foot-long, bi-level footbridge, supported by a pair of one-story-deeptrusses, links
the ballroom with theexisting Charlotte
Convention Center.
• Two-and three-story-hightrusses cantilever 30feet over the broadcast studio.

22. Steel
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23. CAD VIEW OF THE MOEBIUS STRUCTURE ZAHNER
DESIGNED COMPARED WITH THE INSTALLED VIEW.

24. DETAIL OF THE METALWORK ALSO PROVIDED ON THE DOORS
FOR THE NASCAR HALL OF FAME.
ZEPPS STRUCTURE THAT ZAHNER DESIGNED AND BUILT FOR
THE NASCAR HALL OF FAME.

25. AmongtheAESSelementsin theprojectistheVierendeelframesupportingtheglassfacade oftheGreatHall.Thelateral-load-resistingsystematthisfacadealsofunctionsasthebracedframethatsupportsthe
Ribbon.
Theproject’sstructuralbid setwasissuedsixmonthsbeforethe100%CDset.Thesteeltenderwasdividedintomultiplepackagestoenablesteeldetailingandfabricationofportionsoftheprojecttoproceed
beforethefulldesignwascomplete.A 3Dmodelwasusedinthesteeldetailingtoidentifyandresolvepotentialconflictsinthefield.Theseeffortsand effectiveteamcommunicationallowedthelongscheduled
public openingtooccuron time.

27. LeeHallIII–ClemsonUniversity,Clemson,S.C.

28. Lee HallIIIis a55,000-sf addition to Clemson University’s College of
Architecture,Artsand Humanitiesin SouthCarolina.Thebuilding houses
academicprograms in architecture,artandplanning,facultyoffices andstudent
workspace. Conceived as“abuilding thatteaches,”Lee HallIIIencourages
informal learningthroughobservation of itsenergy efficient design and
exposed functionalandstructuralsystems. Lee HallIIIhasbeen awardedLEED
Gold certificationby theU.S. Green Building Council.
BuildingTeam
Owner:ClemsonUniversity,Clemson,S.C.
Architect:Thomas Phiferand Partners,NewYork
StructuralEngineer:Skidmore,Owings&MerrillLLP,
Chicago
GeneralContractor:HolderConstruction Company,
Atlanta
SteelFabricator:SteelLLC, Atlanta
SteelErector:WilliamsErectionCompany, Smyrna,
Ga.
Photograph:Scott FrancesPhotography

29. Nearlyall of structural steel components in LeeHall IIIare the direct manifestation
of the architectural expression. Thisbuilding is an open double-height space, 35feet
tall, housinga secondary internal structureof mezzaninesand bridges. The
structuresroof is comprised of a light-weight composite concretedeck structure
supported by exposed W14steel beams. Theroof rises four feet in a gentle arc to
drain a planted green roof, which is punctuated by25, 7-ftdiameter skylights
directly above “column trees.”
The“column trees” consciously draw attention to the structural steel; they are
comprised of 10.75-in.diameter seamless steel pipes with 1-in.thick walls and 4
curving“arms” built out of flat 1.25-in.and1-in. thick steel plate. Theunusually
thick-walledpipe columns(ASTM A106pipe typically used in oil and gas-line
construction) allow remarkablyslender columns and enhancetheir dramatic
elegance. Thefour curving“arms” at the top of each column tree support lines of
continuous W14 steel beams and allow the roof directly above each column to open
into a skylight.

30. Thenorth and south facades of LeeHall IIIare comprised of a custom insulated low-
iron glazing which spans floor to roof. By directly supporting theglazing on
structural steel members (in lieu of conventional aluminumextrusions), the
designers developed window walls of exceptional slenderness with minimaland
elegant detailing that is consistent with theaesthetic look of theprimarystructural
steel frame.
Thelateral systems for LeeHall III,consist of exposed “X” bracedpre-tension cables
on the north and south facades and back-to-back WTordinarybrace framesin the
east and west walls. Beyond the window walls on the north and south faces of the
building, a row of super-slender “Y” column supports a steel trellis of exterior
exposed W6 steel beams and perforated metal panels. Each “Y” column is fabricated
from 4.5-in.diameter hollow structural section (HSS) steel tubes and is up to 35feet
tall.

31. Nearlyall of the structural steel in LeeHall III,functions as both a load-carryingfunctional system
and a sculpturally expressive medium. But perhaps what is arguably most remarkableabout its use
of structural steel is that the highlyand expressive characterwas achieved without anyexpensive
or unconventional fabrication techniques, special finishes, exotic connections, nor the higher
tolerance “AESS” designation typical of this type of construction.
Instead, the team workedclosely to refineconventional simple connections and fabrication
techniquesthat could bebuilt by any steel fabricator without undoexpense. All connections were
fully detailed inthe structural drawings so the alignment, appearance and architectural character
could be evaluated and refinedprior to the shop-drawing phase, therebyeliminating thefabricators
connection engineeringtime and costs. Althoughthe structurefeatures a curving, warped roof, no
curvedsteel was used inthe building’s frame --the geometry is a series of simple faceted arcs which
nearlymatches a truecurve.Variation in arc radii requires themetal deckto warp slightly as it
spans. Thestructural drawings clearly and simply conveythe geometry in two-dimensional plans,
elevations and details without the need for threedimensional modeling or the use of digital files.

32. Comparison
The first case is more of a complex building with a complex structure that they could achieve by using steel
The second case is more of how using steel could give those beautiful curves and that special shape of the building
While for the last building it shows the simplicity and how the structure of the double height building with tree
columns and the skylights that serve as natural daylight