complete Lecture

1. Introduction of Anatomy & Physiology
Ikramullah
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2. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lecture, students will be to
 Define anatomy & physiology
 Explain branches of anatomy & physiology
 Relationship between anatomy & physiology
 Describe levels of organization of human body
 Discuss general introduction of human body
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11. TYPES OF ANATOMY
 Gross anatomy( macroscopic anatomy) – the study of
large, easily observable structures (by naked eye),
such as the heart or bone.
 Microscopic anatomy (cytology, histology) – the study
of very small structures, where a magnifying lens or
microscope is needed.
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12. BRANCHES OF ANATOMY
Embryology
The first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg.
Developmental biology:
The complete development of an in individual from fertilization to death.
Cell biology:
Study of cellular structure and functions.
Histology:
Study Microscopic structure of tissues.
Gross anatomy:
Study of structures that can be examine without microscope.
Systemic anatomy:
Study of specific system of the body such as nervous system.
Regional anatomy:
Study specific regions of the body such head, arm etc
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13. BRANCHES OF ANATOMY
Surface anatomy:
Surface marking of the body to understand the internal anatomy through
visualization and palpation (gentle touch).
Imaging anatomy:
Study of body structure that can be visualized with technique such as x-
rays, CT scan.
Pathological Anatomy:
Study of structural changes associated with diseases.
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14. BRANCHES OF PHYSIOLOGY
Neurophysiology:
Study of functional properties of nerve cells.
Endocrinology:
Study of hormones ( Chemical regulators of the blood) and how they control body
functions.
Cardiovascular Physiology:
Functions of the heart and blood vessels.
Immunology:
How the body defends itself against the disease causing agents.
Respiratory Physiology:
Functions of the air passageways and lungs.
Renal Physiology:
Functions of the kidney.
Exercise physiology:
Change in cell and organ function as a result of muscular activity.
Pathophysiology:
Functional changes associated with disease and aging.
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15. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
 Anatomy and Physiology are always related . Structure
determines what functions can take place. For example,
the lungs are not muscular chambers like the heart and
can not pump blood, but because the walls of lungs are
very thin, they can exchange gasses and provide oxygen
to the body.
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16. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION
A. The atom [i.e. Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), or Oxygen(O)] is the
least complex level. An atom is defined as the smallest particle
of an element. Atoms combine with (react with) other atoms to
form...
B. molecules [i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H20)]. A molecule
is defined as a particle composed of 2 or more joined atoms.
Molecules combine with other molecules to form...
C. macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic
acids). A macromolecule is defined as a large molecule.
Macromolecules combine with other macromolecules to form...
D. organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes). An
organelle is defined as a small organ of a cell, which performs a
particular function. Organelles collectively compose.
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17. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION
E. cells The cell is defined as the basic unit of
structure and function of living organisms!
Each cell has a set of organelles and performs a
particular function (i.e. a red blood cell has a
biconcave shape and is a nucleate. This structure
increases its surface area, allowing for the
transport of more oxygen0.
Some cells have all of the machinery that they need to
live.
Similar cells are arranged into...
F. tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous). A
tissue is defined as a group of similar cells that
performs a specialized function. Two or more
tissues combine to form...
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18. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION
G.organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain). An organ is defined as
a structure consisting of a group of tissues that
performs a specialized function. Two or
more organs combine to form...
H.organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular).
An organ system is defined as a group of organs that
act together to carry on a specialized function. There
are 11 organ systems. The eleven organ systems
collectively form the...
I. human organism An organism is the most complex
level of organization and is defined as an individual
living thing.
J. The levels of hierarchy could be further extended to
include; populations, communities, ecosystems,
and the biosphere.
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21. BODY SYSTEMS: THE HUMAN BODY HAS 11 SYSTEMS
 1-INTEGUMENTARY
ORGANS
 Skin
FUNCTIONS
 Waterproofs, cushions, protects
deeper tissue
 Excretes salts & urea; pain,
pressure
 Regulates body temp; synthesize
vitamin D 21

22. 2-SKELETAL
ORGANS
 Bones, cartilages, ligaments,
joints
FUNCTIONS
 Protects & supports body organs
 Framework for muscles &
movement
 Hematopoiesis; store minerals
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23. 3- MUSCULAR
ORGANS
 Skeletal muscle (attached to bone)
FUNCTIONS
 Contraction & mobility (locomotion)
 Facial expression, posture
 Produce body heat
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24. 4- NERVOUS
ORGANS
 Brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sensory
receptors
FUNCTIONS
 Fast-acting central control system
 Responds to external/internal stimuli
via nerve impulses (electrical
messages)
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25. 5- ENDOCRINE
ORGANS
 Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal,
ovaries, testes…..etc.
FUNCTIONS
 Slow -acting control system
 Glands produce hormones that
regulate growth, reproduction,
metabolism,…. etc.
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26. 6- CIRCULATORY
ORGANS
 Heart, blood vessels, capillaries
&blood
FUNCTIONS
 Carries O2 nutrients, hormones, &
other substances to and from tissue
cells
 White blood cells protect against
bacteria, toxins
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27. 7- LYMPHATIC
ORGANS
 Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
spleen, tonsils
FUNCTIONS
 Complements circulatory system by
returning leaked fluid back to blood
vessels
 Cleanses the blood; involved in
immunity
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28. 8- RESPIRATORY
ORGANS
 Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, & lungs
FUNCTIONS
 Keeps blood supplied with O2 &
removes CO2
 Carries out gas exchanges through
air sacs in lungs
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29. 9- DIGESTIVE
ORGANS
 Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine,
rectum, anus (liver & pancreas)
FUNCTIONS
 Breaks food down into absorbable
units that enter the blood;
indigestible food eliminated as
feces
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30. 10- URINARY (EXCRETORY)
ORGANS
 Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder,
urethra
FUNCTIONS
 Eliminates nitrogenous waste from
the body (urea & uric acid)
 Regulates water, electrolytes, & acid-
base balance of the blood
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31. 11- REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS
 Male
◦ Seminal vesicles, prostate, penis,
vas deferens, testis, scrotum
 Female
◦ Ovaries, mammary glands,
uterus, vagina, uterine tube
FUNCTIONS
 Primary function for both sexes is
to produce offspring
 Male – testes produce sperm &
male sex hormones
 Female – ovaries produce eggs &
female sex hormones; mammary
glands for nourishment 31

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33. MAINTAINING LIFE
 Necessary Life Functions: All living organisms carry out
certain vital functional activities necessary for life, including :
 1-Maintenance of boundaries: Every living organism
must maintain its inside distinct from outside.
 All the cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable
membrane.
 The body as a whole is enclosed and protected by the
integumentary system, or skin, which protects our
internal organs from drying out, bacteria, heat, sunlight,
and chemicals .
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34. MAINTAINING LIFE
 2-Movement:
 It includes the activities promoted by the muscular
system , the skeletal system provides the bony
framework that the muscles pull on as they work.
 Movement also occurs when substances such as blood,
foodstuffs, and urine are propelled through internal
organs .
 On the cellular level, the muscle cell’s ability to move by
shortening is more precisely called contractility.
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35. MAINTAINING LIFE
 3- Responsiveness is the ability to sense changes
(stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them.
 -you involuntarily pull your hand away from the painful
stimulus .
 -When carbon dioxide in your blood rises to dangerously
high levels, your breathing rate speeds up.
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36. MAINTAINING LIFE
 4-Digestion :is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs
to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the
blood. The nutrient-rich blood is then distributed to all
body cells by the cardiovascular system.
 In a simple, one-celled organism such as an amoeba,
the cell itself is the “digestion factory,” but in the
multicellular human body, the digestive system performs
this function for the entire body.
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37. MAINTAINING LIFE
 5- Metabolism is a broad term that includes all
chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It
includes breaking down substances into their simpler
building blocks (catabolism), synthesizing more
complex cellular structures from simpler substances
(anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to
produce (via cellular respiration) ATP, that power
cellular activities.
 Metabolism depends on the digestive and respiratory
systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to be
distributed throughout the body. Metabolism is
regulated largely by hormones secreted by endocrine
system glands. 37

38. MAINTAINING LIFE
 6- Excretion is the process of removing excreta or
wastes, from the body. – The digestive system rids the
body of indigestible food residues in feces.
 The urinary system disposes of nitrogen-containing
metabolic wastes, such as urea, in urine.
 Carbon dioxide, a by-product of cellular respiration, is
carried in the blood to the lungs, where it leaves the
body in exhaled air.
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39. MAINTAINING LIFE
 7- Reproduction: is making a whole new person which
is the major task of the reproductive system.
 When a sperm unites with an egg, a fertilized egg forms,
which then develops into a baby within the mother’s body.
 The reproductive system is regulated by hormones of the
endocrine system. Because males produce sperm and
females produce eggs (ova).
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40. MAINTAINING LIFE
 8- Growth is an increase in size of a body part or the
organism. It is usually accomplished by increasing the
number of cells. However, individual cells also
increase in size when not dividing. For true growth to
occur, constructive activities must occur at a faster
rate than destructive ones.
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41. SURVIVAL NEEDS
1- NUTRIENTS
Nutrients, taken in via the diet, contain the chemical
substances used for energy and cell building.
Carbohydrates are the major energy fuel for body cells.
Proteins, and to a lesser extent fats, are essential for
building cell structures.
Fats also provide a reserve of energy-rich fuel.
Selected minerals and vitamins are required for the
chemical reactions that go on in cells and for oxygen
transport in the blood. The mineral calcium helps to make
bones hard and is required for blood clotting.
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42. SURVIVAL NEEDS
2- Oxygen : All the nutrients in the world are useless unless
oxygen is also available. Because the chemical reactions
that release energy from foods are oxidative reactions that
require oxygen, human cells can survive for only a few
minutes without oxygen. Approximately 20% of the air we
breathe is oxygen. It is made available to the blood and body
cells by the cooperative efforts of the respiratory and
cardiovascular systems.
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43. SURVIVAL NEEDS
3- Water accounts for 60–80% of body weight and is the
single most abundant chemical substance in the body. It
provides the watery environment necessary for chemical
reactions and the fluid base for body secretions and
excretions. Water is obtained chiefly from ingested foods or
liquids and is lost from the body by evaporation from the
lungs and skin and in body excretions.
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44. SURVIVAL NEEDS
4- If chemical reactions are to continue at life-sustaining
rates, normal body temperature must be maintained. As
body temperature drops below 37°C (98.6°F), metabolic
reactions become slower and slower, and finally stop.
When body temperature is too high, body proteins lose
their characteristic shape and stop functioning. At either
extreme, death occurs. Most body heat is generated by the
activity of the muscular system.
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45. SURVIVAL NEEDS
5- Atmospheric pressure is the force that air exerts on the
surface of the body. Breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure. At high
altitudes, where atmospheric pressure is lower and the air is
thin, gas exchange may be inadequate to support cellular
metabolism.
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