This slideshare contains the most important issues as regards Speaking

1. Speaking

2. Dominguez, Valeria; Grieco
Mayra; Lugano M. Eugenia
Saubidet Oyhamburu Stella
Language and Written
expression IV
21 August 2014

3. “Speaking is an interactive process
of constructing meaning that involves
producing and receiving and
processing information”
(Brown, 1994; Burns & Joyce, 1997)

5. Interactive perspective
Speaker Hearer
•Iniciates the interaction
•Communicative
intention
•Brings presuppositions
and expectations
•Interprets the speaker´s
message
•Reacts to the message
•Changes his or her role

6. ORAL INTERACTION
SPEAKER HEARER
IDEAS
FEELINGS
ATTITUDES
INFORMATION
•LINGUISTIC FORM
•PHYSICAL CONTEXT
•SOCIOCULTURAL NORMS

7. MISUNDERSTANDING IN
ORAL COMMUNICATION
 Lack of command of the target
linguistic knowledge
 Lack of sharing sociocultural
rules of appropiacy and
background knowledge

9. SPEAKING:
Controversial skill
 Difficult -- Listening comprehension
-- Speech production subskills
 Easy-- Body language
-- Demonstration
-- Repetition
-- Strategies

10. Speech production
 Levelt´s contextual factors
 Demand
 Arousal
 Feedback
 Effectiveness
 Coherent organization
 Cohesion
 Appropiate choice of lexical items

11. Cooperative principle
Grice´s maxims
 Quantity
 Quality
 Relevance
 Manner

12. PARTICIPATING IN ORAL
INTERACTION
MAINTAINING THE FLOW OF SPEECH
Turn-taking rules
Effective comunicator
ACCOMMODATING THE HEARER
•Body language
•Grice´s maxims
•Sociocultural appropiacy rules
•Eye contact

13. PREREQUISITES FOR
SPEAKING IN
ANOTHER LANGUAGE
 Good use of pragmatics and
sociocultural factors.
 Vocabulary relevant to the situation
 Good use of discourse connectors
 Suitable opening and closing
phrases
 Basic intonation patterns
 Proper rhythm and stress
 Grice´s maxims
E C
F O
F M
E M
C U
T N
I I
V C
E A
T
I
O
N

14. COMPENSATION
STRATEGIES FOR
LINGUISTIC DIFFICULTIES
 Paraphrasing
 Asking for help
 Using examples and explanations
 Using body language

15. SPEAKING
WRITING

16. Speaking is similar to writing...
When we speak to
someone we take
into account the
listener´s context

17. Spoken discourse Written discourse
Productive skill Productive skill
Sound Visual
Temporal Exists in time
Immediate Deferred
Language knowledge Language knowledge
Frequently unplanned Planned
Little editing Can be editted
Redundancy, repetition More dense

18. Sources
 Celce- Murcia, M. & Olshtain, E. (2000)
Discorse and Context in Language
Teaching
 Modern Family The Many
Mispronunciations of Sofia Vergara's
'Gloria in Youtube´s website. Available at
http://youtu.be/g68KgoHWupg.
Retrieved August 18, 2014
 What speaking is´s website. Available at
http://area.dge.mec.pt/gramatica/whatspe
akingis.htm. Retrieved August18,2014