This document discusses several topics related to speaking skills and oral communication. It begins by explaining the importance of speaking practice in language learning classrooms. It then defines different types of spoken language such as conversational, formal, academic, informative, persuasive, and narrative language. The document also discusses microskills of oral communication like voice modulation, articulation, body language and eye contact. It notes some challenges to speaking like pronunciation, grammar, fluency, vocabulary, listening skills and cultural awareness. Finally, it provides references for further research on topics like task-based language teaching, discourse analysis, and oral communication skills.

1. SPEAKING
Teaching and
Assessing

2. Nature and
Purposed of
Speaking

3. Speaking is an essential part
of language learning and
teaching. In the past, speaking
activities mainly consisted of
repetition and drilling to
develop good language habits.

4. Speaking in the classroom is significant in
an EFL context because it allows
teachers to assess students' proficiency
and identify their speaking challenges,
provides students with real-life speaking
practice, and helps them acquire an
automatic use of language elements,
thereby enhancing fluency and accuracy
(Lightbown & Spada, 2006)

5. Nature and Purpose of Speaking:
• Tone and Style
• Language Choice
• Nonverbal Communication
• Adaptation to Context
• Pacing and Pauses

6. Tone and Style
- In a motivational speech, the speaker
adopts an enthusiastic and inspirational
tone to captivate the audience and
motivate them to take action.

7. Language Choice
- When teaching a complex scientific
concept to a group of students, a teacher
may use simpler language and relatable
examples to ensure understanding.

8. Nonverbal Communication
- During a persuasive speech, a speaker
maintains strong eye contact with the
audience, uses hand gestures to
emphasize key points, and smiles to
establish rapport and credibility.

9. Adaptation to Context
- When addressing a group of young
children, a teacher may use simplified
language, colorful visuals, and interactive
activities to make the content more
accessible and engaging.

10. Pacing and Pauses
- A public speaker modulates their pacing,
slowing down for important concepts and
speeding up for less critical information,
to maintain interest and aid
comprehension.

11. Oral Communication
Skills in Pedagogical
Research
Pedagogical research on oral
communication skills focuses on studying
and improving students' abilities to
effectively communicate through spoken
language, informing instructional practices
and assessment approaches (Mercer &
Howe, 2012; Ellis, 2003).

12. Oral Communication
Skills in Pedagogical
Research
• Clarity and Conciseness
• Active Listening
• Presentation Skills
• Questioning and Inquiry
• Collaboration

13. Clarity and Conciseness
- Researchers need to communicate their
ideas and findings clearly and concisely.

14. Active Listening
- Active listening is crucial for researchers
engaging in discussions, collaborations,
or receiving feedback

15. Presentation Skills
- Researchers often need to present their
work at conferences, seminars, or
workshops.

16. Questioning and Inquiry
- Researchers should develop skills in
asking relevant and probing questions.

17. Collaboration
- Pedagogical research often involves
collaborative efforts with other
researchers, educators, or stakeholders

18. types of Spoken Language
What are

19. Conversational
language
Conversational language and its
characteristics have been extensively
studied in the field of sociolinguistics.
Researchers have examined features
like turn-taking, adjacency pairs, and
discourse markers in everyday
conversations (Schegloff, Jefferson, &
Sacks, 1977)

20. Formal language
Research on formal language has
explored its usage in professional
settings. For example, studies have
investigated the language of business
meetings, analyzing the use of specific
discourse markers and politeness
strategies (Trosborg, 1995).

21. Academic language
Academic language and its
characteristics have been the focus of
research in the field of applied
linguistics. Studies have examined the
features of academic discourse, such
as the use of hedging, nominalization,
and specialized vocabulary (Hyland,
2004)

22. Informative
language
Informative language and its effectiveness
in conveying information have been studied
in fields such as educational
communication and media studies.
Research has explored features like clarity,
conciseness, and audience engagement in
informative speeches or educational videos
(Rubin & Perloff, 1987)

23. Persuasive
language
Persuasive language and its strategies
have been extensively researched in fields
like rhetoric and communication studies.
Studies have examined persuasive
techniques used in debates, political
speeches, and advertising, analyzing
factors like argumentation, rhetorical
appeals, and audience persuasion
(O'Keefe, 1990).

24. Narrative language
Narrative language has been studied in
fields such as narrative psychology and
storytelling research. Research has
explored the structure, coherence, and
engagement factors in storytelling and
narrative discourse (Labov, 1972).

25. Ceremonial
language
Ceremonial language has been the
subject of investigation in fields like
anthropology, sociolinguistics, and
speech communication. Studies have
examined the language features,
rituals, and performative aspects of
ceremonial events (Goffman, 1967).

26. What are the
Microskills of Oral
Communication

27. Voice Modulation
Articulation
Body Language
Eye Contact

28. What makes
Speaking
difficult?

29. First,
PRONOUNCIATION

30. Grammar
Fluency
Coherence and Cohesion
Vocabulary

31. Listening Skills
Interpersonal Skills
Cultural Awareness
Paralinguistic Features

32. References
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34. THANK YOU!