Vaccine is a suspension of organisms or fraction of organisms that used to induce immunity. Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate adaptive immunity against pathogen. the common types of vaccines are live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccine, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, and Toxoid vaccines. I explain preparation of DNA vaccines by a diagram.

1. Vaccines
Prepared by: Hawdam Latif Abdulla
Charmo University

2. Overview
• Vaccine History
• What is vaccine?
• Common types of vaccines
• How do vaccines work
• Preparation DNA vaccines

3. Vaccine History
• In 1760s, Edward Jenner was an English physician and scientist who was the
pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine.
• In 1796, Jenner took pus from the hand of a milkmaid with cowpox, scratched
it into the arm of an 8-year-old boy.
• In 1798, Jenner reported that his vaccine was safe.
• In 1880s, Louis Pasteur developed vaccines

4. What Is Vaccine?
• Vaccine is a suspension of organisms or fraction of organisms that
used to induce immunity.
• Name derived from the word Vacca which means cow.
• Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate
adaptive immunity against pathogen.

5. Common Types of Vaccines:
1. Live attenuated vaccines is the closest thing to a natural infection, these
vaccines are good “teachers” of the immune system.
2. Inactivated vaccines use microbes that have been killed, usually by
formalin or phenol.
3. Subunit vaccines use only those antigenic fragments of a
microorganism that best stimulate an immune response.
4. DNA vaccines are the vaccines which contain DNA that codes for
specific proteins from a pathogen.
5. Toxoid vaccines use a toxin made by the germ that causes a disease.

6. How Do Vaccines Work?
• Vaccines are taken up by macrophages/dendritic
cells which activate the adaptive immune
response.
• T-cells are activated.
• B-cells are activated.
• Antibodies are produce.
• Memory T- and B- cells are formed.

7. Preparation DNA Vaccines:
@Researchgate web-Figure 11 by Augusto Amici

8. References
1. Microbiology - An Introduction 11th Edition
2. Children’s hospital of Philadelphia website