presentation about immunization Dr. Abdirahman Green

1. PRESENTATION
immunization

2. IMMUNIZATION
• Immunization
_ Deliberate provocation of an adaptive immune
response by introducing antigen into the body
• Vaccination
_ Deliberate induction of an adaptive immune
response to a pathogen by injecting a vaccine,
a killed or attenuated form of the pathogen

3. VACCINATION
 The best known and the most
successful application of
immunological principles to human
health
 Vaccine ( from vacca, latin for cow )
 Ultimate goal: eradication of disease
 Immediate goal: prevention of
disease
TYPES OF PROTECTION
INDUCED:
 Complete protection for life
 Partial protection ( booster doses )

4. GOALS CAN BE ACHIEVED IN 2 WAYS
• Active immunization
_ Involves administration of all or part of a micro-organism or a modified product of
that micro-organism ( toxoid, purified antigen, antigen produced by genetic
engineering, to evoke an immunologic response mimicking that of the natural
infection but which usually presents little or no risk to the recipient
• Passive immunization
_ The administration of preformed antibody to a recipient for the prevention and
amelioration of infectious diseases ( temporary protection )

5. Immunity
Active Passive
_ injection of an antigen ( vaccine ) _ injection of performed antibiotics
( gamma-globulins)
_protection produced by the person’s own immune _ protection transferred from another
person or animal system
_ Usually permanent _ Temporary protection that wanes with
time

6. PASSIVE IMMUNITY
SOURCES
= Can be two ways :
1 Natural:
• Antibodies received from mother( EG: through breast milk )
2 Artificial
• Antibodies received from a medicine ( EG: a Gamma globulin injection or Infusion )
= Gamma globulin is protein fraction of blood serum containing many antibodies that
protect against bacterial , viral infectious diseases
O – A Solution of Gamma globulin prepared from human blood and administered for
passive immunization against Measles Hepatitis A, poliomyelitis, and other infections∙

7. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
• Live attenuated viral vaccine-Measles , MMR, OPV, varicella
• Inactivated viral vaccine-Inflenza , Hep A, IPV, Hep B ( recombinant DNA )
• Detoxified exotoxin (Toxoid ) –Diphtheria , Tetanus
• Purified protein antigens –acellular pertussis , Hep B
• Whole cell pertussis vaccine – DTP
• Inactivated acellular pertussis vaccine – DTaP
• Capsular polysaccharide – typhoid
• Protein conjugated polysaccharide vaccine – Hib, pneumococcal
• Live attenuated bacterial vaccine – BCG ( bacilli cellmate Guerin )

8. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION-GENERALITIES
• Contraindications to all Vaccines:
_ Serious allergic reaction ( anaphylaxis ) after a pervious vaccine dose
_ Serious allergic reaction to a vaccine component
• Precautions
_ Moderate or acute illness with or without
fever

12. PLANNING IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM
• 1∙1 Collecting basic information about the
community
• 1∙2 Steps in the planning process
• 1∙3 Immunization needs assessment
• 1∙4 Identify and priorities problems
1. magnitude of the problem
2. severity of the problem
3. socioeconomic impact of solving the problem
4. feasibility of tackling the problem
5. affordability of tackling the problem acceptability
to the beneficiaries

13. CONT∙∙∙∙
• 1.5 Setting goals and objectives
• 1.6 Developing strategies and activities in your
action plan
• 1.7 Estimating resource needs
• 1.8 Implementing your action plan and
maintaining community support
• 1.9 Monitoring and evaluation indicators
Immunization delivery at various sites
Fixed-site service : is delivered at your Health Post.
Ideally, immunization should be routinely available
on a daily basis, but this may not be possible in
your setting. In order to increase attendance, the
regular days should be fixed after discussion with
community members
Chain of vaccination

14. CONT.∙∙∙
Outreach service : involves Health Post staff and
volunteers giving immunizations in the
community on well-publicshed dates and at well-
known locations. Establishing an outreach
immunization service on a regular basis, in
addition to the service at your Health Post, is a
key part of the approach in Ethiopia called
‘Reaching Every Infant/Child’.
Mobile service : involves a team going to remote
or hard-to-reach parts of an area and staying
there for more than one day to deliver
immunizations, for example to pastoral or
nomadic communities.
Outreach service