Vaccination involves injecting killed or weakened microbes to stimulate immune response against diseases. There are several types of vaccines including live, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, and conjugate vaccines. Newer DNA vaccines work by introducing genes that produce antigens. Vaccines must be kept at proper cold chain temperatures during storage and transport to remain potent. The vaccine vial monitor on each vial indicates if the vaccine has been exposed to temperatures outside the required range.

1. VACCINATION
• Definition
• Types
• Brief description of all types
• Cold Chain
• Vaccine vial monitor.

2. Definition
• Injection of killed microbes in order
to stimulate the immune system
against microbes thereby
preventing diseases.

3. Types
1) Live vaccine
2) Inactivated vaccine
3) Subunit vaccine
4) Toxoid vaccine
5) Conjugated vaciine
6) DNA Vaccine.

4. 1)Live vaccine And 2)Inactivated
Vaccine
1)Living microbes weakned in lab.
inject to person
1)Living microbes killed by chemical
heat or radiations
Inject to person
2)Weak or half killed microbes can back
to their disease causing state
Hence not stable and safe
Stable and safe
3)Refrigeration –Necessary to stay potent 3)Refrigeration-Not necessary
4)Can produce strong life long immunity-
No booster dose acquired.
EX.Measels,Mumps,Chickenpoc
4)NOT produce strong life long immunity-
Booster dose acquired
EX.Typhoid,Rabis,Hepatitis B

5. 3)Subunit Vaccine
• Include only the antigen that best stimulate
immune system.
• Epitopes of Antigen very specific part
T-cell recognise and bind to it.

6. 4)Toxoid Vaccine
• Some bacteria secrets toxins or harmful
chemicals
For inactivation of Toxins,Detoxification done
with solution of Formaldehyde,Formalin and
Sterilized Water.
EX.Diptheria and tetanus.

7. 5) Conjugate Vaccine
• Some bacteria have outer coating of sugar
molecule,Infant’s immature immune system
can’t recognise them.
• Link in Antigen and toxoid from bacteria
Then infant recognised and develop immune
response.

8. 6)DNA Vaccines
• Genes that produce antigens in microbes
introduce in body.
That genes take up by DNA of body cells.
DNA instruct body cells to produce antigens.
Antigens on cell surface-Stimulate immune system

9. Vaccination Chart
VACCINE NAME SCHEDULE
BCG Birth - 2 weeks
OPV Birth;6 weeks,10 weeks and 14
weeks
16-18 weeks,5 years
DPT 6 weeks,10 weeks and 14 weeks
16-18 month and 5 years.
Hepatitis B Birth-6 weeks and 14 weeks or
6 weeks,10 weeks and 14 weeks
Measles 9 months,16-24 months
MMR 15 months
Typhoid 2 years,5 years,8 years,12 years

10. Cold Chain
• The cold chain is a system of a storage and
transport of vaccine at low temperature from
manufacture to actual vaccination site.
• Cold chain equipments
1. Walk in cold rooms. To store vaccine upto 3 months
2. Deep freezers Use for preparation of ice packs.
In case of power failure deep freezers can maintain
cabinet temperature.
3. Ice Lined refrigerator (ILR)
Used for storing UIP Vaccines.
4. Dial Thermometer-Kept in ILR &Temperature recorded
twice in a day.

11. Vaccine vial Monitor (VVM)
• A VVM is a lable containing a heat sensative
material which is palced on a vaccine vial to
register cumulative heat exposure over time
• Combine effect of time and temperature caused
the inner square of VVM to darken gradually.
• Inner square lighter than outer circle Use
the vaccine.
• Inner circle darken than outer circle Don’t
use vaccine.