role of microbes in the field of medicines

1. ROLE OF MICROBES IN THE FIELD
OF MEDICINE
VACCINES AND ANTIBIOTICS

2. VACCINES

3. • A vaccine is a biological preparation that
improves immunity to a particular disease.
• A vaccine typically contains an agent that
resembles a disease-causing
microorganism and is often made from
weakened or killed forms of the microbe.
INTRODUCTION

4. EDWARD JENNER

5. LOUIS PASTEUR

6. • During the late 1760s while serving his
apprenticeship as a surgeon Edward
Jenner learned of the story, common in
rural areas, that dairy workers would never
have the often-fatal or disfiguring disease
smallpox
• Because they had already had cowpox,
which has a very mild effect in humans.
HISTORY

7. • In 1796, Jenner took pus from the hand of a
milkmaid with cowpox, scratched it into the
arm of an 8-year-old boy.
• Six weeks later inoculated the boy with
smallpox, afterwards observing that he did
not catch smallpox.
• Jenner extended his studies and in 1798
reported that his vaccine was safe in
children and adults.
HISTORY

8. • The second generation of vaccines
was introduced in the 1880s by Louis
Pasteur who developed vaccines for
chickenpox,cholera and anthrax.
• From the late nineteenth century
vaccines were considered a matter of
national prestige, and compulsory
vaccination laws were passed.
HISTORY

9. 1. Live, attenuated vaccines
2. Inactivated vaccines
3. Subunit vaccines
4. Toxoid vaccines
5. Conjugate vaccines
6. DNA vaccines
7. Recombinant vector vaccines
TYPES OF VACCINES

10. • Live, attenuated vaccines contain a
version of the living microbe that has
been weakened in the lab so it can’t
cause disease
• Example: Vaccines against measles,
mumps, and chickenpox
LIVE,ATTENUATED VACCINES

11. • Scientists produce inactivated
vaccines by killing the disease-
causing microbe with chemicals,
heat, or radiation. Such vaccines are
more stable and safer than live
vaccines.
• Example: Vaccines against influenza,
polio, hepatitis A, and rabies.
INACTIVATED VACCINES

12. • Instead of the entire microbe,
subunit vaccines include only the
antigens that best stimulate the
immune system.
• Example:Plague immunization
SUBUNIT VACCINES

13. • These vaccines are used when a
bacterial toxin is the main cause of
illness.
• Example: Crotalus atrox toxoid is
used to vaccinate dogs against
rattlesnake bites.
TOXOID VACCINES

14. • If a bacterium possesses an outer
coating of sugar molecules called
polysaccharides, as many harmful
bacteria do, researchers may try
making a conjugate vaccine for it
• Example : Haemophilus
influenzae type B vaccine.
CONJUGATE VACCINES

15. • DNA vaccines show great promise,
and several types are being tested in
humans.
• Example: Influenza vaccine
DNA VACCINES

16. • Recombinant vector vaccines are
experimental vaccines similar to DNA
vaccines
• “Vector” refers to the virus or
bacterium used as the carrier.
• Example : DPT
RECOMBINANT VECTOR VACCINES

17. • WHO have a separate unit for the research
and development of vaccine.
• WHO’s Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR)
facilitates vaccine research and development
(R&D) against pathogens with significant
disease and economic burden, with a
particular focus on low and middle income
countries.
• Finding a safe, effective, and durable HIV
vaccine remains a top priority for world.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

18. ANTIBIOTICS

19. • Antibiotics are microbially
produced substances that have
antimicrobial properties. These
are metabolites produced by
certain microorganisms which kill
or inhibit the growth of other
microorganisms.
INTRODUCTION

20. HISTORY
• The discovery of the first antibiotic was an
accident.
• Alexander Fleming accidentally
contaminated a plate with a fungus.
• He observed a clearly defined region of
no bacterial growth where the fungi had
contaminated the plate.
• The area around the fungus was
eventually referred to as a zone of
inhibition.

21. ALEXANDER FLEMING

22. PROPERTIES OF ANTIBIOTICS
• Antibiotics should be broad spectrum.
• Readily soluble in body fluids.
• Must not be inactivated by the acid
environment of the stomach and must
be capable of being absorb by the
small intestines.
• It should not disturb the resident
microbial flora of the host.

23. PROPERTIES OF ANTIBIOTICS
• It should not be easy for the target
pathogen to established
resistance against the antibiotic.
• It should not result in undesirable
side effects in the host, even if so,
it should be minimal.
• It should be sufficiently stable to
have a good shelf life, without
special storage considerations.

24. PENICILLIN
• Discovered by Alexander Fleming in
Penicillium notatum in 1929.
• It is an organic substance lethal to
microbes. More effective than ordinary
drugs & germicides.
• No adverse effect on human protoplasm
but kills Gram positive bacteria.
• On a commercial scale from improved
strains of Penicillium notatum &
Penicillium chrysogenum

25. PENICILLIN TABLETS

26. PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM

27. CEPHALOSPORINS
• These are a group of antibiotics
obtained from Cephalosporium
acremonium, a marine fungus.
• They are effective against gram positive
and gram negative bacteria.
• These antibiotics, like penicillin, inhibit
the cell wall synthesis.

28. CEPHALOSPORIN CAPSULES

29. GRISEOFULVIN
• From Penicillium,griseofulvum has
antifungal properties.
• When administered orally it is
absorbed into the body where it
accumulates in the keratinized tissues
of the epidermis and hair. It is thus
effective against fungal skin diseases
such as ringworms & athletes’ foot
disease.

30. GRISEOFULVIN PILLS

31. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTICS
• Anti-bacterial drugs
• Anti-fungal drugs
• Anti-viral drugs
• Anti-protozoan drugs
• Anthelmintic drugs

32. ANTI-BACTERIAL DRUGS

33. ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS

34. ANTI-VIRAL DRUGS

35. ANTI-PROTOZOAN DRUGS

36. ANTHELMINTHIC DRUGS

37. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
• Incomplete and indiscriminant use of
antibiotics in people and animals leads to
increased selective pressure on bacteria.
• Bacteria capable of resisting antibiotics
survive and spread these traits by
horizontal gene transfer.
• This results in a large community of
bacteria resistant against antibiotics