Tea Gobec, Kako pluti po morju tehnoloških sprememb, Innovatif.pdf
Porters 5 force & aaker brand equity model
1. Porters 5 Force Model
&
Aaker’s Brand Equity Model
Presented by
Harshal Verma
2. Porter 5 force model
“The Porter's 5 Forces Model” is introduced by Michael E.
Porter, Professor in Harvard Business School.
Five Forces Analysis assumes that there are five important
forces that determine competitive power in a business
situation.
Three forces from 'horizontal' competition:
1. The threat of substitute products or services,
2. The competitive rivalry in industry,
3. The threat of new entrants;
Two forces from 'vertical' competition:
4. The bargaining power of suppliers and,
5. The bargaining power of customers.
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4. Importance of The 5 Forces
What strategy to use?
Basic knowledge of business strategy & forces that influence
the decision making.
Industry analysis (relevance, players, structure, Future
changes)
Strategize (Competitive advantage, Cost advantage,
Market dominance, New product development,
Diversification, Price leadership, Global, Re-engineering,
Restructuring)
Measure and monitor strategy effectiveness.
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5. Threats of New Entrants
The easier it is for new companies to enter the industry, the
more cutthroat competition there will be.
Factors that can limit the threat of new entrants are
Time & Cost of entry
Specialist knowledge
Economies of scale
Cost advantage
Technology protection
Loyal customers
Barriers of entrants
Example – MacDonalds
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6. Threat of Substitutes
Threats of Substitute in the Porter’s theory actually means
goods and services that does similar functions.
If substitution is easy and substitution is viable, then this
weakens your power.
Factors
Relative price performance of substitute
Buyer switching costs
Ease of substitution
Substandard product
Quality depreciation
level of product differentiation
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7. Contd.
Porter recommends that by doing advertising, product quality
improvement, marketing, R&D and product distribution, an
industry can improve its collective position against the
substitute.
Example- landline phone with a cellular phone, coke and
water, facebook and twitter.
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8. Competitive Rivalry in industry
For most industries the intensity of competitive rivalry is the
major determinant of the competitiveness of the industry.
Factors
Numbers of competitors
Quality differences
Switching cost
Customer loyalty
Current industry growth rate
Industry structure
Level of advertising expense
Degree of transparency
Example- KFC, MacDonalds, Pizza Hut, Subway
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9. Bargaining power of Customers
The ability of customers to put the firm under pressure, which
also affects the customer's sensitivity to price changes.
The buyer power is high if the buyer has many alternatives.
The buyer power is low if they act independently e.g. If a large
number of customers will act with each other and ask to make
prices low the company will have no other choice because of
large number of customers pressure.
Factors
Number of customers
Size of each order
Buyer Price sensitivity
Buyers switching cost relative to firm switching Cost
Example- Coca-Cola
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10. Bargaining power of Suppliers
Suppliers of raw materials, components, labor, and services
(such as expertise) to the firm can be a source of power over
the firm when there are few substitutes.
The fewer the supplier choices you have, and the more you
need suppliers' help, the more powerful your suppliers are.
Factors
Numbers of suppliers
Size of the suppliers
Uniqueness of services
Your ability of substitute
Employee solidarity
Cost of changing
Supplier switching costs relative to firm switching costs
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11. Aaker’s Brand Equity Model
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The Aaker Model, created by David Aaker,
marketing professor at the University of California-Berkeley.
Aaker views brand equity as a set of five categories of brand
assets and liabilities linked to a brand that add to or subtract
from the value provided by a product or service to a firm
and/or to that firm’s customers.
BRAND EQUITY = BRAND AWARENESS + BRAND LOYALTY +
BRAND ASSOCIATION + PERCEIVED QUALITY
+ OTHER PROPRIETARY ASSETS
13. Brand loyalty
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The extent to which people are loyal to a brand is expressed in
the following factors.
Reduced marketing costs : hanging on to loyal customers is
cheaper than charming potential new customers.
Trade leverage : loyal customers represent a stable source of
revenue for the distributive trade.
Attracting new customers : current customers can help
boost name awareness and hence bring in new customers.
Time to respond to competitive threats : loyal customers
that are not quick to switch brands give a company more time
to respond to competitive threats.
14. Brand Awareness
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The extent to which a brand is known among the public, which
can be measured using the following parameters.
Anchor to which associations can be attached : depending
on the strength of the brand name, more or fewer
associations can be attached to it, which will, in turn,
eventually influence brand awareness.
Familiarity and liking : consumers with a positive attitude
towards a brand, will talk about it more and spread brand
awareness.
Commitment to a brand.
Brand to be considered during the purchasing process : to
what extent does the brand form part of the evoked set of
brands in a consumer’s mind.
15. Perceived Quality
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The extent to which a brand is considered to provide good
quality products can be measured.
The quality offered by the product/ brand is a reason to buy it
Level of differentiation/ position in relation to competing
brands.
Price : as the product becomes more complex to assess, and
status is at play, consumers tend to take price as a quality
indicator.
Availability in different sales channels : consumers have a
higher quality perception of brands that are widely available.
The number of line/ brand extensions : this can tell the
consumer the brand stands for a certain quality guarantee
that is applicable on a wide scale
16. Brand Association
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Associations triggered by a brand can be assessed on the basis of the
five following indicator.
The extent to which a brand name is able to ‘retrieve’ associations
from the consumer’s brain : such information from TV advertising.
The extent to which association contribute to brand differentiation
in relation to the competition : these can be abstract associations,
such as ‘vitality’
The extent to which brand associations play a role in the buying
process : the greater this extent, the higher the total brand equity.
The extent to which brand associations create positive attitude/
feelings : the greater this extent, the higher the total brand equity.
The number of brand extensions in the market : the greater this
number, the greater the opportunity to add brand associations
17. Other Proprietary Assets
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Patent and Intellectual property rights
Relations with trade partners and,
Airlines landings slots ( The more proprietary rights a brand
has accumulated the greater the brand competitive edge in
those fields)