Presentation on Airport Runway Construction

1. 1

2. Contents
• Introduction
• Airport
• Typical layout of Airport
• Basic Component
• Runway
• Runway Orientation
• Runway slopping
• Factors Affecting Runway Orientation
• Runway Numbers
• Runway Markings
• Runway Configuration
• Runway Lightings
• Runway Signs
2
• Runway Construction
• Runway Construction Sequence & Methods
• Runway Construction Pavement Details
& Mixes
• Control Methods(Selection)
• Earth Works
• Asphalt Paving
• Runway Pavement
• Runway Tests
• References

3. Introduction
o Airport Engineering encompasses the planning,
design, and construction of terminals, runways,
and navigation aids to provide for passenger and
freight service.
o An airport is a facility where passengers connect
from ground transportation to air transportation
o Airfield is an area where an aircraft can land and
take off, which may or may not be equipped with
any navigational aids or markings
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4. Airport
An airport is a location where aircraft such as
fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, and blimps take
off and land. Aircraft may be stored or
maintained at an airport. An air port consists of
at least one surface such as runway for a
plane to take off and land, a helipad, or water
for takeoff and landings, and often includes
buildings such as control towers, hangers and
terminal buildings.
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5. Typical Layout of an Airport
5Image’s Source: Wikimedia Commons, File:Airport infrastructure.png

6. Basic components
o Runway
o Control towers
o Helipads
o Hangers
o Terminal buildings
o Apron
o Taxiway
o Aircraft Stand
o Parking
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7. Runway
o A runway is the area where an aircraft lands
or takes off. It can be grass, or packed dirt, or
a hard surface such as asphalt or concrete.
Runways have special markings on them to
help a pilot in the air to tell that it is a runway
(and not a road) and to help them when they
are landing or taking off. Runway markings
are white.
o Rectangular area on an aerodrome used for
landing and take off
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8. Airport runway
8http://cceonlinenews.com,Kenya to construct Sh37 billion runway at JKIA

9. Runway Orientation
o Runway orientation is important in airport
planning
o Current practice is to layout a runway in the
direction of prevailing wind
o It is very important for safe take offs and
approaches
o The width and sloping of runway also play a
role in safe approaches
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10. Runway Slopping
10Source: Runway orientation presentation, www.slideshare.net

11. Factors Affecting Runway
Orientation
o WIND
o AIRSPACE AVAILABILITY
o ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
o OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION
o AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL VISIBILITY
o WILD LIFE HAZARDS
o TERRAIN AND SOIL CONSIDERATION
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12. RUNWAY NUMBERS
o Runways are numbered according the magnetic
compass direction
o Every runway is numbered between 01 and 36 at
each end of runway. Angle between the direction of
the centerline of the runway and the magnetic north.
o Or simply, 360° means north, 90° means east, 180°
means south and 270° means west
o For more than one runway going in the same
direction, letters are added to the end of the number
R for right, C for center, and L for left.
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13. Continue…
o e.g. a runway16/34 would be (160°=16) pronounced as one
six. The number at the other end of the runway is the
opposite number on the compass and that would be (340° =
34) pronounced three four. The difference between 340° and
160° is 180° or put another way, 34 minus 16 equals 18.
13Source: http://ibisairlines.com, runways

14. RUNWAY NUMBERS
Source: ICAO Aviation English: Runway Markings 14

15. Runway Markings
1. Blast pad: The area marked with yellow chevrons
(V shaped) also referred to overrun areas or stop
ways.
• Constructed to reduce the erosion of earth by the
jet blast produced during power up to take off
15Source: learntoflyblog.com, IFR: Precision Instrument Runway Markings

16. Continue…
2. Threshold: it is essentially the start or end of the
actual runway itself.
3. Touch down zone: it is the target area for pilots
to stick the wheels of aircraft on to the runway
16Source: Wikimedia Commons, File:RunwayDiagram.png

17. RUNWAY CONFIGURATION
o According to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
there are four common types of runway
Single runway
Parallel runway
• Two parallel runways
• Two parallel runways with staggered thresholds
• Four parallel runways
 Open-v runways
Intersecting runways
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18. Continue…
o Runway configuration depends on CAPACITY.
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19. Runway Lighting
oThese lights are used to assist pilot in to identify
the runway
oGREEN THRESHOLD LIGHTS : Line the
runway edge
oRED LIGHTS : Mark the end of runway
oBLUE LIGHTS : Run alongside taxiways
o While runways have YELLOW or WHITE lights
marking their edges
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20. Runway lighting system
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21. RUNWAY SIGNS
Various kinds of runway signs are used for facilitation.
21Source: learntoflyblog.com, Procedures and Airport Operations: Airport Markings

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23. Runway Construction Sequence & Methods
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24. Runway Construction Pavement Details
& Mixes
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25. Runway Construction Pavement Details
& Mixes
Runway Asphalt
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26. Runway Construction Pavement Details &
Mixes
Runway Ends Concrete
• APC (Asphalt pavement
concrete)
• HDPE (High Density
Polyethylene)
• CSBC(crushed surfacing
base course)
• SBC(surfacing base
course) 26

27. Control methods (selection)
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28. Earth works
o Earth works include the excavation, trenching, hauling, back filling
and compaction.
o Muck shifting: is the process of moving large quantities of soil and
rocks.
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29. Earth works
 Subgrade preparation
1. Soil investigation
2. Survey and setting out works
3. Excavation and filling
4. Grading
5. Compaction
 Excavation of soil as per required level with an excavator
 Dumping of excavated soil by dumpers at suitable places
 Grading of excavated area
 Compaction by rolling
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30. Earth works
oTrench Excavation
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31. Earth works
o Backfill Trench
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32. Earth works
Grading
o Subgrade is to be prepared in layers
o After dumping of soil, dozing is to be done with a dozer
o Grading is to be done with a grader as per the required
slopes and gradients
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33. Earth works
oSpreading & Compaction Clay fill
oDozer Pushing Clay
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34. Earth works
 Compaction
o After grading ,rolling is to be done with a roller of
8-10 tons capacity
o Rolling should be done at OMC(optimize moisture
content) of the soil
o There should be at least 6 passes (1 plain+2 low
vibration +2 high vibration +1 plain pass)
o Rolling should be started from outer edge of the
pavement and should proceed towards center
o There should be 1/3 overlap in the previous pass
o The compaction should be at least 98%
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35. Earth works
o CABC ( Crushed aggregate base course ): CABC is produced
by the accurate proportioning and blending of four agg. Sizes
and water using agg. Stabilizer batching plant, after verification
that the sub base layer is within the specified tolerances the
surveyors establish string lines with support pins at 10m centers.
o The mixed agg. Base course is delivered by tipper trucks to the
job site and tipped into the pavers hopper.
o Generally 6 to 7 trucks are required, the material is applied in
layers not exceeding 150mm compacted thickness
o The agg. Base course is spread using tracked pavers fitted with
automatic screed control to the required width, thickness, profile,
camber and cross fall.
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36. Earth works
MIXING CABC( Crushed aggregate base course )
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37. Earth works
Spreading & Compaction CABC ( Crushed aggregate
base course )
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38. Asphalt paving
o Prime Coat Site Trials: prior to starting paving all the
materials are pre-tested in and a site trial is curried
out to familiarize the crew with the equipment and
characteristics of the particular asphalt mix and to
ensure that the workmanship as will as the material
complies with the specification requirements.
o The polymer modified bitumen asphalt mix is laid with
two trucks paver equipped with extending screed
tamper and vibrator and conveyer.
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39. Asphalt paving
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40. Asphalt paving
Bituminous Prime Coat shall consist of supplying and applying
bituminous material to a previously prepared and approved base
course in accordance with the Specification to ensure a bond
between this surface and the overlying course.
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41. Asphalt paving
Paving methodology
o Prior to paving, the GSB surface should be cleaned
of roots, grass, stones etc.
o GSB surface should be made slightly moist and
should be rolled for 2 passes
o After the paver has been positioned properly,
paving should be started
o Rolling should be done completely prior to setting
of concrete. The pattern of rolling should be same
as that of subgrade
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42. Asphalt paving
o The pavers operate using an automatic screed
control which controls the screed height using the
string line or the matching shoe as a level
reference
o The un-compacted asphalt level behind the paver
is checked by pulling a sting lone between the
longitudinal string lines at the 10m pin location
and taking dip measurements using a tape
measure.
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43. Asphalt paving
o Level control is maintained by two string lines as a great
reference system for the lead paver and matching shoe
and one string line for the following paver.
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44. Asphalt paving
Runway Asphalt Pavement -Line & Level
o String line used for Level & line reference
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45. Asphalt paving
oRunway Asphalt Pavement
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46. Asphalt paving
R A P -4 Pavers working together
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47. Asphalt paving
o The asphalt after compaction reduces in thickness
by approximately 20% dot the jointing and laying
the sequence across the runway is design to
insure that the longitudinal joints are staggered by
300mm between layers.
o Free edges that will form joints are cut back by
100mm, the level tolerance is +6mm and the
smoothness tolerance is a max 6mm with a 3m
long straight edge.
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48. Asphalt paving
o Cutting Joint
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49. Asphalt paving
o Average output is 4 to 5 loads per hour, that is equal to
120tons/hour.
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50. Runway pavement
Marking
o Pavement marking to runway using an emulsion paint
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51. Runway Clearing
Cleaning surface with rotating water jets
o High-pressure spinning water jets are used to remove
rubber from runways that builds up as result of planes
landing.
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52. Runway tests
Test for Skid Resistance
o Using the Douglas Mu-Meter continues friction
measuring equipment
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53. Runway tests
Test for Smoothness using Rolling Straight Edge
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55. References
• IBIS air lines (site), www.ibisirline.com
• Khanna & Arora, Airport Planning and Design
• Rangwala C.S , Airport Engineering
• Compaction, Paving & Milling (theory and
practice), application.danapac.com
• Runway Construction Project, www.slideshare.net
• www.pavetesting.com
• Google Images
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