2. How GMOs are Created
https://info4gmo.wordpress.com/gmo-facts/
3. GMO history
● Norman Borlaug
● Crops
○ Flavr-Savr® Tomato
○ Bacillus thuringiensis
○ RoundUp Ready® Crops
http://www.monsanto.com/SiteCollectionImages/roundup-ready-2-extend-soybeans-banner.jpg
http://usgseed.com/products/soybeans/roundup-ready/
4. Norman Borlaug
● Father of the Green Revolution
● Nobel Peace Prize, Congressional Gold
Medal, Padma Vibhushan.
● 1937- Received BS in
○ Biology
○ Plant Pathology
○ Genetics
● 1965 developed Semi Dwarf wheat variety
○ Mexico
○ Pakistan
○ India
○ Africa
○ Asiahttp://static01.nyt.com/images/2009/09/14/business/14borlaug01-190.jpg
http://www.achievement.org/achievers/bor0/large/bor0-008.jpg
5. GMO history
● Norman Borlaug
● Crops
○ Flavr-Savr® Tomato
○ Bacillus thuringiensis
○ RoundUp Ready® Crops
https://www.pioneer.com/CMRoot/pioneer/canada_en/images/Round_Up_Ready_Logo_JPEG.jpg
6. GMO history
● Norman Borlaug
● Crops
○ Flavr-Savr® Tomato
○ Bacillus thuringiensis
○ RoundUp Ready® Crops
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/K-12/TeachersGuide/PlantBiotechnology/Article%20Images/fig37.jpg
7. GMO history
● Norman Borlaug
● Crops
○ Flavr-Savr® Tomato
○ Bacillus thuringiensis
○ RoundUp Ready® Crops
http://usgseed.com/products/soybeans/roundup-ready/
10. GMOs In Agriculture
● RoundUp Ready® crops, what are
they?
○ Patented by Monsanto
■ Expired in March 2015
(Miller 2014)
http://brahmanjournal.com/brahman/wp-content/media/DW-RR-alfalfa-1_w500.jpg
http://www.biofuelsjournal.com/articles/D_PL_Showcasing_Bollgard_II__Roundup_Ready_Flex__Other_Varieties_at_
12. Sugar Beets & Golden Rice
Sugar Beets→ Increased amounts of sugars
produced
● Alternative form of sugar
○ Sugarcane
● Growing seasons to mature
Golden Rice→ β-carotene production
● Increase Vitamin A
○ Nutrient deficiency
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-k5fdm9UH5uM/VThjj0WFoRI/AAAAAAAAOcI/2twm7O0-NWM/s1600/07lineofsugarbeet.jpg http://static1.businessinsider.com/image/53a04b2669beddcd552e6b7d-1200-858/rtx12n8e.jpg
14. Benefits of GMO Crops
● Klümper and Qaim (2014)
○ Decreased Herbicide Use
○ Increased Yield
○ Increased Farmer Profit
● Decreased Resource Use (Syngenta 2010)
15. Drawbacks of GMO
● Non-GM field contamination
● Liabilities from field contamination
● Gene Patenting
● Unknown health effects
16. Ethics of GMO
● Utilitarianism
○ Benefits the most people
● Kantian Ethics
○ Must use reason
17.
18. Conclusions
● GMOs are rigorously tested and regulated
● Patent reform needs to be addressed
● GMOs have been shown to have more benefits than drawbacks
○ There are benefits in both the short and long term
19. Literature Cited
Klümper W and Qaim M. 2014. A Meta-Analysis of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops. PLoS ONE. 9(11): 1-7.
Hiz, MM Aki C. 2014. The Nightmare: Genetically Modified Organisms as Alien Species. Transylvanian Review of Systematic and Ecological Research. 16(1): 135-148.
Kariyawasam K. 2010. Legal Liability, Intellectual Property and Genetically Modified Crops: Their Impact on World Agriculture. Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal. 19(3):459-485.
Klümper W and Qaim M. 2014. A Meta-Analysis of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops. PLoS ONE. 9(11): 1-7.
Lundquist K. 2015. Unapproved Genetically Modified Corn: It’s What’s for Dinner. Iowa Law Review. 100(2);825-851.
Milavec M, Dobnik D et al. 2014. GMO quantification: Valuable experience and insights for the future. Analytical and Bioanalytical
Chemistry. 406(26): 6485-6497.
Syngenta. 2010. Syngenta Seeds, Inc. Launches Agrisure Artesian™ Technology, First Water-Optimized Technology for Corn Hybrids. Syngenta.com [Internet]. [updated 26 July 2010; cited 20
November 2015]
Winter G. 2008. NAture Protection and the Introduction into the Environment of Genetically Modified Organisms: Risk Analysis in EC Multilevel Governance. Review of European Community and
International Environmental Law. 17(2): 205-220.
20. Discussion Questions
1. Factoring in the economic benefits, should more farmers plant GMO crops?
2. Is there an issue with the way that GMO crops are tested before they are allowed to be grow
sold in the United States?
3. Should there be more testing and quantification of GMO crops?
4. In your opinion, what is the greatest issue surrounding the use and introduction of GMO cro
into modern agriculture? Why?
5. If there is contamination of a non-GMO field, who should take the responsibility? The seed
company or the grower who planted the GMO seeds.
6. Regarding patenting of genes, should patent reform at the federal level change, or should
companies developing GMOs be specifically targeted for patenting genes according to curre
legal standards?
