Home DNA testing: How do genes determine a person’s reaction to drugs, nutrients and vitamins? How can you test your genes for your biological age? Find out more!

1. Home Genomics Testing
Know Thyself
Can you test your genes for your reaction to
drugs, nutrients and vitamins?

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Home genomics testing
Eurofins Genomics – The DNA Universe
“Know Thyself” is the English translation
of the Ancient Greek inscription at the
Temple of Apollo of Delphi “Gnōthi
Seauton”
How can the “knowledge” of DNA be
used for one’s benefit?

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The basis of human variations…
Eurofins Genomics – The DNA Universe
… is genetics
Variations between individuals
manifest on a spectrum, e.g:
• Savantism
• Rare disease
• Abnormal responses to therapeutic
agents
• Personality traits
• Rate of aging
Advancements in DNA
sequencing methods enable
precise information about:
• Ancestry
• Predisposition to disease
• Personality
• Dietary requirements
• And more
Home genomics testing enables everybody to
gain knowledge about one‘s individual variations!

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The concept behind home genomics testing kits is simple
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Procedure
1. The home genomics testing kit is delivered via mail
2. Simple instructions for sample collection:
• Often, enclosed swab is used to scrub cells from inside of cheek  Swab is placed in enclosed tube
• Saliva is collected in tube
3. Sealed package with sample is returned via mail
4. After sample arrival in lab, the DNA is extracted and analysed (via microarrays or next-generation sequencing (NGS))
5. Generated data is analysed by BioIT team
6. Results are provided online

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Home genomics testing for personality traits
Eurofins Genomics – The DNA Universe
Variations in personality traits have been linked to
genetic polymorphisms!
• Strong correlation between variations in genes encoding proteins
responsible for dopamine metabolism and personality traits ‘Openness to
experience’
• Higher levels of dopamine in prefrontal cortex (PFC) are associated with
higher engagement in cognitive and behavioural exploration and curiosity
• Enzyme Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) metabolises dopamine
in PFC
• Certain SNP in COMT (gene) called ‘Val158 Met’ leads to less efficient
version of the COMT enzyme
• Results:
• Decreased dopamine breakdown rate & higher dopamine levels in PFC
• Translates into higher scores in personality trait ‘Opennes’
SNP = single nucleotide polymorphism
Personality traits ‘Openness to experience’ defined as
general inclination to indulge in imaginative, artistic and
intellectual endeavours; represents intellect and creativity

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Eurofins Genomics - The DNA Universe
A person’s chronological age is not necessarily the person’s biological age
Chronological age
Represents number of years of life
Biological age
In a sense, relates to morbidity &
mortality risk, as well as aging
Epigenetic clock
Is based on methylation status of
DNA
It has been described as the most
accurate molecular measure of
age
Home genomics testing for the epigenetic clock – how old are you really?
Common practice
A person’s biological age is estimated
via certain clinical biomarkers
Shortcoming
Measuring biomarkers can be
somewhat misleading
“Hispanic mortality paradox”:
• People of Hispanic ancestry have,
in general, higher clinical risk
profiles but live longer than people
with European ancestry
• However, according to epigenetic
clock, Hispanics seem to age slower
Epigenetic clock (and rate of aging)
highly depends on genetic make-up
& seems to be hereditary
Example:
A person’s ancestors lived to be 100
years old or more
 Probability that this person’s
epigenetic clock is “younger” than
somebody’s clock whose ancestors
did not live to be 100 years old is
very likely

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Home genomics testing for the epigenetic clock – how old are you really?
Eurofins Genomics – The DNA Universe
Benefit of analysing DNA methylation of an individual
• Prediction of biological age compared to chronological age
• If “DNA methylation age” is higher than chronological age, the risk for
certain diseases is often higher (positive age acceleration)
• If “DNA methylation age” is lower, it implies lower risk (negative age
acceleration)
• Statistically prediction of lifespan and onset of diseases, such as
coronary heart disease, cognitive decline or cancer based on DNA in
blood samples
• Statistical effect of diet and lifestyle factors on biological age (DNA
methylation GrimAge)
 Eating vegetables and fruits (especially carotenoids), exercising &
even education have beneficial effects on aging
 Smoking has most significant negative effect on aging followed by
inflammation, poor waist to hip ratio and diabetes.

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Home genomics testing for drug metabolism
Impact of SNPs on drug metabolism
• CYP2D6 encodes for enzyme Cytochrome P450 2D6
responsible for metabolism of nearly 25% of drugs on
the market
Example: Some beta-blockers used for different health
conditions such as high blood pressure
• SNPs in CYP2D6 account for varying enzyme activity
and different phenotypes
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Poor drug metabolisers
Little or no CYP2D6 activity
Intermediate drug metabolisers
Intermediate CYP2D6 activity between poor and
normal metabolisers
Extensive drug metabolisers
Normal CYP2D6 activity
Ultrarapid drug metabolisers
Higher CYP2D6 activity that occurs as result of
expression of multiple copies of CYP2D6 gene
Knowing which class of metabolisers a person
belongs to and accordingly adjusting drug dose is
of great importance to achieve optimum therapeutic
effect & avoid unwanted side effects

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Vit D3 metabolism
• SNPs in CYP2R1 and CYP24A1 can predict
if a person is likely to be deficient in vit D3
• Vitamin D goes through two hydroxylation
reactions to be converted into active vit D3
Home genomics testing for nutrient and vitamin metabolism
Individual metabolism of vitamins
and nutrients varies drastically
according to individual’s genetic
make-up.
Eurofins Genomics – The DNA Universe
Vit D3 biosynthesis
• First hydroxylation step is catalysed by enzyme CYP2R1
 SNPs in CYP2R1 have been associated with lower vit D3 serum levels
• CYP24A1 encodes for monooxygenase responsible for degrading active vit D3
 Four SNPs in this gene have been linked to lower concentrations of vit D3
Identifying personal metabolism activity of vitamins and nutrients could support measures for improved physical
and mental performance

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Home genomics testing of the microbiome
Eurofins Genomics – The DNA Universe
The gut microbiome has profound effects on human health and well-being
Gut microbes are classified as commensal/mutualistic, beneficial,
pathogenic
• Beneficial microbes are involved in vitamin biosynthesis,
dietary fibre breakdown, butyrate & neurotransmitter production
• Commensal/mutualistic microbes do not harm the body
but are involved in defence against pathogens
• Pathogenic microbes cause harm to the body
 Importance of well-balanced microbial community in the gut
 Dysbiosis is imbalance of gut microbiome & is linked to
pathogenesis of illnesses such as inflammatory bowel
disease & diabetes

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Home genomics testing of the microbiome
Eurofins Genomics – The DNA Universe
Ingestion of beneficial microbes can have significant effects
on health
• Daily ingestion of probiotic containing 2 x 1010 CFU
Lactobacillus plantarum P8 reduced levels of stress &
enhanced cognitive abilities and memory
• Daily ingestion of probiotic containing 109 CFU Lactobacillus
plantarum DR7 showed same effects & lowered plasma
cortisol levels
Gut microbiome home testing kits enable analysis to determine if balanced and diverse gut microbiota that supports
optimal body and mind function is present
Analysis results can be used for dietary adjustments and ingestion of probiotics to improve gut flora

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Ig Nobel Prize 2021 winner for Physics & Kinetics
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Further reading
Read more about the influence of the microbiome on human health at:
https://the-dna-universe.com/2018/03/08/the-influence-of-the-microbiome-on-human-health/
Did you know that the microbiome profoundly affects cancer and cancer development? Read more at:
https://the-dna-universe.com/2021/05/27/the-microbiome-of-cancer/
Metagenome analysis – Beyond microbiome analysis. Find out more at:
https://the-dna-universe.com/2019/05/29/microbiome-analysis-are-you-aware-of-all-the-applications/
How are faecal transplants used for the treatment of antibiotics-associated disease? Read more at:
https://the-dna-universe.com/2019/06/27/world-microbiome-day-2019-in-the-matter-of-faecal-transplants-
for-a-healthy-microbiome/
Overview of all microbiome-related articles at: https://the-dna-universe.com/category/microbiome-articles/

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Eurofins Genomics whole product portfolio is structured to address 3 types of customer needs
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applications
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References
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Drug-Drug Interaction. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 104(5:, 933–39.
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