Human genome sequencing development biology

1. Impact of Human
Genome Sequencing in
Health Biotechnology

2. Basic Concept

3. DNA Sequencing
• Determining the base-
by-base order of the
nucleotides in a
section of DNA.
• Can help us identify
regions of DNA that
contain genes (GOI).

4. DNA Sequencing
• Makes possible comparisons of DNA
sequences
– between individuals to teach us about our
susceptibility to disease.
– between species to teach us about how we
evolved.
• Also, DNA sequences teach us about the
regulation of gene expression.

5. Human Genome Project (HGP)
– It is the description
of full set of
genetic
instructions
(Codons) in human
DNA.
– Develop a set of
instructions (GE) as
a research tool for
scientists.

6. What We Have Learned From
Human Genome
• First lesson: Human DNA consists of 3
billion base pairs
– Contain 20,000-25,000 genes
• 2-3 times as many genes as a worm or fruit
fly.
• Approximately 3% of DNA contains the
information to make proteins.

7. What We Have Learned From
Human Genome
• Second lesson: Knowledge about the genes
themselves (How Genes Express).
– Has important effects to understand human
biology and what goes wrong in disease states.
– Help us define disease states and predict
possible candidates who are likely to suffer
from a disease based on their nucleotide
sequences.

8. What We Have Learned From
Human Genome
• Third lesson: lessons about the human
family; both our diversity and evolution.
– Compare base-by-base sequences of DNA
• Any group of individuals have DNA sequences that
are 99.9% identical regardless or origin or
ethnicity.
• Points in DNA sequence where the sequences are
not identical between two or more individuals are
called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

9. HPG has Raised Ethical, Social and
Legal Issues Regarding Health
Biotechnology
• Who owns genetic
information?
• Should people be
tested for genetic
disorders if there is
no possibility of
treatment?

10. How Do We Use Biotechnology?
• Gene therapy For
Deficiency Of ADA
(Adenosine De-
aminase):
• It is the treatment of a
genetic disease by
alteration of the affected
person’s genotype, or the
genotype of the affected
cells. SCID stands for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Which Is the Disorder of Immune System

11. Stem Cells
• Definition: undifferentiated cells in either
an adult or embryo that can undergo
unlimited number of cell divisions.
– Are totipotent
• Could be used to produce complex human
tissues or replacement organs for people
suffering from disease.

13. Designer Drugs
• Biotechnology has made it possible to predict the
precise shape of molecules.
– Makes it possible to develop drugs for
therapeutic use.

14. DNA in The Courtroom
• Can be use to determine paternity
• Identifying individuals in criminal and civil
proceedings.
• Use variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) as
markers.

15. DNA in The Courtroom

16. Biotechnology on The Farm
• Goal: To increase the
world’s food
production while
decreasing the costs
and environmental
damage due to
insecticide and
pesticide use.

17. Biotechnology on The Farm
• Scientists have focused efforts on three areas:
– Developing crops capable of fending off insect
pests without the use of insecticides
– Engineering plants with a greater yield that grow
in a wider ranges of climates
– Make crops that are resistant to herbicides , so that
fields can be treated for weeds without damaging
crops
• Opponents wondering if we are disturbing
ecological balance in the environment

18. Can Biotechnology Save The
Environment?
• Bioremediation: Use
of microorganisms to
decompose toxic
pollutants into less
harmful compounds.