Presentation of the Kenya Ridge to Reef initiative.

1. Jane Mariara Richard Mulwa
ICRAF, Nairobi from 25th and 26th May, 2016
KENYA RIDGE TO REEF INITIATIVE: VALUING ECOSYSTEMS
AS ECONOMIC ASSETS
University of Nairobi

2. Introduction
 One can say… Mangrove
swamps as a mess of
tangled roots, often lined
with sharp oyster shells
which harbor swarms of
mosquitos, snakes, crabs
and other critters that could
do you harm
 Mangrove swamps are of
significant cultural, economic
and environmental importance
but up until now, it has been
difficult to put a figure or value
on the extent of this importance
BUT

3.  … expressing the value of
ecosystem services in monetary
units is an important tool to raise
awareness and convey the
(relative) importance of
ecosystems and biodiversity to
policy makers

4. Distribution of mangrove formations along the Kenyan coast

5.  Mangrove ecosystems in Kenya
provide ESS with Direct use and
Indirect use values
 Direct use value (DUV): include
provisioning services e.g.
firewood, building poles and
charcoal, boat masts, fish
traps/stakes, honey harvesting,
medicinal values
 Indirect use value (IUV):
include regulatory services
such as nursery and
spawning for fisheries,
wave and storm protection,
flood and flow control,
water quality regulation,
carbon sequestration,
groundwater recharge and
discharge, micro-climate
stabilization, sediment and
nutrient retention, and
shoreline stabilization

6.  From analysis of Land sat
imagery over a 25-year period
from 1985 to 2010, there was 18
percent decline of mangroves at
the rate of 0.7 percent per annum
 Mangroves populations of Tana
River showed highest rates of
loss with an overall reduction of
38 percent compared to Lamu-
Kiunga region, which had a 12
percent reduction

7. Tana Delta Mangrove Ecosystem

8. Introduction
 The Tana Delta mangroves cover
a total of 2350ha. There are nine
species of mangroves found in
the delta
 The Tana Delta mangroves, support
valuable fisheries including prawns,
notably the valuable “jumbo” prawns,
in Ungwana Bay with estimated
maximum sustainable yield (MSY) of
433 tonnes per year

9. Mida Creek Mangrove Ecosystem

10.  The Mida Creek is a tidal inlet
located in Watamu Marine Park
and Reserve in Kilifi County and
covers an area of 3200 hectares
 The Creek has diverse
ecosystems types such as
mangrove forest, coral reefs, and
sea grasses among others. Mida
Creek lacks overland freshwater
input but receives underground
freshwater recharge from
Arabuko Sokoke forest.

11. Linking Ecosystem Services and Human Wellbeing

12. How and Why Value Ecosystems

13. Valuation of Mangrove Ecosystems

14. Valuation of Mangrove Ecosystems: TEEB framework

15. Valuation Technique Valuation Method
Ecosystem services
Mida Creek Tana Delta
Revealed Preferences Market Price  Fisheries
 Timber/ Poles
 Firewood
 Honey
 Carbon sequestration
 Fisheries
 Timber/ Poles
 Firewood
 Honey
 Charcoal
 Carbon sequestration
Travel Cost  Tourism and recreation
Stated Preferences Choice Experiment
 Breeding and nursery for
fish
 Shoreline protection
 Education and Research
 Biodiversity
 Breeding and nursery for
fish
 Shoreline protection
 Tourism and recreation
 Flood protection
Valuation of Mangrove Ecosystems

16. Valuation of Mangrove Ecosystems: Data
Location Sub-location Household population Number of
Questionnaires
Gede Dabaso 2, 444 224
Mida 850 51
Matsangoni Matsangoni 680 71
Uyombo/Madeteni 864 80
Total 4,838 426
Distribution of the Survey Sample Population in Mida Creek

17. Valuation of Mangrove Ecosystems
Survey Sample for Travel cost in Mida Creek
Country N Percent
Italy
137 45.97
Kenya
104 34.90
Others
57 19.13
Total
298 100.00

18. Valuation of Mangrove Ecosystems
Sub-location Number of questionnaires
Kipini 117
Matangeni 99
Ozi 71
Mpeketoni 73
Kau 45
Total 405
Distribution of the Survey Sample Population in Tana Delta

19. Total Economic Value in Mida Creek
Ecosystem Goods and services Area (ha) US$/ha/year Total Economic Value
1 Fisheries production 1 326.24 555 735 785
2 Firewood production 331.56 107 35 610
3 Charcoal production 165.78 59 9 841
4 Poles/timber production 828.62 16 13 241
5 Honey Production 663.12 22 14 701
Total Direct Use Values 809 178
Average direct use value/ha/year 253
6 Travel cost Access value 3 200 155.47 497 535
Average Access value/ha/year 155
7 Nursery and Breeding for Fish 3 200 585 1 873 131
8 Education and Research 3 200 14 44 074
9 Shoreline protection 3 200 911 2 913 972
10 Biodiversity 3 200 40 129 009
11 Carbon sequestration 1 657.8 177 293 431
Total Indirect Use Values 5 253 617
Average Indirect use value/ha/year 1 642
Total Average Creek Value/ha/year 2 050

20. Average Economic value US$/ha/yr Value in Mida Creek
555
16
107
22
59
585
155
911
140
177
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Fisheriesproduction
Buildingmaterial
Firewoodproduction
HoneyProduction
CharcoalProduction
NurseryandBreedingforFish
TourismandRecreation
Shorelineprotection
Biodiversity
Carbonsequestration
AmountUS$

21. Total Economic Value in Tana Delta
Ecosystem Goods and services Area (ha) US$/ha/year Total economic Value
1 Fisheries production 1 645 559.36
920 147
2 Building material 400 14.92
5 968
3 Firewood production 400 26.60
10 640
4 Honey Production 235 1.55
364
Total Direct Use Values
937 119
Average direct use value/ha/year 399
5
Nursery and Breeding for Fish 2 350 626 1 471 100
6
Tourism
2 350
84 197 400
7
Shoreline protection
2 350
44 103 400
8
Flood protection
2 350
154 361 900
9
Carbon sequestration
2 350
177 415 950
Total Indirect Use Values
2 599 750
Average Indirect use value/ha/year 1085
Total Average Creek Value/ha/year 1 484

22. 559.36
14.92 26.6
1.55
626
84
44
154
177
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Fisheriesproduction
Buildingmaterial
Firewoodproduction
HoneyProduction
NurseryandBreedingforFish
TourismandRecreation
Shorelineprotection
Floodprotection
Carbonsequestration
US$/ha/year
Average Economic value US$/ha/yr Value in Tana Delta

23.  Valuation study might be used to
inform the development of policy
instruments and management
approaches to…
 … conserve, sustainably use and
equitably share the benefits
associated with mangroves in the
study sites
Beyond Valuation

24.  Economic values associated with
Mida Creek and Tana Delta
mangroves accrue across many
different stakeholders, economic
sectors and levels of scale…
Beyond Valuation

25. Ecosystem Services
Beneficiaries
Onsite Nearshore Away from site
Food e.g. fisheries
Local fishing
communities
Commercial fisheries National and regional economies
Forest products
e.g. timber,
poles, charcoal,
honey, tannins
and dyes
Local community Traders in neighbouring towns National and regional economies
Breeding and nursery
for fish
Local fishing
communities
Commercial fisheries
National and regional economies
Shoreline protection Local communities
Neighbouring communities and
county governments
Biodiversity Local communities Neighbouring communities
Researchers and other
biodiversity stakeholders
Education and Research Local communities
Neighbouring communities and
traders
Learning institutions, Economy
Tourism and recreation Local communities Neighbouring communities
Regional and national
economies
Flood/storm protection Local communities Neighbouring communities
Communities upstream,
Economy
Carbon sequestration
National and global
communities
Beyond Valuation: Beneficiaries of ES

26.  …Yet both the costs and benefits
of mangrove conservation tend
to be distributed and captured
unevenly between different
groups, meaning that a number
of economic gaps, imbalances
and inequities persist
Beyond Valuation

27. Beyond Valuation
Uncompensated conservation costs:
Local communities incur the bulk of
indirect and opportunity costs of
conservation, as the de facto stewards
who live in and around mangrove areas
as well as through the limitations that are
placed on land and resource use
activities

28. Beyond Valuation
Unrewarded conservation actions:
Activities (or foregone activities) that
might contribute to biodiversity and
ecosystem conservation in Mida Creek
and Tana Delta mangroves continue to
go largely unrewarded

29. Beyond Valuation
Uncaptured ecosystem values
While mangroves support significant value-
added, cost reductions and avoided
damages, there are significant leakages of
value in the sense that little or none of this
value is returned as investments to sustain
mangroves, and perpetuate the flow of
ecosystem services

30. Beyond Valuation
Untapped ecosystem opportunities:
Much of the sustainable economic potential
of mangroves is not being captured,
meaning that potentially valuable income,
employment and business opportunities
remain as yet unavailable and untapped.

31. Economic instruments for incentives and finance of mangrove ES

32. Recommendations
• Investments in green/ecosystem-based infrastructure, such as mangrove
restoration as opposed to sea walls for shoreline protection
• Create much awareness on the importance of mangrove ecosystem services
to all stakeholders to encourage preservation and restoration of the
mangrove ecosystem
• Incentives for local fishermen e.g. better fishing gear (such as boats to go
further into the ocean and better/more sustainable nets) so as to conserve
fish in mangroves
• Sustainable charcoal production, bio-business such as baobab juice and
natural products, and other income-generating biodiversity-based business
can be powerful incentives for conservation

33. Recommendations
• Alternative livelihoods:
• Community-based ecotourism and beekeeping can be good means of
alternative livelihoods (substituting for environmentally-degrading
activities), benefit-sharing and incentives.
• Local communities should also be helped to register community
organisations to facilitate entering into new business activities.
• Need for integrated management, closer collaboration and coordination
between various stakeholders in mangrove conservation planning and
implementation
• Participatory forest management has been a powerful tool and incentive for
conservation, it hasn’t yet been extended to mangrove areas until recently
and should be enhanced

34. Recommendations
• Capacity building within the local communities. They need to know
importance of conserving the mangroves and where possible to base
mangrove conservation and management on local knowledge and techniques
• Enforcement of the law: Mangrove degradation takes place because the rule
of law is not enforced and violators go scot free
• Integration of mangroves into school curriculum and engagement of
schoolchildren could be a very powerful tool for conservation

35.  …it is in the public interest to
conserve mangroves in order to
sustain the flow of ecosystem
services they yield. However,
this will have only minor impact
until local people are fully-
empowered to participate and
benefit from these processes,
and perceive there to be concrete
gains from doing so
Finally…

36. Thanks for
Listening