The cutter-splitter includes a wedge and a primary splitting blade for splitting a log along its length .Splitted wood can be used for the domestic as well as industries.

1. Major project report on
FABRICATION OF HYDRAULIC WOOD
SPLITTER
Session - 2017
SUBMITTED BY - SUBMITTED TO
ESHVER CHANDRA-131116244
ALOK KR VERMA - 131116284 (MechanicalEngineeringDepartment)
RAHUL NIGAM - 131116302
AMIT KUMAR – 131116232
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
DR. AMIT TELANG
(Asst. Professor, Mechanical Engineering Dept., MANIT, Bhopal)

2. Index
Acknowledgement 3
Declaration 4
Abstract 5-6
Literature survey 7-11
Introduction 12-23
Detail Description 23-34
Electrical Circuit 35-36
Work Plan 36-47
Application 48
References 49-50

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have
been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals
and organizations. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all
of them.
We are highly indebted to Mr. AMIT TELANG Assistant Professor,
Mechanical Department for their guidance and constant supervision
as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project
& also for their support in completing the project.
We would like to express our gratitude towards member of
MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL for
their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in
completion of this project.
We would like to express our special gratitude and thanks to college
persons for giving us such attention and time.
Our thanks and appreciations also go to our colleague in developing
the project and people who have willingly helped us out with their
abilities.

4. Declaration
We the undersigned Rahul Nigam, Alok Kumar Verma, Amit Kumar
and Eshver Chandra student of B. Tech. 8th
semester from
Mechanical Engineering hereby declare that the project report
presented in this report is our own genuine work and has been
carried out under the supervision of Dr.Amit Telang (Assistant
Professor) of M.A.N.I.T Bhopal.
We declare that, it contains all the data and information required for
the pursing grades in the minor project. The data shown in the report
are our own data and we believe it to be the true.
Further I declare that it will not be used again in same or other
organization for the award of the B. Tech degree also this has not
been previously submitted to any other university for any
examination.
Date: 10/04/2017
Place: Bhopal
Student name Scholar number Signature
Rahul NIgam 131116302
Alok Kumar Verma 131116284
Amit Kumar 131116232
Eshver Chandra 131116244

5. ABSTRACT
The present idea and model relates to a log cutter-splitter device which
cuts and splits logs into two or more pieces in one pass of the cutting
mechanism. The cutter-splitter includes a wedge and a primary splitting
blade for splitting a log along its length. This is arranged in a vertical
plane and positioned for engaging the log from above. The log is
supported upon a hydraulic piston jack and the blade is stationary while
log lying on hydraulic piston jack is moving upward. In splitting wood, as
distinguished from cutting wood, a knife edge wedge is forced into the
grain of the wood to cause the fibres thereof to separate along a line
that follows such fibers. Thus, the total energy required to separate the
wood into portions is reduced but the contour of the portions is largely
dependent on the arrangement of the fibers in the grain of the wood.
Means are provided for actuating the hydraulic ram structure including
a reservoir for hydraulic fluid, a hydraulic fluid pump and means for
driving the pump and controlling the flow of hydraulic fluid to and from
the hydraulic ram structure.
A log processing machine and associate
method employs one or more log guides to make joinery cuts in a
processed log which has at opposed edges of the processed log the
raw log's natural external contour. In a preferred embodiment of the
invention, each log guide includes a straight edge and is attached to
the processed log to create an artificial straight edge for guiding the
processed log through the joinery machine. Prior to attachment,
centrelines are marked on the log guide and the processed log, and the
centrelines are aligned when the log guide is attached to the processed
log. The processed log, with the log guide attached, is then moved
through the machine with the aid of computer control while the
straight edge of the log guide follows a fence.

6. A log cutter-splitter and method for splitting logs, rails or the
like, comprising a pair of double acting fluid cylinder operators in a
parallel spaced side-by-side arrangement, which operators are
interconnected by a butt plate extending there between against which
one end of a log to be split may be butted. Means are provided for
connecting the cylinders to a fluid source for simultaneous actuation
thereof. A cutting or splitting blade is connected to the fluid cylinder
operators through adjustable length connecting means such as chains,
or the like, for use with log of different length including those of greater
length than the stroke of the fluid cylinder pistons. The log splitter is
lightweight, portable, and readily adapted for connection to the fluid
pressure source of a tractor, or the like, for use thereof in the field. The
novel log splitting method includes performing successive splitting
operations on a log by shortening the adjustable length connecting
means after each cutting stroke.
LITERATURE SURVEY
Johnston James L (Oct 23, 1984) –:
Principal objects of the present invention are to provide an efficient
means for processing a log into log segments and to then split the log
segments into fireplace pieces while maintaining continuity of the
pieces for packaging, thereby gaining economy and greater output of
product through simplicity of operations.
Another object of the invention is to provide a splitter that directs the
splitting forces away from the centre of each log segment thereby
decreasing the pressure required to split the log segments and
reducing the possibility of logs jamming in the splitter head.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a means of
stabilizing a log while it is cut, without the use of movable mechanical
locking devices.

7. Barker Thomas L (Sep 2, 1986) –
In accordance with the invention, an apparatus is provided which is
portable and provides essentially automatic cutting and splitting of a
log into fireplace-sized pieces. The various components are preferably
mounted on a trailer which can be easily pulled to the location of the
logs to be split and easily set up. The various components are
compactly arranged on the trailer and may be easily moved to the
operational position from the travelling position. A log deck which
receives logs prior to their being cut is extensible so that the
apparatus is capable of sawing extremely long logs and may be
conveniently shortened for travelling.
A control panel is located at one end of the trailer to allow an
operator to observe the entire operation of the machine and to load
logs from a pile onto the machine.
A boom arm includes a grasping element for picking up a log and
placing it on a log deck. The log deck is a slanted surface having cams
for allowing a single log at a time to be placed on a plurality of
hourglass-shaped rollers. The rollers are driven by a motor to advance
a single log into a cutting station. When a log has been advanced into
a cutting station, additional rollers engage it, and the subsequent
operation is automatic.
Floyd Freeman (Aug 11, 1987) –
One embodiment of the present invention is a machine for processing
fallen trees into split logs comprising frame means including wheels
mounted thereto and further including a main frame supported by
the wheels upon ground allowing the frame to be moved into a
forest, a chute mounted on the frame and including an entrance to
receive a fallen tree, pulling means mounted to the frame and

8. operable to removable attach to the fallen tree and pull same through
the entrance and into the chute, saw means movably mounted to the
frame and operable to cut off a portion of the fallen tree positioned in
the chute, a ramp on the frame positioned adjacent the chute to
direct the cut-off portion away from the chute, and, splitting means
mounted on the frame and operable to receive the cut-off portion
from the ramp and split the cut-off portion into split logs.
Another embodiment of the present invention is a machine for
processing fallen trees located remotely therefrom into split logs
comprising a mobile main frame allowing the frame to be moved into
a forest, chute means on the frame to receive a fallen tree, a wench
mounted to the frame including a cable to removable attach to the
fallen tree located remotely from the machine and pull the tree into
the chute means, saw means movably mounted to the frame and
operable to cut off a portion of the fallen tree positioned in the chute
means, and, splitting means mounted on the frame and operable to
receive the cut off portion and split the cut-off portion into split logs.
Hollister Jr Graham (Oct 24, 1989) –
Method of splitting wood is a single wedge or the like fastened to an
hydraulic ram or the like and forced against the end of a log held in
place by an appropriate mechanism. In this manner the log is also
split in such manner as the wedge or the like may strike the log and it
will normally split along natural lines of the growth of that particular
log such as variations in the grain, knots and the like. The result is
always unevenness of the exact individual split of wood, as compared
to other similar splits made by the same equipment.
A variation of a simple splitting wedge or the like has been the
development of series of radiating wedges which may, in one pass of
an hydraulic ram or the like, result in two or more pieces of wood
suitable for firewood.

9. Those familiar with the art recognize that the wood formed by the
methods commonly known and used and as briefly described above,
are uneven and result in ineffective use of storage space as well as
sometimes difficulty in storing. Additionally such split pieces
frequently are fractured in such manner that their edges are
shredded or otherwise rough and difficult to handle.
It is also recognized that it is not possible by such methods to produce
uniformly sized pieces of wood which may be "boxed" (that is
produced so a number of pieces may be fastened to form a box like
parcel).I have studied this situation at length and have determined
that one of the principal reasons why wood split in the manner here
to fore described is not uniform and may result in great lack of
uniformity together with the shredding and other characteristics
along the edges as mentioned is that the wood is forced by its
splitting elements to move in whatever direction may be most
convenient and in accordance with the grain or other characteristics
of the wood being split.
I have found that most of this is because of the immediate release of
pressure, where great pressure is being applied, and a rapid extension
of splitting along the natural wood grain lines or the like.
Mires Ronald E (Feb 8, 1994) –
The present invention is an improved log splitter having means for
rotating the log splitter's frame along an axis from an upright first or
splitting position to a rotated second or loading position so as to allow
the splitter to grip, then lift, a log from the ground up onto the
splitter. The log splitter further has a log support cradle comprising a
plurality of outwardly extending arms with rollers thereon for
supporting a log and allowing the log to be easily positioned for
splitting.
It is an object of the present invention to provide means for lifting a
log from the ground onto a log splitter for subsequent splitting, as

10. well as means for supporting the log and easing the positioning of the
log during the splitting operation.
Kusek; Denis (Oct 10, 1995) -
The present invention relates to a support frame mounting a rotary
saw blade provided with an associated hydraulic pump and a log
splitting hydraulic cylinder arranged for ease of operative movement
relative to a drive motor.
Objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent from
the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings wherein are set forth, by way of illustration and example,
certain embodiments of this invention.
The drawings constitute a part of this specification and include
exemplary embodiments of the present invention and illustrate
various objects and features thereof.
Hayes Kim T(Jul 26, 2011) –
In view of the foregoing disadvantages inherent in the prior art, it has
been observed that there is need for a log cutter that is easily
transportable to a site where cord wood is located.
Also, it has been observed that there is a need for such a device to be
operated by a motorized drive system, wherein said drive system
transfers power to a belt and pulley system which drives a cutting
blade.
In lieu of the observations mentioned above, it is an object of the
present invention to provide such a portable log cutter that is
mounted thereto a frame assembly, comprising a trailer frame further
comprising a dual wheel assembly.
Another object of the present invention provides for said frame
assembly to further comprise said trailer frame with a motor

11. mounting means for a motor at a rear end, a protective motor frame
protecting said motor, a towing assembly mounted thereto a front
end, an upper frame mounted vertically from said trailer frame, and a
lower guard panel assembly mounted thereto said upper frame and
said trailer frame, wherein said frame assembly provides a secure
guarding means, a structural means, a transporting means for said
portable log cutter.
Another object of the present invention provides for said frame
assembly to further comprise a generally rectangular shape and
manufactured out of a heavy-duty and resilient material to support
the weight of the portable log cutter assembly.

12. INTRODUCTION
A firewood splitting machine is composed of a support frame, a cutter
mounted on one end of the support frame, an oil pressure cylinder
mounted on another end of the support frame, and an oil injecting
device mounted in the support frame. The oil pressure cylinder
consists of a cylindrical body, a piston, a rod member, a subsidiary
piston, and a subsidiary rod member. The piston is located in the
cylindrical body such that an oil pressure space is formed between the
piston and a rear end cover of the cylindrical body. The rod member is
fastened at one end thereof with the piston such that another end of
the rod member is jutted out of a front end cover of the cylindrical
body. A pivoting hole is extended along the direction of the
longitudinal axis of the rod member such that the pivoting hole is in
communication with the oil pressure space. The subsidiary piston is
located in the pivoting hole such that the subsidiary piston is fastened
with one end of the subsidiary rod member which has another end
extending out of the pivoting hole to engage a press plate capable of
forcing a wood to move toward the cutter. The oil injecting device is
intended to inject oil into the oil pressure space of the oil pressure
cylinder.
Electric Circuit :-

13. The log splitter has a tie rod hydraulic cylinder which connects the
beam to the wheeled assembly including the engine and hydraulic
pump. The hydraulic cylinder is the only structural connection
between the assembly and the beam. The high loads on the cylinder
head are transferred to a butt plate on the beam end to which the tie
rods are connected. Therefore, the connection of the hydraulic
cylinder to the wheeled assembly does not impose high loads on the
assembly. Log splitters generally have a beam which carries a hydraulic
ram powered by a dc motor and then connected with the step down
transformer. A force-delivering tool such as a log splitter wherein a
pusher member carried on a cylinder is forced against a blade carried
on a frame to which the piston is secured. The cylinder is driven
relative to the piston by means of a reciprocating plunger carrying a
cup on the end that forces fluid past a one-way valve ahead of the
piston. Oil is pressurized by both the bottom of the cup and its annular
end but, when resistance is encountered to build up pressure, a relief
valve evacuates the annular chamber so that all the force is
concentrated in the area at the bottom of the cup. The entire
actuating valve may be backed away to relieve pressure as desired or
at the completion of a desired stroke. A hydraulic wood splitter is
disclosed which is configured for highly efficient and convenient wood
splitting operation. In order to retain wood being split in proper
position on the frame of the splitter, the construction includes a wood-
retaining configuration for the wood-abutting splitting rams of the
construction. Each ram includes a peripherally extending retaining lip
which cooperates with an elongated slot defined by the frame of the
splitter for retention of wood in proper position thereon. A log
splitter is a piece of machinery or equipment used for splitting
firewood from softwood or hardwood logs that have been pre-cut into
sections (rounds), usually by chainsaw or on a saw bench. Many log
splitters consist of a hydraulic or electrical rod and piston assembly

14. and these are often rated by the tons of force they can generate. The
Cad model of project
higher the pressure rating, the greater the thickness or length of the
rounds that can be split. The log splitter consists of all four major
hydraulic components. Most log splitter models for home use have a
rating around 5 tons, but professional hydraulic models may exert 25
tons of force. There are also manual log splitters, which use
mechanical leverage to force logs through a sharpened blade assembly
and screw or 'corkscrew' types that are driven directly from an
agricultural tractor's power take-off shaft where the splitter is
mounted on the three point linkage. The log splitter of this invention
comprises a pusher member mounted on a carriage that rolls along a
box frame to push a log against a stationary blade on the frame hollow
piston rod is secured to the frame and the carriage is secured to the
cylinder that is pushed forward as fluid is pumped ahead of the piston.
The hydraulic power unit is contained in the piston rod and includes a
reciprocating cupped plunger that slides in a bore, with the cup also
being slidable on a cylindrical, tubular guide in communication with

15. the outlet passageway. Fluid is intro duced to the annular space
around the tubular guide in front of the cup as well as to the bottom of
the cup itself so that the full circular cross-sectional area of the cup is
normally active to pump fluid as a plunger reciprocates. However, in
the event of resistance, which builds up pressure, a relief valve allows
the fluid in the annular area to evacuate to the reservoir so that the
entire force is concentrated in the area of the cup bottom for
increased unit pressure. Upon completion of a given stroke, the entire
valve body is cam-actuated to back away from a seat in the outlet flow
passageway so that the fluid .

16. ahead of the piston is relieved to the reservoir, allowing the cylinder
to be withdrawn by spring means to an adjustable set starting point.
The object of this invention is to reduce the cost and weight of a log
splitter. To carry out this object I use a less expensive hydraulic
cylinder of the type having the heads fixed on the cylinder by tie rods.
These rods add strength to the cylinder and permit the cylinder to
serve as a structural member. The tie rods are used to connect one
end of the cylinder to a mounting plate which is part of the
engine/wheel assembly. The tie rods at the other end of the cylinder

17. are then connected to a butt plate on one end of the beam. The high
forces on the cylinder head remote from the end of the cylinder
connected to the beam are transmitted to the butt plate through the
tie rods. The loads imposed on the mounting plate at the axle are
minor. Where the beam in prior splitters ran the total length of the
machine the present design uses the tie rod hydraulic cylinder as a
beam for its length thus saving that much length (and weight) of beam
in the art. The cylinder is about 47% of the total "beam length" so the
actual beam in this design is reduced by 45% (or is only 55% as long as
the comparable prior construction). The cost is reduced by the beam
saving and the use of the less expensive tie rod cylinder. Further
savings are realized in that the beam can now fit in the same crate as
the wheel assembly (instead of requiring two crates). This reduces
crating costs, inventory costs (and errors) and shipping costs (which
are based on both weight and number of boxes). A final benefit is that
the assembly of the purchaser is simply the connection of the beam to
the tie rods, all hydraulic connections having been made by the
manufacturer. The wood splitter of the present invention is desirably

18. adapted to be mounted on a tractor or like implement, and includes an
elongated wood supporting frame which extends rearwardly of the
tractor, and which includes a horizontal upper surface. The upper
surface of the frame preferably defines an elongated slot which acts to
maintain wood received upon the upper surface of the frame in proper
position with respect there to.
The present splitter further includes splitting wedge means and
splitting ram means associated with the wood supporting frame. The
hydraulic motor, preferably comprising a double-acting hydraulic
actuator, is mounted on the frame, and is operatively connected with
one of the splitting ram means and splitting wedge means for
relatively moving the ram means and wedge means toward each other
for splitting of wood there between. In the illustrated embodiment,
the splitting wedge means comprises a splitting wedge having a pair of
oppositely disposed cutting edges, while the ram means comprises a
pair of rams generally disposed at respective opposite ends of the
frame for respective coaction with the cutting edges of the splitting
wedge. It will be recognized, however, that while the present wood
splitter has been illustrated as a so-called "double-acting" type, a wood
splitter embodying the principles of the present invention may be
configured as a "single-acting" type of splitter.
Significantly, the ram means of the present splitter is configured to
coast with the elongated slot defined by the splitter's wood supporting
frame for retaining a piece of wood in proper position on the frame.
The ram means comprises a generally vertically oriented ram having a
ram face extending transversely of the wood supporting frame and
perpendicular to the upper surface of the frame. The ram means
further include retaining lip means extending about the peripheral
portion of and projecting from the ram face. The peripherally
extending, generally U-shaped configuration of the retaining lip means
desirably acts to retain a piece of wood on the upper surface of the
splitter's frame during splitter operation. The configuration of the lip

19. means is such that the end portion of a piece of wood being split is
penetrated by or confined within the peripherally extending lip means
so that the wood is held in proper position on the splitter frame. Thus,
efficient and convenient operation of the splitter is greatly facilitated.
To further enhance the efficiency of the present splitter, it preferably
includes a splitting wedge having a dual-tapered or double-beveled
configuration. Specifically, the splitting wedge includes a pair of
oppositely disposed, dual-tapered cutting portions respectively
defining a pair of oppositely disposed cutting edges. Each dual-tapered
portion of the splitting wedge defines a first outermost splitting
portion having a pair of divergent first splitting surfaces, and a second
splitting portion disposed inwardly of and adjacent to the first splitting
portion, and having a pair of divergent second splitting surfaces. A
portable wood splitter is disclosed having a splitter frame adjustably
mounted to a support frame. In one embodiment the support frame is
wheel supported and in another embodiment the support frame is
mountable to a vehicle such as a tractor for transport. The splitter
includes a splitter beam with a blade mounting slide plate powered to
move toward and away from a platform at a lower beam end. The slide
plate includes safety features to avoid finger injury. A double gibe
adjustment on the slide plate facilitates adjustment for wear and
enables cantering adjustments of the blade on the beam. The beam is
mounted to the support frame by a clamp arrangement that will
facilitate selective longitudinal adjustment of the beam relative to the
frame. The beam is pivotal, on the first embodiment between a
horizontal position overlying a towing tongue and an upright position.
An adjustment feature enables re-positioning of the towing tongue
from its horizontal operative position to an upright compact condition
where an end of the tongue engages the ground surface to stabilize
the unit. Powered wood splitters are very useful to ease the
burdensome task of splitting large quantities of firewood blocks. Many
different forms of powered wood splitters have been developed.
Perhaps the most useful design involves a frame-mounted blade and
platform arrangement wherein the blade, platform, or both are driven
toward and away from one another by action of a hydraulic cylinder. A

20. wood block is placed between the blade and platform and the cylinder
is activated to move the blade and platform together relative to one
another thereby driving the blade through the wood block.
It is advantageous that the blade and platform be oriented for relative
movement in a vertical plane for convenience in loading and
operation. Many splitters have therefore been developed with splitting
frames that may be selectively moved between horizontal and vertical
positions. Most are operable in the horizontal position which also
represents a transport position to facilitate transport of the splitter
from one location to another. The vertical position is utilized primarily
for operation of the splitter to ease positioning of the wood blocks
without requiring excessive manual lifting. In splitting logs, it is
important that a split be entered at only one end, as it is practically
impossible to split at both ends along the same plane of fibres. While
one end of the machine must avoid a splitting action, it must
nevertheless eliminate any interference with the separation of the log
so that power and force are not wasted. The non-splitting supporting
abutment can resist splitting in two ways: (a) by lateral friction against
separating movement of the end of the log, and (b) by generating a
reaction force against the outside edges of the log, parallel to the log,
which creates a moment urging the log to the un split condition. The
present invention removes both of these tendencies by providing a
convex abutment which localizes the pressure against the log on a
central plane. The support has a radius of curvature greater than that
of the splitting wedge, and the result of this is to localize the split at
the sharper point. Preferably, the abutment is incorporated in a
wedge-shaped member extending from the rounded engaging portion.
Either the sharp or the rounded member can be fixed, with the
opposite member being moved by the hydraulic cylinder. The
components of the machine can be adjustably mounted on a beam
overhanging wheel axles, providing very convenient access and
working height. The several features of the invention will be analysed
in detail through a discussion of the particular embodiment illustrated
in the accompanying drawing. In the drawing

21. Splitters having the ability to pivot the splitting mechanism between
horizontal and substantially vertical positions have the advantages
indicated above but also include several disadvantages. Firstly, this
form of splitter while very functional in operation is typically difficult to
store. Such splitters require a large floor space due to the forward
projecting towing tongue utilized for transport purposes.
As an attempted solution to the above problem, several splitters have
been developed wherein the towing tongue is incorporated directly
with the splitter frame. The towing tongue pivots upwardly with the
splitting frame to minimize the floor space occupied when the splitter
is to be stored. However, integration of the towing tongue and splitter
frame results in stability difficulty in operation and handling difficulty
when the device is to be moved from the horizontal to vertical
orientation. The latter difficulty stems from the wheel support usually
provided for this type of splitter. Efforts to elevate the splitter frame
from a horizontal to a vertical orientation will typically result in rolling
motion of the support wheels away from the lifting force. There is also
a potential that the wheels will "kick out" when the frame is to be
moved from the vertical to the horizontal orientation .As an attempted
solution to the above problem, splitters have been developed wherein
the splitting frame has been pivoted separately from a towing tongue
permanently mounted to the frame. The towing tongue provided
additional stability by means of a downwardly position able foot
toward the outward end of the tongue. The difficulty with this
arrangement is as indicated above where storage of the unit becomes
difficult due to the forward-projecting towing tongue.
Another difficulty realized with portable splitters having pivoted
splitting frames is stability in rough terrain. Prior splitters (especially
those having integrated splitting frames and towing tongues) become
very unstable in uneven terrain. This is due to the lack of positive
ground contact by the wheels and the bottom end of the splitter
frame. It is not unusual that only two point contact is made where high
or low contours are encountered along the ground surface. This results
in dangerous instability.

22. The above problem has been realized to the extent that some
manufacturers will provide expensive and relatively complicated
bracing arrangements to secure the splitters in their upright
operational orientations. While such bracing may effect additional
stability, considerable expense is added to the splitter, additional time
is consumed in readying the splitter for operation, and additional
variables are added to the functioning of the machine which affect its
safe operation.
From the above, it may be understood that there remains a need for a
portable wood splitter that is stable in operation and in which storage
space for the splitter is minimized without compromising stability.
There is further need for such a splitter that is simple in construction
and that is inexpensive to produce and easy to set up and operate. To
effect wood splitting, the present splitter includes splitting wedge
means and splitting ram means, with actuator operatively connected
with one of the wedge means and ram means. Accordingly, cylinder of
actuator is fixedly connected with splitter frame, while piston of the
actuator is operatively connected with a generally box-shaped beam
at connection .Beam is mounted within frame = for longitudinal,
reciprocating movement with respect thereto in response to fluid
pressurization of actuator. Hydraulic motor means on said frame
operatively connected with one of said ram means and said wedge
means for relatively moving ram means and said wedge means for
splitting wood there between said splitting wedge means having a
dual-tapered cutting portion defining a cutting edge, and further
defining a first outermost splitting portion having a pair of divergent
first splitting surfaces defined by a first acute angle, and a second
splitting portion disposed adjacent and inwardly of said first splitting
portion and having a pair of divergent second cutting surfaces defined
by a second acute angle. The object of this invention is to reduce the
cost and weight of a log splitter. To carry out this object I use a less
expensive hydraulic cylinder of the type having the heads fixed on the
cylinder by tie rods. These rods add strength to the cylinder and permit

23. the cylinder to serve as a structural member. The tie rods are used to
connect one end of the cylinder to a mounting plate which is part of
the engine/wheel assembly. The tie rods at the other end of the
cylinder are then connected to a butt plate on one end of the beam.
The high forces on the cylinder head remote from the end of the
cylinder connected to the beam are transmitted to the butt plate
through the tie rods. The loads imposed on the mounting plate at the
axle are minor. Where the beam in prior splitters ran the total length
of the machine the present design uses the tie rod hydraulic cylinder
as a beam for its length thus saving that much length of beam in the
art. The cylinder is about 47% of the total "beam length" so the actual
beam in this design is reduced by 45% (or is only 55% as long as the
comparable prior construction). The cost is reduced by the beam
saving and the use of the less expensive tie rod cylinder. Further
savings are realized in that the beam can now fit in the same crate as
the wheel assembly. This reduces crating costs, inventory costs and
shipping costs (which are based on both weight and number of boxes).
A final benefit is that the assembly of the purchaser is simply the
connection of the beam to the tie rods, all hydraulic connections
having been made by the manufacturer.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The wood splitter of the present invention solves the problem of
providing a heavy-duty log splitter that is compact.
Referring to the drawings, a preferred embodiment of the present
splitter is shown in the wood splitter used for splitting a log is shown
with an external source of high-pressure hydraulic fluid consisting of a
pump a motor , and a battery . The splitter includes a central
elongated beam having a centre rail with a horizontally disposed top
surface and bottom surface thereon that may form an I-beam like
structure as depicted in the embodiment of the drawings. The centre

24. rail and horizontally disposed surfaces of the beam define channels
on each side of the centre rail. The bottom surface acts as the support
for the unit when placed flat on a surface for splitting logs. A first
push member is attached at one end of the I-beam .
An elongated frame supported by the bottom surface of the I-beam is
comprised of a pair of laterally opposed angle beams. The frame is
movable along the longitudinal axis of the I-beam its entire length.
The angle beams are welded to a second push member at one end
and bolted by bolts to a mounting plate at the other end of the angle
beams . The combination of the I-beam and the frame comprised of
angle beams provide an especially strong structure that helps achieve
the advantages of the present invention.
A splitting means is provided in which a first splitting wedge is
mounted to the mounting plate that is welded to the angle beams.
The mounting plate is positioned above the I-beam such that the
mounting plate may transverse the upper surface of the I-beam. A
second splitting wedge is mounted to one end of the I-beam opposite
the first wedge . Therefore, as the mounting plate transverses the I-
beam in a straight line motion along the I-beam's axis, the first wedge
moves toward the second wedge to compress the log that is placed
between the two wedges. The log rests on the top surface of the I-
beam .
A power means for making the splitting means operable is provided in
which hydraulic cylinders are provided and are laterally disposed on
each side on the centre rail within the channels defined by the I-beam
. Each cylinder includes a ram that acts to move inward and outward
from the cylinders when engaged by high-pressure hydraulic fluid.
Accordingly, the motion of the rams will be translated into
reciprocator motion of the wedges and with respect to each other.
The rams move the first wedge into the closed position shown in by
bearing against the second push member as the rams move outward
from the cylinders . The cylinders include a standard compression
piston that removes the hydraulic fluid from the cylinders. Air is

25. dispersed from the hydraulic cylinders through the valve . Four
support rods are laterally disposed about the perimeter of each
cylinder and are attached by nuts to cylinder mounts that are
attached at each end of the I-beam . The support rods provide
structural support for the cylinders and hold the cylinders in place on
the I-beam. Location of the cylinders within the I-beam frame
structure helps make the splitter design more compact and helps
decrease the splitter's required structure weight.
The hydraulic fluid for the cylinders is provided through conduits by a
source of high pressure fluid . A hydraulic pump providing high-
pressure fluid at about 2500 would be sufficient and could be coupled
with a small electric motor as a power supply . The present invention
can utilize motors that can advantageously be powered by the choice
of a 12-volt automobile type battery or a -volt power outlet .The use
of dual cylinders, or multiple parallel cylinders, provides several
advantages for the present invention. The dual cylinders provide
compression strength for splitting logs, and the dual cylinders provide
stability in splitting logs. For instance, the present invention can utilize
a more efficient system of two wedges for splitting logs because the
dual cylinder system keeps logs from rolling off when compressed.
This dual wedge system opens logs faster and is especially
advantageous when there is a knot at one end of a log that is more
difficult to split. Alternatively, the splitter could be provided with a flat
plate to replace one of the wedges for a log to abut against, but this
would be less efficient for splitting logs.
A wheel means and retractable handles could be provided as
additional features of the present log splitter. Thereby, the compact
and portable log splitter of the present invention could be moved by
extending its handles and rolling the splitter wheelbarrow style to its
desired location. Alternatively, the handles could be replaced with
other variations of means for moving the splitter, including a cross bar
for a 3-point tractor hitch.

26. Parts
1. Base
2. Dc Motor
3. Transformer

27. 4. Cutting blade
5. Hydraulic jack

28. 6. Diode
7. Resistor
8. Battery
Base: Base is made of cast iron .it is highly rigid because hydraulic
piston is mounted on the base and it is generated more pressure
which is beard by the base .On which blade also mounted and wood is
mounted between piston and blade and wood is split into two or
more parts .
2. DC motor: Electrical motors are everywhere around us. Almost all
the electro-mechanical movements we see around us are caused
either by an AC or a DC motor. Here we will be exploring DC motors.
This is a device that converts DC electrical energy to a mechanical
energy.
Electric Circuit
Principle of DC Motor -:
This DC or direct current motor works on the principal, when a current
carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
torque and has a tendency to move.

29. This is known as motoring action. If the direction of current in the
wire is reversed, the direction of rotation also reverses. When
magnetic field and electric field interact they produce a mechanical
force, and based on that the working principle of DC motor is
established.
the direction of rotation of a this motor is given by Fleming’s left hand
rule, which states that if the index finger, middle finger and thumb of
your left hand are extended mutually perpendicular to each other and
if the index finger represents the direction of magnetic field, middle
finger indicates the direction of current, then the thumb represents
the direction in which force is experienced by the shaft of the DC
motor.
Structurally and construction wise a direct current motor is exactly
similar to a DC generator, but electrically it is just the opposite. Here
we unlike a generator we supply electrical energy to the input port
and derive mechanical energy from the output port. We can
represent it by the block diagram shown below
Here in a DC motor, the supply voltage E and current I is given to the
electrical port or the input port and we derive the mechanical output
i.e. torque T and speed ω from the mechanical port or output port.
The input and output port variables of the direct current motor are
related by the parameter K.
So from the picture above we can well understand that motor is just
the opposite phenomena of a DC generator, and we can derive both
motoring and generating operation from the same machine by simply
reversing the ports.
The direct current motor is represented by the circle in the center, on
which is mounted the brushes, where we connect the external
terminals, from where supply voltage is given. On the mechanical
terminal we have a shaft coming out of the Motor, and connected to
the armature, and the armature-shaft is coupled to the mechanical
load. On the supply terminals we represent the
armature resistance Ra in series. Now, let the input voltage E, is
applied across the brushes. Electric current which flows through the

30. rotor armature via brushes, in presence of the magnetic field,
produces a torque Tg. Due to this torque Tg the dc motor armature
rotates. As the armature conductors are carrying currents and the
armature rotates inside the stator magnetic field, it also produces an
emf Eb in the manner very similar to that of a generator. The
generated Emf Eb is directed opposite to the supplied voltage and is
known as the back Emf, as it counters the forward voltage. The back
emf like in case of a generator is represented by
Where, P = no of poles φ = flux per pole Z= No. of conductors A = No.
of parallel paths and N is the speed of the DC Motor. So, from the
above equation we can see Eb is proportional to speed ‘N’. That is
whenever a direct current motor rotates , it results in the generation
of back Emf. Now lets represent the rotor speed by ω in rad/sec. So
Eb is proportional to ω. So, when the speed of the motor is reduced by
the application of load, Eb decreases. Thus the voltage
difference between supply voltage and back emf increases that
means E − Eb increases. Due to this increased voltage difference,
armature current will increase and therefore torque and hence speed
increases. Thus a DC Motor is capable of maintaining the same speed
under variable load. Now armature current Ia is represented by
Now at starting ,speed ω = 0 so at starting Eb = 0.
Now since the armature winding electrical resistance Ra is small, this
motor has a very high starting current in the absence of back Emf. As
a result we need to use a starter for starting a DC Motor.
Now as the motor continues to rotate, the back Emf starts being
generated and gradually the current decreases as the motor picks up
speed.

31. Hydraulic jack:-
A jack, screw jack or jackscrew is a mechanical device used as a lifting
device to lift heavy loads or to apply great forces. A mechanical jack
employs a screw thread for lifting heavy equipment. A hydraulic jack
uses hydraulic power. The most common form is a car jack, floor jack
or garage jack, which lifts vehicles so that maintenance can be
performed. Jacks are usually rated for a maximum lifting capacity ( 5
tons). Industrial jacks can be rated for many tons of load.
Hydraulic cylinders get their power from pressurized hydraulic fluid,
which is typically oil. The hydraulic cylinder consists of a
cylinder barrel, in which a piston connected to a piston rod moves
back and forth. The barrel is closed on one end by the cylinder
bottom (also called the cap) and the other end by the cylinder head
(also called the gland) where the piston rod comes out of the cylinder.
The piston has sliding rings and seals. The piston divides the inside of
the cylinder into two chambers, the bottom chamber (cap end) and
the piston rod side chamber (rod end / head end).
Flanges, trunnions, clevises, Lugs are common cylinder mounting
options. The piston rod also has mounting attachments to connect
the cylinder to the object or machine component that it is pushing /
pulling.

32. A hydraulic cylinder is the actuator or "motor" side of this system. The
"generator" side of the hydraulic system is the hydraulic pump which
brings in a fixed or regulated flow of oil to the hydraulic cylinder, to
move the piston. The piston pushes the oil in the other chamber back
to the reservoir. If we assume that the oil enters from cap end, during
extension stroke, and the oil pressure in the rod end / head end is
approximately zero, the force F on the piston rod equals the
pressure P in the cylinder times the piston area A: For double-acting
single-rod cylinders, when the input and output pressures are
reversed, there is a force difference between the two sides of the
piston due to one side of the piston being covered by the rod
attached to it. The cylinder rod reduces the surface area of the piston
and reduces the force that can be applied for the retraction stroke.[2]
During the retraction stroke, if oil is pumped into the head (or gland)
at the rod end and the oil from the cap end flows back to the
reservoir without pressure, the fluid pressure in the rod end is (Pull
Force) / (piston area - piston rod area) where P is the fluid pressure,
Fp is the pulling force, Ap is the piston face area and Ar is the rod
cross-section area. For double-acting, double-rod cylinders, when the
piston surface area is equally covered by a rod of equal size on both
sides of the head, there is no force difference. Such cylinders typically
have their cylinder body affixed to a stationary mount.
Parts of a hydraulic jack
A hydraulic cylinder consists of the following parts:
Cylinder barrel
The main function of cylinder body is to hold cylinder pressure. The
cylinder barrel is mostly made from a seamless tube. The cylinder
barrel is ground and/or honed internally with a typical surface finish
of 4 to 16 micro inch. The piston reciprocates in the cylinder.
Cylinder base or cap
The main function of the cap is to enclose the pressure chamber at
one end. The cap is connected to the body by means of welding,
threading, bolts, or tie rod. Caps also perform as cylinder mounting

33. components [cap flange, cap trunnion, cap clevis]. Cap size is
determined based on the bending stress. A static seal / o-ring is used
in between cap and barrel (except welded construction).
Cylinder head
The main function of the head is to enclose the pressure chamber
from the other end. The head contains an integrated rod sealing
arrangement or the option to accept a seal gland. The head is
connected to the body by means of threading, bolts, or tie rod.
A static seal / o-ring is used in between head and barrel.
Piston
The main function of the piston is to separate the pressure zones
inside the barrel. The piston is machined with grooves to
fit elastomeric or metal seals and bearing elements. These seals can
be single acting or double acting. The difference in pressure between
the two sides of the piston causes the cylinder to extend and retract.
The piston is attached with the piston rod by means of threads, bolts,
or nuts to transfer the linear motion.
Piston rod
The piston rod is typically a hard chrome-plated piece of cold-rolled
steel which attaches to the piston and extends from the cylinder
through the rod-end head. In double rod-end cylinders, the actuator
has a rod extending from both sides of the piston and out both ends
of the barrel. The piston rod connects the hydraulic actuator to the
machine component doing the work. This connection can be in the
form of a machine thread or a mounting attachment.
Seal gland
The cylinder head is fitted with seals to prevent the pressurized oil
from leaking past the interface between the rod and the head. This
area is called the seal gland. The advantage of a seal gland is easy
removal and seal replacement. The seal gland contains a primary seal,
a secondary seal / buffer seal, bearing elements, wiper / scraper and
static seal. In some cases, especially in small hydraulic cylinders, the

34. rod gland and the bearing elements are made from a single integral
machined part.
Seal
The seals are considered / designed as per the cylinder working
pressure, cylinder speed, operating temperature, working medium
and application. Piston seals are dynamic seals, and they can be single
acting or double acting. Generally speaking, Elastomer seals made
from nitrile rubber, Polyurethane or other materials are best in lower
temperature environments, while seals made of
Fluorocarbon Viton are better for higher temperatures. Metallic seals
are also available and commonly use cast iron for the seal material.
Rod seals are dynamic seals and generally are single acting. The
compounds of rod seals are nitrile rubber, Polyurethane, or
Fluorocarbon Viton. Wipers / scrapers are used to eliminate
contaminants such as moisture, dirt, and dust, which can cause
extensive damage to cylinder walls, rods, seals and other
components. The common compound for wipers is polyurethane.
Metallic scrapers are used for sub zero temperature applications, and
applications where foreign materials can deposit on the rod. The
bearing elements / wear bands are used to eliminate metal to metal
contact. The wear bands are designed as per the side load
requirements. The primary compounds for wear bands are filled PTFE,
woven fabric reinforced polyester resin and bronze.
Cutting Blade: Blade is made of high speed steal which is mounted in
middle of base frame and is sharp cutting edge.
Electrical Circuit
Transformer:
One of the main reasons that we use alternating AC voltages and
currents in our homes and workplace’s is that AC supplies can be
easily generated at a convenient voltage, transformed (hence the
name transformer) into much higher voltages and then distributed
around the country using a national grid of pylons and cables over
very long distances.

35. The reason for transforming the voltage to a much higher level is that
higher distribution voltages implies lower currents for the same
power and therefore lower I2
R losses along the networked grid of
cables. These higher AC transmission voltages and currents can then
be reduced to a much lower, safer and usable voltage level where it
can be used to supply electrical equipment in our homes and
workplaces, and all this is possible thanks to the basic Voltage
Transformer.
The Voltage Transformer can be thought of as an electrical
component rather than an electronic component. A transformer
basically is very simple static (or stationary) electro-magnetic passive
electrical device that works on the principle of Faraday’s law of
induction by converting electrical energy from one value to another.
The transformer does this by linking together two or more electrical
circuits using a common oscillating magnetic circuit which is produced
by the transformer itself. A transformer operates on the principals of
“electromagnetic induction”, in the form of Mutual induction .
Mutual induction is the process by which a coil of wire magnetically
induces a voltage into another coil located in close proximity to it.
Then we can say that transformers work in the “magnetic domain”,
and transformers get their name from the fact that they “transform”
one voltage or current level into another.
Transformers are capable of either increasing or decreasing the
voltage and current levels of their supply, without modifying its
frequency, or the amount of electrical power being transferred from
one winding to another via the magnetic circuit.
A single phase voltage transformer basically consists of two electrical
coils of wire, one called the “Primary Winding” and another called the
“Secondary Winding”. For this tutorial we will define the “primary”
side of the transformer as the side that usually takes power, and the
“secondary” as the side that usually delivers power. In a single-phase
voltage transformer the primary is usually the side with the higher
voltage. These two coils are not in electrical contact with each other

36. but are instead wrapped together around a common closed magnetic
iron circuit called the “core”. This soft iron core is not solid but made
up of individual laminations connected together to help reduce the
core’s losses.
The two coil windings are electrically isolated from each other but are
magnetically linked through the common core allowing electrical
power to be transferred from one coil to the other. When an electric
current passed through the primary winding, a magnetic field is
developed which induces a voltage into the secondary winding.
Working :-firstly put the wood between the piston and the blade .For
lifting the piston a specified motor arrangement is provided .first of all
electricity is transfer to transformer where its voltage is decrease and
by adaptor its converts into dc and after that it is transfer to motor in
which gear arrangement is present and motor rotates 60 rpm and the
rotation is transfer by a link to piston system where the link is convert
rotational motion into reciprocating motion and piston comes out at
every rotation . piston stroke length about 10 to 15 cm and its
diameter 25 mm the piston load bearing capacity about 5 ton .for
keeping the whole system a foundation is prepared which in
rectangular form as shown in figure .
In the piston cylinder oil is used for pressure and this oil used in many
prospective like cooling inside cooling etc.
There are many properties lubricant has which are mention below

37.  Viscosity for film maintenance
 Low temperature fluidity
 Thermal and oxidative stability
 Hydrolytic stability / water tolerance
 Cleanliness and filterability
 Demulsibility
 Antiwear characteristics
 Corrosion control
 Fire resistance
Friction modifications
When piston going upward for holding wood a special arrangement is
provided at the top of piston and after attaching the piston and blade
the wood is tore into two or more parts.
 The hydraulic oil pump creates a stream of high-pressure oil, which
runs to a valve.
 The valvelets the operator actuate the hydrauliccylinderto split a log.
 There is also a tank to hold the hydraulic oil that feeds the pump and
usually a filter to keep the oil clean.
In cross section, the splitter's important hydraulic parts look like this:

38. High-pressure oil from the pump is shown in light blue, and low-
pressure oil returning to the tank is shown in yellow. In the figure
above you can see how the valve can apply both forward and
backward pressure to the piston. The valve used here, by the way, is
referred to as a "spool valve" because of its resemblance to a spool
from a spool of thread.
Let's look at some of the specifics of these components to see how a
real hydraulic system works. If you take a trip down to your local
building supply centre or a place like Northern Tool and
Equipment and look at the log splitters, you will find that a typical
backyard log splitter has:
 A two-stage hydraulic oil pump rated at a maximum of 11 gallons
 per minute (3 gpm at 2,500 psi)
 A 4-inch-diameter, 24-inch-long hydraulic cylinder
 A rated splitting force of 20 tons
 A 3.5-gallon hydraulic oil tank
A two-stage pump is an ingenious time-saver. The pump actually
contains two pumping sections and an internal pressure-sensing valve
that cuts over between the two. One section of the pump generates
the maximum gpm flow rate at a lower pressure. It is used, for
example, to draw the piston back out of a log after the log has been
split. Drawing the piston back into the cylinder takes very little force
and you want it to happen quickly, so you want the highest possible
flow rate at low pressure. When pushing the piston into a log,
however, you want the highest possible pressure in order to generate
the maximum splitting force. The flow rate isn't a big concern, so the
pump switches to its "high pressure, lower volume" stage to split the
log.draw the piston back out of a log after the log has been split.
Drawing the piston back into the cylinder takes very little force and
you want it to happen quickly, so you want the highest possible flow
rate at low pressure. When pushing the piston into a log, however,
you want the highest possible pressure in order to generate the

39. maximum splitting force. The flow rate isn't a big concern, so the
pump switches to its "high pressure, lower volume" stage to split the
log. One thing you can see is that the advertised "20-ton splitting
force" is generous. A 4-inch piston has an area of 12.56 square inches.
If the pump generates a maximum pressure of 3,000 pounds per
square inch (psi), the total pressure available is 37,680 pounds, or
about 2,320 pounds shy of 20 tons. Oh well...
Another thing you can determine is the cycle time of the piston. To
move a 4-inch-diameter piston 24 inches, you need 3.14 * 22 * 24 =
301 cubic inches of oil. A gallon of oil is about 231 cubic inches, so you
have to pump almost 1.5 gallons of oil to move the piston 24 inches in
one direction. That's a fair amount of oil to pump -- think about that
the next time you watch how quickly a
hydraulic backhoe or skid/loader is able to move! In our log splitter,
the maximum flow rate is 11 gallons per minute. That means that it
will take 10 or so seconds to draw the piston back after the log is split,
and it may take almost 30 seconds to push the piston through a tough
log (because the flow rate is lower at high pressures).
Diode
A diode is a specialized electronic component with two electrodes
called the anode and the cathode. Most diodes are made with
semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, or selenium.
Some diodes are comprised of metal electrodes in a chamber
evacuated or filled with a pure elemental gas at low pressure. Diodes
can be used as rectifiers, signal limiters, voltage regulators, switches,
signal modulators, signal mixers, signal demodulators, and oscillators.
The fundamental property of a diode is its tendency to conduct
electric current in only one direction.When the cathode is negatively
charged relative to the anode at a voltage greater than a certain
minimum called forward breakover, then current flows through the
diode. If the cathode is positive with respect to the anode, is at the
same voltage as the anode, or is negative by an amount less than the

40. forward breakover voltage, then the diode does not conduct current.
This is a simplistic view, but is true for diodes operating as rectifiers,
switches, and limiters. The forward breakover voltage is
approximately six tenths of a volt (0.6 V) for silicon devices, 0.3 V for
germanium devices, and 1 V for selenium devices.
The above general rule notwithstanding, if the cathode voltage is
positive relative to the anode voltage by a great enough amount, the
diode will conduct current. The voltage required to produce this
phenomenon, known as the avalanche voltage, varies greatly
depending on the nature of the semiconductor material from which
the device is fabricated. The avalanche voltage can range from a few
volts up to several hundred volts.
When an analog signal passes through a diode operating at or near its
forward breakover point, the signal waveform is distorted. This
nonlinearity allows for modulation, demodulation, and signal mixing.
In addition, signals are generated at harmonics, or integral multiples
of the input frequency. Some diodes also have a characteristic that is
imprecisely termed negative resistance. Diodes of this type, with the
application of a voltage at the correct level and the polarity, generate
analog signals at microwave radio frequencies.

41. Current – voltage characteristics:
A semiconductor diode's behaviour in a circuit is given by its current–
voltage characteristic, or I–V graph. The shape of the curve is
determined by the transport of charge carriers through the so-called
depletion layer or depletion region that exists at the p–n junction
between differing semiconductors. When a p–n junction is first
created, conduction-band (mobile) electrons from the N-doped
region diffuse into the P-doped region where there is a large
population of holes (vacant places for electrons) with which the
electrons "recombine". When a mobile electron recombines with a
hole, both hole and electron vanish, leaving behind an immobile
positively charged donor (dopant) on the N side and negatively
charged acceptor (dopant) on the P side. The region around the p–n
junction becomes depleted of charge carriers and thus behaves as an
insulator.
However, the width of the depletion region (called the depletion
width) cannot grow without limit. For each electron–hole pair
recombination made, a positively charged dopant ion is left behind in
the N-doped region, and a negatively charged dopant ion is created in
the P-doped region. As recombination proceeds and more ions are
created, an increasing electric field develops through the depletion
zone that acts to slow and then finally stop recombination. At this
point, there is a "built-in" potential across the depletion zone.
Reverse bias
If an external voltage is placed across the diode with the same
polarity as the built-in potential, the depletion zone continues to act
as an insulator, preventing any significant electric current flow (unless
electron–hole pairs are actively being created in the junction by, for
instance, light; see photodiode). This is called the reverse bias
phenomenon.
Forward bias

42. However, if the polarity of the external voltage opposes the built-in
potential, recombination can once again proceed, resulting in a
substantial electric current through the p–n junction (i.e. substantial
numbers of electrons and holes recombine at the junction). For silicon
diodes, the built-in potential is approximately 0.7 V (0.3 V for
germanium and 0.2 V for Schottky). Thus, if an external voltage
greater than and opposite to the built-in voltage is applied, a current
will flow and the diode is said to be "turned on" as it has been given
an external forward bias. The diode is commonly said to have a
forward "threshold" voltage, above which it conducts and below
which conduction stops. However, this is only an approximation as
the forward characteristic is according to the Shockley equation
absolutely smooth.
Battery:
A rechargeable battery, storage battery, secondary cell, or
accumulator is a type of electrical battery which can be charged,
discharged into a load, and recharged many times, while a non-
rechargeable or primary battery is supplied fully charged, and
discarded once discharged. It is composed of one or more
electrochemical cells. The term "accumulator" is used as it
accumulates and stores energy through a reversible electrochemical
reaction. Rechargeable batteries are produced in many different

43. shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems
connected to stabilize an electrical distribution network. Several
different combinations of electrode materials and electrolytes are
used, including lead–acid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride
(NiMH), lithium ion (Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer (Li-ion polymer).
Charging and discharging
During charging, the positive active material is oxidized, producing
electrons, and the negative material is reduced, consuming electrons.
These electrons constitute the current flow in the external circuit. The
electrolyte may serve as a simple buffer for internal ion flow between
the electrodes, as in lithium-ion and nickel-cadmium cells, or it may
be an active participant in the electrochemical reaction, as in lead–
acid cells.The energy used to charge rechargeable batteries usually
comes from a battery charger using AC mains electricity, although
some are equipped to use a vehicle's 12-volt DC power outlet.
Regardless, to store energy in a secondary cell, it has to be connected
to a DC voltage source. The negative terminal of the cell has to be
connected to the negative terminal of the voltage source and the
positive terminal of the voltage source with the positive terminal of
the battery. Further, the voltage output of the source must be higher
than that of the battery, but not much higher: the greater the
difference between the power source and the battery's voltage
capacity, the faster the charging process, but also the greater the risk
of overcharging and damaging the battery.
Chargers take from a few minutes to several hours to charge a
battery. Slow "dumb" chargers without voltage or temperature-
sensing capabilities will charge at a low rate, typically taking 14 hours
or more to reach a full charge. Rapid chargers can typically charge
cells in two to five hours, depending on the model, with the fastest
taking as little as fifteen minutes. Fast chargers must have multiple
ways of detecting when a cell reaches full charge (change in terminal
voltage, temperature, etc.) to stop charging before harmful

44. overcharging or overheating occurs. The fastest chargers often
incorporate cooling fans to keep the cells from overheating.
Battery charging and discharging rates are often discussed by
referencing a "C" rate of current. The C rate is that which would
theoretically fully charge or discharge the battery in one hour. For
example, trickle charging might be performed at C/20 (or a "20 hour"
rate), while typical charging and discharging may occur at C/2 (two
hours for full capacity). The available capacity of electrochemical cells
varies depending on the discharge rate. Some energy is lost in the
internal resistance of cell components (plates, electrolyte,
interconnections), and the rate of discharge is limited by the speed at
which chemicals in the cell can move about. For lead-acid cells, the
relationship between time and discharge rate is described by
Peukert's law; a lead-acid cell that can no longer sustain a usable
terminal voltage at a high current may still have usable capacity, if
discharged at a much lower rate. Data sheets for rechargeable cells
often list the discharge capacity on 8-hour or 20-hour or other stated
time; cells for uninterruptible power supply systems may be rated at
15 minute discharge.
Battery manufacturers' technical notes often refer to voltage per cell
(VPC) for the individual cells that make up the battery. For example,
to charge a 12 V lead-acid battery (containing 6 cells of 2 V each) at
2.3 VPC requires a voltage of 13.8 V across the battery's terminals.
Non-rechargeable alkaline and zinc–carbon cells output 1.5V when
new, but this voltage drops with use. Most NiMH AA and AAA cells are
rated at 1.2 V, but have a flatter discharge curve than alkalines and
can usually be used in equipment designed to use alkaline batteries.

45. Resistor:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic
circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels,
to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission
lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many
watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor
controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for
generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly
with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be
used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp
dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or
chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic
circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors
as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and
forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance:
common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of
more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of the
resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the
component.

46. Advantages of hydraulic log splitter
Many people are used to splitting wood using axes and saws.
However, these methods are risky and very strenuous something
which has pushed people to look for alternatives. One of the best and
most efficient methods of splitting wood is using a hydraulic log
splitter. A hydraulic log splitter is used to effectively split wood using
the Pascal’s principle of fluids. This is a principle that compresses
fluids to exert a force that in this case, would be used to split the logs.
There are many advantages of using hydraulic log splitters as
compared to other methods of splitting wood. The most obvious
advantage is safety. A hydraulic wood splitter is a safer alternative to
axes and saws especially since the latter put you at a risk of hurting
yourself.
A hydraulic wood splitter can also use different sources of energy.
Unlike electric log splitters that only use electricity as the energy
source, some hydraulic log splitters can use electricity and gas as the
alternate sources of energy. They tend to be on higher side price wise
but can be good piece of log splitter for those who use them
commercially and for rental purposes. There are even manual
hydraulic wood splitters in the market that are ideal for people who
work where there is no electricity. They are less strenuous as
compared to using axes or saws and hence considered as the best log
splitters on many counts.

47. A hydraulic system has four major advantages, which makes it quite
efficient in transmitting power.
1. Ease and accuracy of control: By the use of simple levers and push
buttons, the operator of a hydraulic system can easily start, stop,
speed up and slow down.
2. Multiplication of force: A fluid power system (without using
cumbersome gears, pulleys and levers) can multiply forces simply and
efficiently from a fraction of a pound, to several hundred tons of
output.
3. Constant force and torque: Only fluid power systems are capable of
providing a constant torque or force regardless of speed changes.
4. Simple, safe and economical: In general, hydraulic systems use
fewer moving parts in comparison with mechanical and electrical
systems. Thus they become simpler and easier to maintain.
Disadvantages of hydraulic log splitter
In spite of possessing all these highly desirable features, hydraulic
systems also have certain drawbacks, some of which are:
• Handling of hydraulic oils which can be quite messy. It is also very
difficult to completely eliminate leakage in a hydraulic system.
• Hydraulic lines can burst causing serious human injuries.
• Most hydraulic fluids have a tendency to catch fire in the event of
leakage, especially in hot regions.
It therefore becomes important for each application to be studied
thoroughly, before selecting a hydraulic system for it.

48. Application:
Although smaller firewood splitters are intended for home, there are
now many commercial units available. Some commercial splitters are
part of a 'firewood processor' that saw logs of timber into lengths,
split them, and then carry the wood up an inclined conveyor onto a
pile or into a bag, truck or trailer. Machines that split and point wood
for fence post also exist though they are few in number as it is
generally safer and more convenient to saw the posts.
The rising cost of domestic heating gas oil has reawakened a desire
for alternative fuel sources and burning wood is carbon neutral.
Modern wood burning stoves are efficient and safe. Many consumers
that would not have considered splitting their own logs a few years
ago are now burning wood fuel for both ecological and economic
reasons.

49. REFERENCES
 Log cutter
Brinly-Hardy and Donald P. Sahlem May 4, 2001.
 Log splitting attachment for tractor three point hitch members
James L. Price , April 21,1981.
 Tractor mounted hydraulic fire-wood splitter - has side plastic or
brass sliding blocks on moving carriage
Hermann Horndasch , Aug 20, 1981
 Hydraulic cylinder wood cleaver driven by the engine of a chain saw.
Zanutto, Gabriella née Marigonda, May 19, 1982
 Wood cutting and splitting device
Gustav Veit , june 1 1993
 Splitting appliance for wood - has wedge pressed into fibre line, on
support frame holding wood pieces
Berr Stefan Fa , Oct 22, 2001
 Log splitting apparatus and method for its use
Koch Jr Edward , july 7 2010
 Hydraulic bottle jack with a control valve having a control knob and an
Automatic return US 20090173925 A1 ( January 2008)
 Apparatus for splitting wood US 7640955 B2
(5 January 2010)
 Log splitting apparatus for use with conventional vehicle jacks
US 5575319 A (19 November 1996)

50.  Wood –splitting device US 5355919
(18 October 1994)
 Apparatus for automatic wood splitting US 3995672 A
(7 December 1976)
 Kindling wood splitter device US5547001 (20 August 1996)
 Adjustable, portable wood splitting apparatus US6289955
(18 September 2001)
 Log splitting apparatus and method for its use US7556072
(7 July 2009)