Rinderpest is also known as Cattle Plague

1. COLLEGE OF VETERINARY ANIMAL SCIENCES
MANNUTHY 680651
RINDERPEST
Dept. of Veterinary Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine
Presented by
M’d Saleem (15-BVM-103)
(Cattle Plague)

2. Contents
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Department of Veterinary Epidemiology &
Preventive Medicine
S.N Contents
1 Introduction
3 Aetiology Host
4 Transmission
5 Pathogenesis
6 Differential diagnosis
7 Laboratory diagnosis & Lesions
8 Diagnosis
9 Treatment
10 Control & Prevention

3. Introduction
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Acute, highly contagious, viral disease of cattle,
domesticated buffalo and other ruminants.
 RP was known before the Roman era, killed
hundreds of millions of cattle in Europe,
Asia and Africa.
 Vaccinations attempts - as early as 1744
 Outbreak of RP in Belgium in 1920 leading
to establishment of the OIE in 1924
 Officially declared eradication of RP in 2011

4. Aetiology
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Family : Paramyoviridae
Genus : Morbilivirus
Negative Sense : SS RNA Virus
Synonyms :
 Cattle plague
 Bovine typhus
 Peste bovine
 Contagious ox typhus
They are extremely sensitive to sunlight, high temp. , low and
high pH and chemicals
Only one serotype

5. Host
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Cloven hooved animals (Artiodactyla) - susceptible.
Cattle, Water buffalo, Yaks, African buffalo, Giraffes,
Warthogs - particularly susceptible.
Gazelles, sheep and goats – Mildly susceptible
Rinderpest is rare in camelids.

6. Transmission
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Direct or close indirect contact.
Urine, faeces and nasal discharge
- virus excretion.
Airborne transmission - limited
but possible.
Contaminated Feed and water.
Failure of the virus to persist
outside the body - easy to control.

7. Source of Virus
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•Incubation period – 1 to 2
weeks.
•Shedding of virus – 1-2days
before pyrexia - tears, nasal
secretions, saliva, urine and
faeces.
•Blood & all tissues - infections
before the appearance of
clinical signs.
•No Carrier State

8. Pathogenesis
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Virus, URT,
Tonsils,
Lymphnode
VIREMIA
Lymphocytes
Lymphopenia
Replication in
epithelial cells of
alimentary tract
Focal, Necrotic
Stomatitis &
Enteritis
Apoptosis
& Necrosis
Severe
Dehydration
Parasitic
or
Bacterial
DEATH

9. Clinical Findings
The disease has been described in 4 stages
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1. Incubation stage
2. Prodromal stage
3. Mucosal stage
4. Convalescent stage

10. Cont…
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1. Incubation stage (2 to 15d)
 May vary due to concentration and virulence of the virus
 Per acute cases – death may ensure within 2 to 3d
 Acute - 4 to 8d
2. Prodromal stage (3 to 6d)
 Apperance of mucosal lesions followed by pyrexia
 Peak temp. of 104 to 106°F in 24h, Bright red conjunctiva
 Dull, depressed and anorectic, drop in milk yield, dry muzzle
 Profuse serous nasal and lacrimal discharge later it become mucopurulent
 Dry hard faeces with mucus and streaks of blood

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12. Cont…
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3. Mucosal stage
• Cardinal signs of rinderpest will be evident
• Erosions and necrosis of oral mucosa and later ulcerations
(lower lip, gums, tip of tongue and back of hard palate)
• Fall in body temp and diarrhea
• Faeces watery dark large volume with mucus and blood initially
• Later more blood with necrotic fragments and blood clot
• Swollen vagina and may have muco-purulent discharge
May die at this stage or linger up to convalescence

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14. Cont…
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Skin lesions may appear in cutaneous form
(Observed in enzootic areas)
4. Convalescent stage
Resolution of mucosal lesions
Mucosa resumes integrity
Diarrhea may sometimes continue
Recovery with few weeks
Recovered animals will get lifetime immunity

15. Differential Diagnosis
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• Malignant Catarrhal Fever
• Mucosal disease
• Viral Diarrhea
• Hemorrhagic Septicemia
• FMD

16. Diagnosis
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History
Clinical findings
Gross lesions.

17. Partial Confirmatory
Diagnosis
• Marked leukopenia at peak of infection (<4000/ml)
• Marked neutrophilia after few days.
• Impression smear – Multinucleated eosinophilic intra
nuclear and basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion
bodies.
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18. Laboratory Diagnosis
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• Animal inoculation, isolation and identification of virus
• Serum virus neutralization
• Complement fixation test
• Agar gel diffusion
• Haemaggalutination test
• ELISA

19. Gross Lesions
• Oral mucosa – raised greyish white pin head punctate
necrosis of epithelium, later erosions will appear
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Esophagus – similar to oral mucosa
Respiratory organs – thick adherent pus, congestion in larynx, trachea –
longitudinal streaks of hemorrhage
Abomasum – Pyloric region mostly affected ( initially greyish necrotic foci
later turns to erosions and ulcerations.

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Small intestine – hemorrhages and erosions - border of mucosal folds. Peyer’s patches
grossly affected

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Necrosis and fibronecrotic exudate in the small intestine

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Haemorrhagic Peyer’s patches

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Hemorrhagic mesenteric
lymph nodes

25. Major Lesions
Large Intestine –
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• Severely affected
• Lesions located around ilio-ceacal valve, ceacal tonsil at
the junction of ceacum and colon and the rectum
• Congestion and erythema along the mucosal folds –
barred or blackened muscosa – ZEBRA MARKING OR
TIGER STRIPPING.
• Strips – blind end of the ceacum to the ceacal tonsil or
may extend upto rectum.
• Colon – congestion and hemorrhage

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Zebra Striping in colon

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Linear petechial
haemorrhages in
the colon

28. Treatment
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• No effective treatment and treatment very little help in
Rinderpest.
• Rinderpest Antiserum 1ml/kg bd wt. I/V route.
• Antibiotics used to control secondary bacterial and
protozoal infections.
• Large doses of fluid and electrolytes beneficial to counter
excessive dehydration.

29. Control & Prevention
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• Complete prohibition of imports of domestic ruminants,
pigs and animal products from enzootic areas.
• If disease breaks out, controlled by slaughter of infected,
restrictions of stock movement.
• Quarantine and check posts opened to prevent entry of
infected cattle.
• Vaccination of all the animals.

30. Vaccines
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1. Caprinized vaccine
 Live attenuated vaccine
 Vaccination of cattle in endemic area
 Developed by Edward (1928) in India
 Not used in buffalo and exotic cattle ( adverse reaction )
 1ml S/C, duration of immunity 9-11y

31. Cont…
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2. Lapinized vaccine
 More attenuated strain - Nakamura III lapinized strain (1951)
 Safe for all age group, lactating cows and in advanced
pregnancy
 Safe for buffalo, exotic cattle, pigs, sheep and goats
 Duration of immunity – 2 to 3y, Dose 1ml S/C

32. Cont…
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3. Tissue culture vaccine
 Early 1960s – Plowright cell culture vaccine introduced.
 Control of RP now extensively depends on this vaccine
 Safe and immunity of sufficient duration
 Dose 1ml S/C
Other Vaccines
 Recombinant vaccine, Verocell vaccine, Measles vaccine,
Avianized vaccine

33. History of RP control
• 1930s – Attenuated RP vaccines developed
• Lapinized vaccine extensively used in Korea and China
• In India and Africa – Caprinized vaccine
• 1960s – Cell culture vaccine developed
• RP eradication campaign (JP 15, 1960) in Africa with cell culture
vaccine, almost controlled in African continent
• Reemergence of RP in Africa in early 1980s
• 1985 – PARC- Pan African Rinderpest Campaign
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34. Cont…
• 1990s – Freezed drying technology introduced – Increased stability
of the vaccine. ( No cold chain required )
• WAREC - West Asia RP Eradication Campaign
• SAREC - South Asia RP Eradiation Campaign
• FAO established an emergency prevention system – EMPRES –
major aim to eradicate RP by the year 2010
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35. Thank You
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