final project book 1111

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KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY KUMASI
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
EFFECT OF THREE DIFFERENT RATES OF POULTRY MANURE ON THE
POSTHARVEST QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF GARDEN EGGS (ABESIM
VARIETY) IN GHANA.
BY
ERIC AGYEI AFFUL
MAY, 2016

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EFFECT OF THREE DIFFERENT RATES OF POULTRY MANURE ON THE
POSTHARVEST QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF GARDEN EGGS (ABESIM
VARIETY) IN GHANA.
BY
ERIC AGYEI AFFUL
MAY, 2016
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE,
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE,
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES,
KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE
BSC. (HONS) POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY DEGREE

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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have personally, under supervision, undertaken this study herein submitted.
References to other works as a source of information have been fully credited. This dissertation
has never been presented in part or whole at any University for the award of a degree in any
occasion.
ERIC AGYEI AFFUL ………………... ……………….
(Student) Signature Date
Dr. FRANCIS APPIAH ………….............. ……………….
(Supervisor) Signature Date
Dr. FRANCIS APPIAH …………………… ……………….
(Head of Department) Signature Date

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DEDICATION
I dedicate this piece of work to God almighty for his sufficient grace and mercies throughout my
four year stay on campus, my beloved mother, Stella Kyerewaa and my father Andrew Owusu
Afful. Thanks for the support and numerous sacrifices you made to ensure that I had this work
done successfully. I will forever remain grateful, God richly bless you and the family.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Glory be to the Almighty God for a successful completion of this research. He has been my source
of inspiration and motivation from the beginning through to the end of this research; this wouldn’t
have been possible without his abundant grace and mercies.
My appreciation also to my supervisor Dr. Francis Appiah, Head of Dept., Horticulture, Knust,
although with all your busy schedules, you still had time to coach me, do all the necessary
corrections and also gave me valuable comments to ensure the success of this work. I appreciate
it a lot. I would also thank Dr. B.K. Maleekuu and Dr. Laura Attua for their criticism and support
towards the success of this work.
My profound gratitude also to Mr. Benson, technician at Department of Horticulture, Knust for
his advice and technical knowhow during my field work, I will say God bless you and increase
you in whatever you do.
My heartfelt gratitude also to my father, Andrew Owusu Afful, my mother, Stella Kyerewaa, and
to my siblings especially to my sister, Barbara fosua Afful, for supporting me both physically and
spiritually, I will say God bless you with long life and prosperity with good health beyond measure.

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ABSTRACT
An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of three different rates of poultry manure
on the postharvest quality characteristics of Garden eggs (Abesim variety) in Ghana. The
experiment was conducted at the laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, Kwame Nkrumah
University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in Nov 2015 to Feb 2016. Garden eggs was
cultivated on the field at the Department of Horticulture, (KNUST) where garden egg fruits were
obtained. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used for the study. One
Garden egg variety was used, namely “abesim” and kept throughout the experiment. Total soluble
solids (TSS) was determined for each treatment using the hand refractometer. Total titratable
acidity (TTA) was determined by titration of extracts from garden egg fruits with 0.1N NaOH as
described by Ranganna, (1986). From the results, treatment 1 with 0.009t/ha of poultry manure
recorded the highest diameter and the control had the least respectively. No significant (P>0.01)
difference was observed among all treatment for fruit firmness. A significant (P<0.01) difference
was observed for total soluble solids for all treatments, with treatment 3 of 0.015t/ha of poultry
manure recording the highest and treatment 2 of 0.012t/ha of poultry manure recording the lowest
respectively. There was no significant (P>0.01) difference between the control and the other three
treatments with poultry manure for shelf life.

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TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION .............................................................................................................................................. iii
DEDICATION................................................................................................................................................. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................................................. x
CHAPTER ONE ...............................................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT........................................................................................................................2
1.2 JUSTIFICATION ....................................................................................................................................2
1.3 MAIN OBJECTIVE.................................................................................................................................2
1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES...........................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO ..............................................................................................................................................4
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................................................................................4
2.1 Botany of Garden Eggs........................................................................................................................4
2.2 Climatic Requirement .........................................................................................................................4
2.2.2 Fertilizer Requirement. ................................................................................................................5
2.2.4 Garden Egg Production In The world ........................................................................................6
2.2.5 Garden Egg Production in Ghana.................................................................................................7
2.3 Influence of Organic Manure on Garden eggs....................................................................................7
2.3.1 Effect of Fertilizer on growth of Garden eggs..............................................................................8
2.4 Insect Pest of Garden eggs..................................................................................................................9
2.4.1 Aphids and Thrips pest of Garden eggs. ......................................................................................9
2.5 Impact of Fertilizer on insect pest population..................................................................................11
2.5.1 Impact of Nitrogen on insect pest population...........................................................................11
2.6 Nutritional and Health Benefits of Garden Eggs...............................................................................13
2.7 Total soluble solids content (TSS). ....................................................................................................13
2.8 Total titratable acidity (TTA). ............................................................................................................14
CHAPTER THREE..........................................................................................................................................15

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3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS..............................................................................................................15
3.1 Experimental site. .............................................................................................................................15
3.2 Land Preparation...............................................................................................................................15
3.3 Nursery Practices. .............................................................................................................................15
3.4 Experimental Design .........................................................................................................................15
3.5 Transplanting. ...................................................................................................................................16
3.6 Cultural Practices ..............................................................................................................................16
3.6.1. Weed control. ...........................................................................................................................16
3.6.2 Pest and Insect control. .............................................................................................................16
3.7 Parameters studied...........................................................................................................................17
3.7.2 Total Titratable Acidity (TTA) .....................................................................................................17
3.7.3 pH.............................................................................................................................................18
3.7.4. Fruit Firmness............................................................................................................................18
3.7.5 Weight of fruit............................................................................................................................18
3.7.6 Fruit diameter. ...........................................................................................................................18
3.7.7 Shelf life......................................................................................................................................19
CHAPTER FOUR ...........................................................................................................................................20
4.0 RESULTS.............................................................................................................................................20
4.1 Diameter of Garden Egg Fruit. ..........................................................................................................21
4.2 Firmness of Garden Egg Fruit............................................................................................................21
4.3 pH......................................................................................................................................................22
4.4 Total soluble solids (TSS)...............................................................................................................22
4.5 Total titratable Acidity (TTA).............................................................................................................22
4.6 Weight of fruit...................................................................................................................................22
4.7 Shelf life.............................................................................................................................................23
CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................................................24
5.0 DISCUSION. .......................................................................................................................................24
5.1 Diameter of Garden egg fruit............................................................................................................24
5.2 pH ...................................................................................................................................................24
5.3 Total soluble solids (TSS)...................................................................................................................24
5.4 Total titratable acidity.......................................................................................................................25
5.5 Weight of fruit...................................................................................................................................25
5.6 Shelf life.............................................................................................................................................25

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5.7 Firmness of garden egg fruits. ..........................................................................................................26
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...............................................................................................27
6.1 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................................27
6.2 RECOMMENDATION. ........................................................................................................................27
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................................28
APPENDICES................................................................................................................................................36
Appendix 1: ANOVA FOR DIAMETER.......................................................................................................36
Appendix 2: ANOVA FOR FIRMNESS.......................................................................................................36
Appendix 3: ANOVA FOR pH ...................................................................................................................36
Appendix 4: ANOVA FOR TOTAL SOLUBLE SOLIDS (TSS).........................................................................36
Appendix 5: ANOVA FOR TOTAL TITRATABLE ACIDITY (TTA)..................................................................37
Appendix 6: ANOVA FOR WEIGHT OF FRUITS.........................................................................................37
Appendix 7: ANOVA FOR SHELF LIFE.......................................................................................................37

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.4.1 Treatment Details....................................................................................................... 16
Table 4.1 showing results of Parameters Studied......................................................................... 20
Table 4.2 showing results of Parameters Studied......................................................................... 21

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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION.
Vegetables (leafy and fruits) are largely cultivated mostly in parts of the sub-Saharan Africa,
specifically in the urban areas, and they are rich in both micro and macro nutrients such as
potassium, phosphorus, calcium, iron and vitamins.
Garden eggs (Solanum melongena) belong to the family Solanaceae. The crop is known by
different names like aubergine and egg plant in Europe and United States respectively, “bringal”
in South East Asia and garden eggs in West Africa (Obeng-Ofori et al., 2007). The plant is a
biennial herb with a height of about 0.5m to 1.5m and it is usually grown for its fruits, leaves and
sometimes the shoot. It likes full sun, well-drained soil or raised beds. Propagation is by seed,
which can be broadcast or drilled directly into well-prepared grounds. Diseases and insect pest that
attack garden eggs are fungal leaf spot, leaf beetle, moth larvae, bud borer and sucking bugs. The
crop is cultivated due to its efficient fruit production, quick maturation, rich source of vitamin A,
B, and C, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium which are important in the
treatment of bronchitis, dysuria and asthma (Purse glove, 1988;Kochhar, 1986;Dupriez and
Deleener, 1989). It can be consumed raw, when boiled, fried or when stuffed (Martins, 1979; Rice
et al., 1987 and Anna, 1991). In Ghana, the leaves, shoot and immature fruits of garden eggplant
are used in the preparation of stews and soups.
The origin of this crop can be attributed to areas like tropical Africa, tropical Asia and tropical
America and throughout tropical and sub-tropical areas (Tindall, 1992). It is well adapted to the
tropical climate and its growth and yield is influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus availability

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(Mengle and kirkby, 1987). Akinlosotu (1979) argued that the crop can produce fruit yields of
about 8 tonnes/ha to 22 tonnes/ha depending on the cultivar. Major producing countries of garden
eggs include China, India, Egypt, Iran, Turkey, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan etc. (FAO).
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The growth and cultivation of garden eggs is on the increase but farmers and traders in Ghana have
been growing them using inorganic fertilizers which cost so much and also contaminate the
produce by leaving chemical residues in them due to the ignorance of most farmers when it comes
to the application of such inorganic fertilizers. To achieve high yield from garden eggs, there is
the need to increase the nutrient status of the soil to meet the crop’s requirement and therefore
maintaining the fertility level of the soil. One way of increasing the nutrient level of the soil is to
apply organic materials such as poultry manure. So this research seeks to find the effect of poultry
manure on the postharvest quality characteristics of garden eggs (Abesim variety) at three different
rate.
1.2 JUSTIFICATION
This problem must be considered in other to achieve higher yields, good fruits and proper
vegetative growth and also increase the income of farmers. If this problem is not solved, low yields
in garden eggs can be recorded and there will be a waste of resources as in the production of garden
eggs. This research seeks to find the effect of organic manure on the quality characteristics of
garden eggs and will incur higher cost as in the purchasing of organic materials and therefore need
to be financed.
1.3 MAIN OBJECTIVE
 To determine the effect of three different rate of poultry manure on the postharvest
quality characteristics of garden eggs (abesim variety).

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1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
 To determine the effects of poultry manure on the physical attributes of garden eggs
(abesim variety).
 To determine the effect of poultry manure on the chemical attributes of garden eggs
(abesim variety).
 To determine the shelf life of garden egg (abesim variety).

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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Botany of Garden Eggs.
Garden eggs is generally known as solanum melongena and of the family solanaceae (Obeng-
Ofori et al., 2007). It is believed to be cultivated on a larger scale in West and East Africa (Norman,
1992; Grubben and Denton, 2004). The shape of the fruits are normally pear, round, or long and
cylindrical depending on the variety. It can grow up to a height of about 90cm (Norman, 1992).
Obeng-Ofori et al. (2007) also argued that the plant can attain a height between 0.6m to 1.2m and
the roots may extend to a depth of about 75cm to 90cm in homogeneous soil. Rice et al. (1993)
reported that the plant can grow up to 2.0m tall with much branches and alternate simple leaves
with petiole up to 11cm long. Thus different plant heights may be obtained under different
environment based on the variety. The flowers are bisexual with 2-15mm long pedicel, but
sometimes pale purple in color (PROTA, 2004). Flowers are single or in a cluster or more with the
stigma projecting either above, below or on the same level as the anther tips. The long and medium
style flowers are characterized by a well-developed nodules, good pollen absorption capacity. The
stigma’s position in relation to the position of the anther in long styled flowers encourages cross
pollination (Passam and bolmatis, 1997; Chen, 2001; Sekara and Bieniasz, 2008).
2.2 Climatic Requirement
The garden egg plant grows and develop best in warm seasons with relatively high temperatures.
It requires optimum day temperatures of about 25˚-35˚c and optimum night temperature of 20˚-
27˚c (Norman, 1992; Obeng-Ofori et al, 2007). Soils with high temperatures are harmful to the
roots system and can be minimized by mulching. The garden eggplant can grow both in the rainy

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and dry seasons but too much rainfall will check vegetative growth and flower formation (Rice et
al., 1993).
2.2.1 Soil Requirement
Garden eggs requires well-drained soil with good water holding capacity. The root system is
sensitive to excess water and deep cultivation prior to planting is required (Rice et al., 1993). The
soil should be fertile with organic matter and pH ranging from 5.5 to 6.5 is suitable for good
production. The early cultivars’ grow well in sandy-loam soils while the local cultivars’ do well
in clay-loam soils (Obeng-Ofori et al., 2007). Norman (1992) argued that the crop should be
cultivated on soils with high organic matter content and soils that lack organic matter should have
compost or green manure incorporated in it at least two weeks before planting. Water logging is
also likely to cause leaf drop in garden eggs.
2.2.2 Fertilizer Requirement.
Garden eggs are normally cultivated under rain fed conditions and enough organic matter in the
soil is needed to hold water. Poultry manure at a rate of 10-20t/ha can be applied for good yield
(PROTA, 2004).
2.2.3 Harvesting and Yield.
In Ghana, fruits of garden eggs are normally harvested before showing signs of ripening and the
best prices are offered for larger fruits. Some cultivars may however be harvested when the colour
of the fruit changes to orange. Blay (1991) reported however that in some other countries, small
tender fruits are preferred. Fruits of garden eggs need to be harvested often and with care using a
knife, since the stems are hard, woody and quite brittle. The fruit colour of garden eggs also serves
as an indicator of its freshness. The study of Olympio and Schippers (1995), Lester & Seck (2004)

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and PROTA (2004) revealed that garden egg has a potential yield of about 225 tonnes/ha. A plant
may produce about 500kg to 800 kg weight of fruits, depending on the cultivar and growing
conditions. Garden egg cultivated without irrigation may yield about 5-8 tonnes/ha whiles those
cultivated under irrigation may yield about 12-20 tonnes/ha. Improved cultivars grown under
favorable conditions may yield about 50-80 tonnes/ha. According to Norman (1992), the local
eggplant can give an average yield of about 35-40 fruits per plant weighing between 0.9-1 kg per
plant with fruit size decreasing as fruit number increases. When fruits are left on the plant for a
long period they change colour from pure white to creamy white or pale yellow, becoming less
palatable. Ripe fruits also have lower market value than “green” fruits; moreover, they also hamper
the development of new fruits (Blay, 1991; Lester & Seck, 2004).There are many different sizes
and shapes of garden egg. The shape of the fruit varies from elongated to round and fruits may
have ridges or present a smooth appearance (Gisbert et al., 2006; Osei et al., 2010; Chinedu et al.,
2011).
2.2.4 Garden Egg Production In The world.
Garden egg is well known when it comes to vegetables sought most by consumers, whose demand
for food with possible health promoting effects, such as disease prevention, is escalating. It is noted
that garden eggs fruits contains good nutritional values (Ribeiro et al., 1998) and therapeutic
properties (Reis et al., 2007). An area in Brazil occupies garden egg crops which range from 1300
to 1500 ha (Antonini et al., 2002; Reis et al., 2007). The largest cultivated areas are located in the
States of Sao Paulo, Rio de Jeneiro and Parana (Filgueira, 2003). According to FAO (2010),
production of garden eggs crop is highly bunchy with 90% of output from five countries. China
being the major producer of about (58.55% of the world output) and India the second largest

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(25.24%), followed by Egypt, Iran and Turkey. According to FAO (2010), more than 4,000,000
acres (1,600,000 ha) of land are devoted to the cultivation of garden eggs in the world.
2.2.5 Garden Egg Production in Ghana.
In Ghana farmers grow both the local and exotic varieties of garden eggs for the local market and
consumption. Garden egg are mainly grown in the forest, derive and coastal savanna zones in
Ghana (Norman, 1992). Brong-Ahafo, Ashanti, Central, Volta, Eastern and Greater Accra Regions
of Ghana are noted for garden eggs when it comes to commercial productions. Some specific areas
noted for commercial production include Amantin, Atebubu and Techere in the Brong-Ahafo
Region, Ejura and Akumadan in Ashanti Region, Mankesim and Swedru in the Central Region,
Ada, Sege and Dodowa in Greater Accra Region, and Asesewa in the Eastern Region. Exotic
varieties are normally produced in backyard gardens as well as market gardens by peri-urban
market gardeners mainly for expatriate market (Tweneboah, 1998).
2.3 Influence of Organic Manure on Garden eggs.
Researchers have made emphasis on the fact that organic manure give significant improvement in
crop growth and yield. Parameters such as Leaf Area Index (LA1), number of leaves, stem girth,
plant height, increased with the application of poultry manure. Organic manure is a source of
nutrients and these nutrients are released during humification, thus supplying the necessary
elements for plant growth (Chiezey and Odunze, 2009). The application of organic manure has
been observed to consistently increase the yields of horticultural crops such as garden egg. Poultry
manure had positive effects on growth and yield of garden egg and this could be due to the fact
that poultry manure contained essential nutrient elements associated with high photosynthetic
activities and thus promotes roots and vegetative growth (John et al., 2004)

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2.3.1 Effect of Fertilizer on growth of Garden eggs.
Fertilizers are a major input for improved agricultural productivity. For instance, Nitrogen
fertilization increases aphid infestation on winter wheat. Nitrogen is an essential plant nutrient. It
is the nutrient that is most commonly undersupplied in soils, contributing to reduce crop yields
throughout the world (Van and Hartley, 2000). Chemical fertilizers are compounds given to plants
to promote growth, and are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plants, or by foliar
feeding, for uptake through leaves. One of the ways of increasing the nutrient status is by boosting
the soil nutrient content either using organic materials such as poultry manure, animal waste,
compost or inorganic fertilizers (Dauda et al., 2005). Fertilizers in general are one of the major
inputs for increased agricultural productivity.
The application of nitrate as soil amendment offers crop plants the ability to produce foliage with
large surface area. Nitrogen in the soil is absorbed by the plant in the form of nitrate and
ammonium ions, and is used by plants to synthesize amino acids, proteins and other complex
nitrogenous compounds like chlorophyll. Sufficient supply of nitrogen is associated with high
photosynthetic activity, vigorous vegetative growth and a dark green color of the leaves (John et
al., 2004). Agronomically, the most basic reason for applying nitrates to soil is to increase leaf
area which consistently increases sunlight interception for a higher rate of photosynthesis (Varela
and Seif, 2004).
Nitrogen is important for plant growth partly due to its influence on leaf area index and
consequently light interception (Jones 1992; Grindlay, 1997). The main effect of nitrogen
fertilization is an increase in leaf area index leading to increased light interception and dry matter
production in crops such as eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) (Rosati et al., 2001), lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. „Vegas‟) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) (Lemaire et al., 2005). In lucerne,

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a linear relationship has been shown between shoot Nitrogen content and leaf area irrespective of
the growing conditions (Lemaire et al., 2005).
2.4 Insect Pest of Garden eggs.
There are a lot of damages that garden eggs suffer right from planting to the time of fruiting due
to the attack of various species of insect pest. The leaves, stem, root and fruits are all attacked
(Frempong, 1973). A number of insect pest attack garden eggs at different stages of the plant
development. Example of these insect pest include; Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera:
Aleyrodidae), Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Leucinodes orbonalis F
(Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae), Scapteriscus abbreviates Scudder (orthopteran: Gryllotalpidae),
Zonocerus variegatus L. (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae), Aphid gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera:
Aphididae) and Thrips palm Karmy (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
2.4.1 Aphids and Thrips pest of Garden eggs.
Among essential pests of this crop include Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and
the Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (Etienne et al., 1990; Hosoda et al., 1993).
A gossypii usually acts at the end of the season when farmers are not aggressively spraying. They
survive by inoculating their sharp, hollow mouthparts into plant tissues, and sucking out phloem
exudate. Female aphids reproduce asexually, giving birth to live young that mature quickly.
Uninterrupted, adults remain inactive, continuing to give birth to more asexually reproducing
adults. It is one of the most common species of aphids, and exhibit a large range of host-plants,
covering very different families. This exciting behavior made it a major pest of various crops
(Fuchsberg et al., 2007). Like other soft bodied insects such as leafhoppers, mealybugs, and soft
scales, aphids produce honeydew. Numerous amounts of honeydew, sweet and watery excrement,
may be formed. This honeydew functions as a medium on which sooty mould matures. Sooty

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mould blackens the leaf and reduces photosynthetic activity (Elmer and Brawner, 1975). Gomez
et al. (2006) reported that destruction by aphids is due to the intake of phloem sap, and then the
excretion of honeydew, which composed of large amounts of carbohydrates that are lost from
aphid-infested plants and covers the leaves.
Decrease in photosynthesis may be as a result of unbalanced chlorophyll biosynthesis (as a result
of variations in mineral nutrition and degradation as a result of degradative enzymes) (Wang et al.,
2004). On the other hand, carotenoids displayed an important increase as a defensive agent, playing
a vital role in resistance to aphids (Leszcynski et al., 1989). Aphid outbreak causes severe damage
to eggplant by feeding on sap, rolling leaves, and secreting honeydew (Hosoda et al., 1993; Gallo
et al., 2002). Aphids are found in clusters on the under- surface of new leaves.
When their population increase they can migrate to upper leaf surfaces, stems and flowers. Aphids,
in particular the cotton aphid, can become beneficial pests in the cool dry season (Hosoda et al.,
1993).
Garden eggs when severely attacked by thrips shows leaves with silvery appearance and deformed
fruits. Thrips attack garden eggs mostly during the dry season. They cause browning of leaves,
especially on the lower leaf surface. In severe cases, the entire leaf gets dry.
Thrips feeding on fruits causes scarring, irregular discoloration and deformation, which decrease
the market value of fruits (Gallo et al., 2002). A moderate to severe cotton aphid invasion usually
results in mild to severe crinkling and cupping of leaves, often significantly hindering leaf growth.
Even mild to moderate injury can cause a decrease in plant vigor with loss of yield. In severe cases
aphid infestations can cause stunted plants and shedding of leaves and fruits.

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2.5 Impact of Fertilizer on insect pest population.
Several researches have shown that the application of synthetic fertilizers decrease the resistance
of crop plant to insect pest, hence the application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increases the
frequency of pests and diseases (Yardim and Edwards, 2003). The form of these inputs can
influence pest populations in various agro-ecosystems, depending on the kind of fertilizers used,
the crops grown, and the insect pests present. However, too much nutrient application can also
lead to pest problems by increasing the reproduction, longevity and overall fitness of certain pests
(John, 2004). Extensive use of inorganic fertilizer has a depressing effect on yield, reducing
number of fruits, and also delaying and reducing fruit setting which subsequently delays ripening
and leads to heavy vegetative growth (Aliju et al., 1992).
2.5.1 Impact of Nitrogen on insect pest population.
Nitrogen may have impact on the semio-chemicals and nutritional values of plants and also
behavioral characteristics of the herbivores (Herms, 2002; Hunt et al., 1992). In host plants the
nitrogen content is usually considered as an indicator of food quality and affecting host choice by
herbivores (Jansson and Smilowitz, 1986).
It has been noted that a high rate of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the number of egg
masses put down by Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee), on maize leaves (Kalule and
Wright, 2002). Nitrogen was found to change the plant nutrition and decrease the resistance against
aphids in cotton (Kasyab and Batra, 1987) and Coleopterans and Lepidopterans in tomato
(Eigenbrode and Pimentel, 1988).
The protein content of the leaves linearly improved with the increase in the level of nitrogen
applied to plants and the number of eggs of Bemisia argentifolii (Gennadius) on Poinsettias. (Bentz
et al., 1995). Herbivorous fly when open to crop plant with nitrogen content preferred to feed and

12
oviposit on high plants, whereas flies open to plants with low nitrogen content showed no
preference (Phelan et al., 1995).
Sufficient supply of nitrogen is related with great photosynthetic action, energetic vegetative
growth and a dark green color of the leaves (John et al., 2004). On the other hand, nitrogen is
divided in the crop in the form of phenols and amino acids (protein), making the foliage very
succulent and therefore becoming vulnerable to both diseases and pests incidence (Youdeowei,
2002). It is imagined that increases in nitrogen levels in plants can boost populations of host
invertebrate herbivores (Patriquin et al., 1988; White, 1984).
Such increases in populations of insect pests on their host-plants in reaction to higher nitrogen
levels can result from various mechanisms, depending on the insect species and host plants.
For example, some changes in nitrogen content in Poinsettias grown with ammonium nitrate
stimulated the fecundity of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and attracted more individuals
to oviposit on them (Bentz et al., 1995). The substances known to affect pest activity include
sugars, enzymes, phenols and alkaloids (Palaniapan and Annadurai, 1999).
Once nutrients are made available to crop plants in the required quantities, they aid in the
development of these materials that impart resistances/tolerance to insect pests. Nitrogen
fertilization may decrease plant resistance to insect pests by improving the nutritional quality of
host plants and decreasing the secondary metabolite concentrations (Herms, 2002).
Barbour et al. (1991), considering interactions between fertilizer regimes and host-plants
resistance in tomatoes, showed that the survival of Colorado potato beetles to adult occurrence
increased with larger amounts of fertilizer, and was related to decreases in trichome and lamellar-
based beetle resistance, in response to the improved nutritional quality of the host plant.

13
In addition to increases in the survival rates of Colorado potato beetles from the first instar to adults
in tomatoes receiving large amounts of the element, nitrogen could also cause significantly faster
insect development and increased pupa biomass (Hunt et al., 1992).
Several authors have mentioned that high N levels were associated with aphids and thrips
infestations on lettuce, tomato and cotton (Kennedy, 1958; Brodbeck et al., 2001; Cisneros and
Godfrey, 2001; Nevo and Coll, 2001).
An excess of nitrogen can lead to higher accumulations of amino acid which in turn can cause
higher attack rates by sucking insects (Jansson and Smilowitz, 1986). According to Marschner
(1995), excess of nitrogen and deficiency of K can increase the accumulation of amino acids,
allowing the increase in sucking insect population on plants.
2.6 Nutritional and Health Benefits of Garden Eggs.
Some medicinal properties are attributed to the roots and fruits. They are described as carminative
and sedative, and used to treat colic and blood pressure (Grubben and Denton, 2004). The
nutritional content of garden egg is comparable to that of tomato, but it has a lower content of
vitamin C. Nutritional value of 100g of garden eggs contain; water 90.6 g, energy 32 kcal, protein
1.5 g, fat 0.1 g, carbohydrate 7.2 g, fiber 2.0 g, calcium 28 mg, phosphorus 47 mg, iron 1.5 mg,
vitamin a - 70 mg, b carotene 0.35 mg , thiamin 0.07 mg , riboflavin 0.06 mg, niacin 0.8 mg,
ascorbic acid 8 mg (Grubben and Denton, 2004).
2.7 Total soluble solids content (TSS).
Sugars are the major soluble solids in fruit juice and therefore soluble solids can be used as an
estimate of sugar content. Organic acids, amino acids, phenolic compounds and soluble pectin’s
also contribute to soluble solids. Soluble solids content (SSC) can be determined in a small sample

14
of fruit juice using a refractometer. The refractometer measures the refractive index, which
indicates how much a light beam will be slowed down when it passes through the fruit juice. The
refractometer has a scale for refractive index and another for equivalent °Brix or SSC percent
which can be read directly. Digital refractometer removes potential operator error in reading
values. The temperature of the juice is a critical factor for accuracy because all materials expand
when heated and become less dense. For a sugar solution, the change is about 0.5% sugar for every
5.6°C (10°F) temperature variation. A good quality refractometer has a temperature compensation
capability or at least a thermometer attached to them so that the operator can make the necessary
corrections. It is essential to clean the refractometer between each reading and to standardize it
with distilled water [should read a refractive index of 1.3330 at 20°C (68°F) or 0% SSC] (Mitcham
et al., 1996).
2.8 Total titratable acidity (TTA).
Titratable acidity (TA) is directly related to the concentration of organic acids in fruits and
vegetables (Kays, 1991). Sourness is determined by the concentrations of the predominant organic
acids. Fruits and vegetables with very low levels of organic acids may therefore lack characteristic
flavour [taste] (Kader, 2008). Titratable acidity (TA) can be determined by titrating a known
volume of fruit juice with 0.1 N NaOH (sodium hydroxide) to an end point of pH = 8.2 as indicated
by phenolphthalein indicator or by using a pH meter. NaOH is added to the juice until the pH
changes to 8.2. The milliliters of NaOH needed is used to calculate the TA. The TA, expressed as
percent malic, citric or tartaric acid can be calculated as follows: TA= ml NaOH x N (NaOH) x
acid meq.factor x 100 (Mitcham et al., 1996).

15
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Experimental site.
The experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kwame
Nkrumah University of Science and Technology from November 2015 to February 2016. The soil
type is classified as sandy-loam and it is well-drained but the site is subjected to insect and disease
attack (Ablor, 1992).
3.2 Land Preparation.
A land of 12m by 14m was cleared with no tillage (zero tillage). The land was then lined and
pegged. The land was divided into 12 plots with each plot size of 2m by 3m. Garden eggs seedlings
were planted before the application of poultry manure.
3.3 Nursery Practices.
Seed trays were obtained at the Department of Horticulture, Kwame Nkrumah University of
science and Technology and were filled with rice husk ash for the nursery of garden eggs seeds.
Nursed seeds were kept in the green house and watered on daily basis. It took about 6 weeks before
they were transplanted.
3.4 Experimental Design.
Randomized complete block design was used in designing the experiment on the field. There were
three different rate of treatments and were replicated three times with a control. The table below
shows the treatment details of the experiment.

16
Table 3.4.1 Treatment Details.
Treatment code Treatment
T1 0.009t/ha of poultry manure
Control 0t/ha of poultry manure
3.5 Transplanting.
The seedlings took about 6 weeks before transplanting. Seedlings were watered after transplanting
and watering continued until maturity on daily basis because the experiment was conducted during
the dry season. The plants were spaced 80cm by 80cm with a total of 6 plants per plot.
3.6 Cultural Practices.
3.6.1. Weed control.
Weeds were controlled by using simple farm tool such as the hoe in clearing whenever there is a
sign of any weed.
3.6.2 Pest and Insect control.
Pest and Insects were controlled right after transplanting using (Aceta Star) with a dosage of 30ml
to 15 liters of water and was applied using the knapsack sprayer. This insecticide was applied every
10 to 14 days according to the manufacturer’s recommendation.

17
3.7 Parameters studied.
3.7.1 Total Soluble Solids (TSS).
Total soluble solids were determined for garden eggs from each treatment by picking two fruits at
random. The two fruits from each treatment were weighed and firmness was determined. 30 g of
the fruits from each treatment was weighed using the KERN electronic top balance (Model:
WD120041017). The weighed sample was blended with blender (Model; Binatone BLG-402)
using 90ml distilled water. It was then sieved using the cheese cloth. The filtrate was emptied into
a 200ml beaker. A single drop of the filtrate was placed on a prism of a hand held refractometer
(DIGIT- 080) .Total Soluble Solids of the fruits was expressed in °Brix stated by (AOAC, 1990).
3.7.2 Total Titratable Acidity (TTA)
Total titratable acidity was determined by selecting fruits from each treatment at random. The fruit
from these treatments were weighed and firmness determined. 30 g of the fruit from each treatment
was weighed using the KERN electronic top balance (Model: WD120041017). Each weighed
samples was blended with a blender (Model; Binatone BLG-402) fitted with a filter using 90ml of
distilled water. The filtrate was emptied into a 200ml beaker.10ml of the filtrate was pipetted into
200ml conical flask. Three drops of phenolphthalein indicator was added and titrated against 0.1N
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) until a dark brown color change observed. (Ranganna, 1986). The
volume of the NaOH used was read and recorded. The total titratable acidity was calculated in
percentage (%) using the formula
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑨𝒄𝒊𝒅 =
𝑵𝒙𝑽𝟏𝒙𝑬𝒒.𝒘𝒕
𝑽𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎
Where, N = Normality of the titrant V1= Volume of the titrant Eq.wt = equivalent weight of a
predominant acid V2 = Volume of sample.

18
3.7.3 pH
pH was determined by selecting fruits from each treatment at random. The fruit from these
treatments were weighed and firmness determined. 30g of the fruit from each treatment was
weighed using the KERN electronic top balance (Model: WD120041017). Each weighed sample
was blended with a blender (Model; Binatone BLG-402) fitted with a filter using 90ml distilled
water. Filtrate was emptied into a 200ml beaker. A small amount of the filtrate was poured into an
empty beaker and the electrode of a pH meter (Combo pH and EC meter-H198129) placed in the
filtrate. The pH value of the filtrate read and was recorded after the reading stabilized on the reader.
(AOAC, 1990).
3.7.4. Fruit Firmness
Fruit firmness was determined on intact fruit using a penetrometer (Model PCE- PTR 200) with
a 6-mm probe. One fruit was picked from each treatment at random. Two points per fruit was
selected for puncture. Each firmness value was an average of the determinations and result
expressed in Newton (N), (Faasema et al., 2011).
3.7.5 Weight of fruit.
Fruit weight was determined using the KERN electronic top balance (Model: WD120041017).
This was done to determine the weight of each fruits in grams (g).
3.7.6 Fruit diameter.
Diameter of the fruit was determined by using the Vernier caliper. Measurements were taken at
the middle of the fruit at three different positions and the average was taken and recorded in
millimeters (mm).

19
3.7.7 Shelf life.
Shelf life of each fruit was determined by observing each fruit every day from the period of
harvest until they lost their marketability

20
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
Table 4.1 showing results of Parameters Studied.
TREATMENT DIAMETER FIRMNESS pH
MEAN
T1(0.009t/ha of
poultry manure)
29.453a 8.110a 4.843a
T2(0.012t/ha of
poultry manure)
29.369a 7.727a 4.863a
T3(0.015t/ha of
poultry manure)
29.117a 8.150a 4.893a
Control(0t/ha of
poultry manure)
22.721a 7.477a 4.833a
Lsd(0.01) 6.832 1.292 0.896
C V 9.01 5.99 6.73

21
Table 4.2 showing results of Parameters Studied.
TREATMENT TOTAL
SOLUBLE
SOLIDS(TSS)
TOTAL
TITRATABLE
ACIDITY(TTA)
WEIGHT OF
FRUIT
SHELF LIFE
MEAN
T1(0.009t/ha of
poultry manure)
1.133b 0.080a 22.669a 7a
T2(0.012t/ha of
poultry manure)
0.800c 0.062b 20.796a 7a
T3(0.015t/ha of
poultry manure)
1.400a 0.061b 20.597a 7a
Control(0t/ha of
poultry manure)
0.933c 0.058b 10.970b 8a
Lsd(0.01) 0.154 0.012 7.052 2.093
C V 5.28 6.85 13.72 10.66
4.1 Diameter of Garden Egg Fruit.
Table 4.1 showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.01) between the means of diameter
of all the treatments but it ranges from 22.721mm to 29.453mm.
4.2 Firmness of Garden Egg Fruit.
Table 4.1 showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.01) between the means of firmness
of all the treatments but it ranges from 7.477N to 8.150N.

22
4.3 pH
Table 4.1 showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.01) between the means of pH of
all the treatments but it ranges from 4.833 to 4.893.
4.4 Total soluble solids (TSS).
Table 4.2 showed that there was a significant difference (P<0.01) between the means of treatment
1 (0.009t/ha of poultry manure) and treatment 2 (0.012t/ha of poultry manure), as well as treatment
2 and treatment 3 (0.015t/ha of poultry manure) and also the control (0t/ha poultry manure). But
there was no significant difference (P>0.01) between treatment 2 (0.012t/ha of poultry manure)
and the control (0t/ha poultry manure). Treatment 3 (0.015t/ha of poultry manure) recorded the
highest soluble solids (1.400 ˚Brix) and treatment 2 (0.012t/ha of poultry manure) recorded the
least soluble solids (0.800 ˚Brix)
4.5 Total titratable Acidity (TTA).
Table 4.2 showed that there was a significant difference (P<0.01) between the means of treatment
1 (0.009t/ha of poultry manure) and all other treatments. But there was no significant difference
(P>0.01) between treatment 2 (0.012t/ha of poultry manure), treatment 3 (0.015t/ha of poultry
manure) and the control. Treatment 1 (0.009t/ha of poultry manure) recorded the highest acidity
(0.080%) and the control recorded the least acidity (0.058%).
4.6 Weight of fruit.
Table 4.2 showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.01) between the means of treatment
1 (0.009t/ha of poultry manure), treatment 2 (0.012t/ha of poultry manure) and treatment
3(0.015t/ha of poultry manure). But there was a significant difference (P<0.01) in the control with
no poultry manure. Treatment 1 (0.009t/ha of poultry manure) recorded the highest weight
(22.669g) and the control recorded the least weight (10.970g).

23
4.7 Shelf life.
Table 4.2 showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.01) between the means of all the
treatments but it ranges from 7 to 8 days.

24
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSION.
5.1 Diameter of Garden egg fruit.
The results showed that diameter of garden egg increased significantly with the application of
poultry manure than the control. This indicates that the poultry manure was able to release enough
nutrients for the growth of garden eggs. John et al, (2004) reported that poultry manure contains
essential nutrient elements associated with high photosynthetic activities and thus promotes roots
and vegetative growth. It has earlier been reported by Aliyu (2000) that poultry manure has
profound effect on the vegetative development of garden eggs and ensures healthy and vigorous
growth of the crop. Dauda et al. (2008) reported that poultry manure promotes vigorous growth,
increase meristematic and physiological activities in the plant due to supply of plant nutrients and
improvement in the soil properties.
5.2 pH
The results indicated that there were no significant difference in the pH. Acidity were high and
this may be due to the fact that the experimental site have been used several times by researchers
and there are both organic and inorganic fertilizer deposit’s in the soil and this might have affected
the pH. Earlier findings by Ojeniyi et al. (1999), Ano and Agwu (2005) and Kekong et al. (2010)
reported that increasing rate of poultry manure results in an increase of soil pH. Hence it could
also be due to the activities of some bacteria and fungi in both the soil and poultry manure which
produces humid acid that affected the acidity of the garden egg fruit.
5.3 Total soluble solids (TSS)
From the results, treatment 3 had the highest soluble solids than the other treatments. According
to reports from Dadzie and Orchard (1997), sugars forms the main components of soluble solids.

25
Soluble solids contents vary between produce and between each stage of ripeness and treatment 3
might have ripened faster which affected the soluble solids. Ngnambala, (2013) reported that an
increase in soluble solids could be due to alteration in the cell wall structure and breakdown of
complex carbohydrates into simple sugars during the storage period.
5.4 Total titratable acidity.
The results showed that treatment 1 had the highest titratable aciditty and it declines as poultry
manure increases. Caussiol (2011) had similar findings and reported that total titratable acidity of
a fruit increases and declines as the fruit become over ripped. Tucker (1990) cited by Ngnamba,
(2013) attributed the rise and fall in the level of acids in the fruits during ripening, may probably
be due to the utilization of the acids as respiration substrates and the increase in the sugar levels
within the fruit, due to the mobilization of the starch reserves within the fruit.
5.5 Weight of fruit.
The results showed that treatment with poultry manure gave higher weight than the control and
this could be attributed to the ability of poultry manure to promote vigorous growth, increase
meristematic and physiological activities in the plants due to amount of plant nutrient and
improvement in the soil properties, thereby, resulting in the synthesis of more photoassimilates
which is used in producing fruits. Similar findings have been made by Asiegbu and Uzo, (1984)
of which this work is in accordance to their studies.
5.6 Shelf life.
In terms of Shelf life studies, the results showed no significant differences between all the
treatments. All treatments had the same short shelf life of about 8 days. This may be due to the
fact that there were high temperatures because the work was conducted in the dry season causing
shrinkage and loss of moisture to fruits.

26
5.7 Firmness of garden egg fruits.
The difference in fruit firmness of each treatment might be due to the genetic background of the
garden egg variety. Findings of Bosland (1993), who stated that, genetic background among other
factor can affect fruit firmness. Weight loss among each treatment might have influenced the
differences in fruit firmness. Lownds et al. (1993) found a pronounced decreased in fruit firmness
to be associated with increased weight loss during prolonged storage of pepper.

27
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 CONCLUSION.
The research revealed that poultry manure application during the cultivation of eggplant improves
the post-harvest quality characteristics such as the weight, size, firmness and performance of
eggplant in general.
Fruits harvested from the field amended with poultry manure gave a better weight and diameter
than the control. Poultry manure application resulted in high growth and increased yield of garden
eggs.
Fruits harvested from the field amended with poultry manure gave high total soluble solids that is,
the sugar content was better than the control.
Weather affected the shelf life, weight and moisture content of garden eggs negatively.
6.2 RECOMMENDATION.
Growers of garden eggs are advised to apply poultry manure to improve soil properties and hence
crop growth and yield. Farmers can apply about 0.009t/ha in other to reduce cost. In areas where
poultry manure is in profusion, higher rates can be applied to get the maximum best out of garden
eggs.
This work can be repeated to determine the taste of garden egg variety and also their resistance
to certain pest and disease attack.

28
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: ANOVA FOR DIAMETER.
Source DF SS MS F P
Trt 3 97.965 32.6549 5.25 0.0270
Error 8 49.749 6.2187
Total 11 147.714
Grand Mean 27.665 CV 9.01
Appendix 2: ANOVA FOR FIRMNESS
Source DF SS MS F P
Trt 3 0.93356 0.31119 1.40 0.3119
Error 8 1.77849 0.22231
Total 11 2.71205
Appendix 3: ANOVA FOR pH
Source DF SS MS F P
Trt 3 0.00630 0.00210 0.02 0.9960
Error 8 0.85587 0.10698
Total 11 0.86217
Appendix 4: ANOVA FOR TOTAL SOLUBLE SOLIDS (TSS)
Source DF SS MS F P
Trt 3 0.00630 0.00210 0.02 0.9960
Error 8 0.85587 0.10698
Total 11 0.86217

37
Appendix 5: ANOVA FOR TOTAL TITRATABLE ACIDITY (TTA).
Source DF SS MS F P
Trt 3 0.00092 3.072E-04 15.44 0.0011
Error 8 0.00016 1.989E-05
Total 11 0.00108
Appendix 6: ANOVA FOR WEIGHT OF FRUITS
Source DF SS MS F P
Trt 3 250.467 83.4889 12.60 0.0021
Error 8 53.002 6.6253
Total 11 303.469
Appendix 7: ANOVA FOR SHELF LIFE
Source DF SS MS F P
TRT 3 1.00000 0.33333 0.57 0.6495
Error 8 4.66667 0.58333
Total 11 5.66667

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