A. muganga research on cow urine

SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND GELOLOGICAL SCIENCE
DEGREE PROGRAM: BSc. AGRONOMY
EFFECT OF FERMENTATION PERIOD ON NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF CATTLE
URINE FROM MAGADU FARM SUA, WHEN USED AS AN ALTENATIVE
SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS FOR ORGANIC FARMING.
A SPECIAL PROJECT REPOTR SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN
AGRONOMY AT SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE.
STUDENT NAME: ANDREW ADRIANUS (AGR/E/2017/0014)
SUPERVISED BY DR. A. KAAYA
SEPTEMBER, 2020

i
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to determine the effect of fermentation of cattle urine on its nutrients
proper time to be in use in Agriculture as a Bio – fertilizer. Cattle Urine supplies about
4.962%N an important mineral element to plant growth and development as shown in a graph
(Fig2). Cattle urine can be beneficial to organic farming system by supplying essential plant
nutrients such like N, P, K. The pH status of cattle Urine it is about 7.7 – 8.8 as illustrated on
graph (Fig.3). Cattle urine can be used in Agricultural as a Bio – Fertilizer especially and
when fermented under storage and used to two weeks from the day of collection, this scenario
mean that the N content in it, decomposes very slowly and become available in urine solution
as Ammoniacal N in inorganic form needed by plants, so if used on the first 1, 2 to 3 days of
collection can’t supply the all N in it (see the variation pattern of N in graph (Fig. 2). Cattle
urine can be used in areas in Agriculture as a source of plant nutrients, like Home garden and
other use in organic farming to maximize food production on the households, also it serve
costs of buying industrial fertilizer to nourish the crops. By conclusion on this study is to
show that such cattle urine that taken uselessly by livestock keeping families can now taken as
a resource.

ii
KEY WORDS
Organic farming, Cow urine, Decomposition, Fermentation and Home garden

iii
DECLARATION
I Andrew Adrianus do hereby declare to the Senate of Sokoine University of Agriculture that
the work contained in this special project report is my own original work that I have done
under supervision of Dr. A. Kaaya and that it has neither been submitted to any degree
program nor being currently been submitted in any other institution I would like to dedicate
this research work to my Almighty God for his grace to get this opportunity of studies and
complete my special project.
But also, I dedicate it to my parent Mr.Tmomas Niyegila, and his family, for their supports
during the course of my study.
STUDENT: ANDREW ADRIANUS
Signature………………………. Date…………………………….
SUPERVISOR: Dr .A. K. KAAYA
Signature…………………………… Date…………………

iv
COPYRIGHT
All rights ware reserved; no part of this project report may be reproduced, stored in any
retrieval system or transmitted in any form, or by any means without the prior written
permission of the author or Sokoine University of Agriculture on behalf.

v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I wish to give my sincerely thanks to almighty God who gave me a
healthier condition throughout my studies and up to the completion of this work.
I am indebted to my supervisor Dr. A. Kaaya of the Department of Soil and Geological
Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture for his great assistance, guidance, encouragement
and advices since the development of the proposal up to the completion of this study, who
made sure that I established a good work. God bless him.
Special acknowledgment also goes to Technician Mr. Steven of soil science laboratory who
did the best on guidance from day one on my laboratory work till the end; he was very serious
indeed to make sure I do the best.
Lastly, I would thank my fellow students for their kind support during the progress of the
study. They devoted their energy as well as time to support me in conducting the study
appropriately. May God bless them abundantly.

vi
DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate this work to Mr. Thomas Niyegila and his family as who did the best
to be here, and his encouragements upon me to do best, his love is unconditional. He did the
best to help me to see and understand the world. He committed in himself to help grow, may
bless him and his lovely family.

vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................ i
KEY WORDS............................................................................................................................ ii
DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................iii
COPYRIGHT............................................................................................................................ iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................................... v
DEDICATION.......................................................................................................................... vi
List of table ............................................................................................................................... ix
List of figure............................................................................................................................... x
CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 1
CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................... 2
2.0LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Biochemical analysis of cow urine ...................................................................................... 2
2.2 The basic important Elements contained in cow urine in relation to crop production. ....... 2
2.2.1 Nutrient elements. ............................................................................................................. 2
2.2.1.1 Nitrogen (N)................................................................................................................... 2
2.2.1.2 pH.
................................................................................................................................. 3
2.3 The implication of Cow Urine as Bio – Fertilizer to Agriculture........................................ 4
2.3 Evaluation of Animal Urine as a Bio – Fertilizer in Agriculture......................................... 5
2.4 Why Urine play a great role to Organic Farming?............................................................... 5
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................. 6
3.0. MATERIALS AND METHODS. .................................................................................... 6
3.1. Research area ...................................................................................................................... 6
3.2. Preliminary study and farm survey ..................................................................................... 6
3.3. Cattle Urine sampling. ........................................................................................................ 6

viii
3.4 Laboratory Cattle Urine analysis ......................................................................................... 6
3.4.1 Nitrogen (N) determination............................................................................................... 7
3.4.2 Determination of pH ......................................................................................................... 7
3.5 Data analysis, interpretation and reporting .......................................................................... 7
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSION........................................................................................... 7
4.1 Variation of Nutrient Elements on cow urine under Fermentation process......................... 8
4.2 Cow Urine nutritional status ................................................................................................ 9
4.2.1 Cow Urine Nitrogen (N) content....................................................................................... 9
4.2.2 Cow urine pH status........................................................................................................ 10
5.0 CONCLUSIOS AND RECOMMENDATIOS............................................................... 11
5.1 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 11
5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................. 11
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................... 12

ix
List of table
4.1 table 1:Variation of Nutrient Elements on cow urine under Fermentation process ... 8

x
List of figure
Figure No. 1 N Characterization from the Table................................................................. 9
Figure No. 2 pH Characterization from the table............................................................... 10

1
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Urine is a liquid containing multiple waste products of metabolism, especially urea and other
nitrogenous compounds, which are filtered from the blood by the kidneys, stored in the urinary
bladder, and finally excreted from the animal body through Urethra to out side the body as a
waste by - product (Baig, 2011). Urine has been used since ancient times to enhance the growth
of plants, notably leafy vegetables. The nutrients in urine are in ionic form and their plant
availability has been found to compare well with chemical fertilizers (Mnkeni et al.2008) Urine
is a clear, transparent fluid that normally has amber color, chemically, urine is mainly a watery
solution of salt and substances called urea and uric acid, and it contains about 95% water and
5% urea and other solid ( Melissa,2018 ).
Urine provides an excellent source of nitrogen(N), phosphorous(P), potassium(K) and trace
element for plants and can be delivered in a form that is perfect for assimilation, so can be used
as a source of soil plant nutrient (Paulo, 2016).However the Urine are used to agricultural
farming as plant nutrients, while Increased soil salinity was suspected as the cause for
depressed growth at high rates of urine application. The recent studies was therefore carried out
to further explore the fertilizer value of human urine using a wider range of urine application
rates on crops with varying tolerance to salinity due to its supply of sodium (Na) (Mnkeni et al.
2008).This study is looking forward through fermenting Urine and assess which proper time to
use the Urine against salinization and effect on its pH. The positive results will catalyze the
adoption of when to use the urine.

2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Biochemical analysis of cow urine
The biochemical estimation of cow urine has shown that it contains sodium, nitrogen, sulphur,
Vitamin A, B, C, D, E, minerals, manganese, iron, silicon, chlorine, magnesium, citric,
succinic, calcium salts, phosphate, lactose, carbolic acid, enzymes, creatinine and hormones
(Mohanth et al,2014).
2.2 The basic important Elements contained in cow urine in relation to crop production.
Cow urine is a good source of Nitrogen, Phosphates, Potassium, calcium, Magnesium, Chlorite
and Sulphate (Swati et al, 2018). These all are mostly needed by plants for its growth and
development, and this nutrients source are available to farmers for free in their own house,
being organic in nature it is eco friendly and if used in crops has no adverse effect on
ecosystem and human health. The application of cow urine besides improving the soil texture
and working as a plant hormone also been reported to correct the micronutrient deficiency,
being organic in nature it is also likely the fertilizer use efficiency (Swati et al, 2018).
2.2.1 Nutrient elements.
Those are nutritional function of these nutrients in crop production.
2.2.1.1 Nitrogen (N).
Nitrogen has the greatest influence on yield. Nitrogen (N) occupies a conspicuous place in
plant metabolism system, and the plants utilize it in a form of NO3
-
and NH4
+
(Shah et al.2016).
Nitrogen application is an unavoidable in order to get more production, Nitrogen plays a great
roles in Agriculture by increasing crop yield (Massignam et al, 2009). Nitrogen not only
increase the yield but also improve the food quality. All plants including cereals, oilseeds,
fibres, and sugar producing and horticultural require a balanced amount of Nitrogen for
vigorous growth and development process. Nitrogen being a major food for plants is an
essential constituent of protein (build from amino acids that involves in catalization of chemical
responses and transportation of electrons) and chlorophyll (enable the process of
photosynthesis) present in many major portions of the plant body. Nitrogen plays a most
important role in various physiological processes. It imparts dark-green color in plants,

3
promotes leaves, stem and other vegetative part’s growth and development. Moreover, it also
stimulates root growth. Nitrogen produce rapid early growth, improve fruit quality, enhances
the growth of leafy vegetables, increases protein content of fodder crops; It encourages the
uptake and utilization of other nutrients including potassium, phosphorous and controls overall
growth of plant (Bloom, 2015 & Hemerly,2016).Deficiency of nitrogen causes reduced growth,
appearances of chlorosis
(Changing of the green color into yellow color of leaves), and appearances of red and purple
spots on the leaves, restrict lateral bud growth (from which leaves, stem and branches develop).
Commonly, the deficiency symptoms first appear on older leaves (Bianco et al, 2015) then leaf
senescence starts and excessive application of nitrogen has adverse effects on plant growth,
promotes extra dark-green color on the leaves, makes succulents the entire growth and favors
less fruit quantity with less quality. Overuse of N causes excess vegetative growth particularly
in tropical areas. Plants only uptake nitrogen in useful form, most plants takes nitrogen in
nitrate structure, however, it is not functional in some soils like submerged, whereas NH4 + is
most suitable and stable for rice (King et al, 1992). Proper growth and development of plants
require optimum supply of nitrogen. Too little application of nitrogen directly reduces crop
yield while excess of N also causes negative effects on plant and this issue getting focus
continuously in crop production (Magistad et al, 1945). The cattle urine are very rich in
nitrogen so can be used in crop production rather than taking them carelessly.
2.2.1.2 pH.
pH is a basic factor to growth and development(Pushpa et al, 2015) .Soil pH is an important
factor for plant growth, as it affects nutrient availability, nutrient toxicity, and has a direct
effect on the protoplasm of plant root cells (Rorison 1980; Alam et al. 1999). It also affects the
abundance and activity of soil organisms (from microorganisms to arthropods) responsible for
transformations of nutrients (De Boer and Kowalchuk 2001; Nicol et al. 2008). Since most
mineral nutrients are readily available to plants when soil pH is near neutral (pH = 6.5–7.5),
species richness is high in such neutral soils, declining in both acidic and alkaline soils (Grime
1973; Gould and Walker 1999; Pausas and Austin 2001). Soil pH further influences the fate of
chemicals, nutrients, and pesticides/herbicides added to the soil (Liu et al. 2001). Past research
has shown that the species diversity is low in most acidic soils (Dupre´ et al. 2002) as essential
nutrients (such as Ca, Mg, K, PO4, and Mo) exist in unavailable forms to plants causing

4
nutrient deficiency (Larcher 2003). Likewise, due to the higher sensitivity of nitrate bacteria,
nitrification is significantly slowed down with faster rates of ammonia oxidation than the
oxidation of nitrite (Smith et al. 1997). This results in the accumulation of nitrite, which can be
toxic to plant and microorganisms in acidic soil (Black, 1957). In strongly acidic soils, certain
ions (Al3?, Cu2?, Fe3?, Mn2?) rise to levels toxic for the majority of plants (Foy 1992;
Kinraide 1993; Silva 2012). Additionally, acidic soils have high cation exchange capacity, and
promote leaching of nutrients resulting in soil unfavorable for plant growth (Johnson, 2002). At
the other extreme, alkaline soils tend to be unfavorable for plant growth with iron, manganese,
and phosphate deficiency (Marschner, 1995; Tyler, 1999) creating an unfavorable condition for
plant growth. Marschner (1995) suggests that in alkaline soils, boron can rise to phytotoxic
concentrations. Plants differ enormously in their degree of tolerance to changes in soil
characteristics (pH, moisture content, etc.): some have a narrow tolerance for one variable but a
wide tolerance for others (Hill and Ramsay 1977). In this chapter, we present an overview of
the Variation of the pH of Cow urine especially when is fermented at some range of time to
reduce the toxicity and acidic effect to plant and soil in general on the use.
2.3 The implication of Cow Urine as Bio – Fertilizer to Agriculture
Cow urine is the Bio-fertilizer available for plants. It contains 95% water, 2.5% urea, and the
remaining 2.5% contains mineral salts, hormones and enzymes required for the enrichment for
the soil (Mnkeni, 2008; Melissa, 2018 and Paulo, 2016). Cow urine can be used as a foliar
spray or applied to the soil. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the three major nutrients
required for healthy plant growth. Cow urine contains significant amounts of both nitrogen and
potassium (Anderson, 2015). In organic farming, cow urine is used for preparation of number
of growth promoter and bio-pesticides, which are effective in improving soil fertility, and
management of large number of pests and diseases in varied group. The biochemical contents
of the plants increased with cow urine application. Therefore, the use of cow urine provides
better alternative to synthetic chemicals that are expensive and pose potential danger to the
farmers, marketers, consumers, and environment. Application of cow urine has been reported to
have a favorable impact, for enhancing productivity of different crops viz., mustard, maize and
rice . Further research is required to prove its qualities and benefits.

5
2.3 Evaluation of Animal Urine as a Bio – Fertilizer in Agriculture
The previously research tested the urine on both Vegetables and Maize and evaluate its
efficiency to that crops in different trials under tunnel house conditions in the Eastern Cape, of
South Africa, in cabbage, carrots, tomato, beetroot and Maize production by using Human
urine, based on the results in yields, of both crops and finally concluded that;
This study has confirmed literature reports that human urine is as effective as inorganic N
fertilizers as a source of nitrogen for crops. Soil salinization and high sodium accumulation in
plant tissues, at high urine rates, suggested that the use of human urine should not be
considered for salt-sensitive crops like carrot and for soils with salinity problems. The salinity
status of soils that are regularly fertilized with urine should be monitored to guard against salt-
build up. Beetroot or other edible salt accumulating halophytes such as Salicorniaeuropaea
could be incorporated in the farming system as rotational crops to minimize the possibility of
salt build-up. (Mnkeni et al, 2008).
2.4 Why Urine play a great role to Organic Farming?
Urine provides an excellent source of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and trace element for
plants and can be delivered in a form that is perfect for assimilation, so can be used as a source
of soil plant nutrient and available to plant very fast by comparing to farm yard
manure(Paulo,2016).Organic farming is a very important Agricultural technique that play a
great role worldwide by producing products that gives a satisfaction to the consumers with the
safer and best trusted foods of no contaminants or less toxic to human from food chain, and it
has been seen that Agricultural practices that involve Industrial chemicals can introduce
contaminants into the food chain with a adverse affect on environment. However, Organic
agricultural practices give an alternative environmental friendly sustainable agriculture among
the farmer (Tonmoy and Pradip, 2011. the concept of use of Cow Urine substances in Organic
farming it provide the following as advantages in Agriculture; it improve soil characteristics, it
add soil organic matter and it improve soil carbon stock or fluxes. In comparison to crop yield,
organic farming system it produce high yield of no components of chemicals (thoughts of
cancers diseases) under Conservational Agriculture (Moore. 2013)

6
CHAPTER THREE
3.0. MATERIALS AND METHODS.
3.1. Research area
The urine samples used for this study were collected from SUA Magadu Diary Farm.
3.2. Preliminary study and farm survey
A farm visiting was conducted to assess the animal where the urine sample could be collected
before anything was done to see the situations the animals and their environment, and figure
out the possible way to collect the sample of interest. Then a study was done to identify as
Nitrogen(N) content in cattle urine are in which form either Organic or Inorganic form to
enable which methods to adopt during analysis of N in the laboratory, through digestion,
distillation and titration Under Macro – Kjeldahl Method (Kjeldahl,1883). Where the study
shown that Nitrogen (N) in Animal Urine get decomposed from Urea and Urate during storage
to Ammoniacal N which is inorganic form of N and this situation of decomposing take place
little by little (Krichmann & Pettersson, 1994). From this study digestion method was no need
to be included on the N analysis and go directly to both distillation and titration methods under
Macro – Kjeldahl Method. The situation imply that the inclusion of digestion method will bring
the results directly to the exact final N content contained in the urine and this will never give
the exact to use cattle urine for Agricultural purpose.
3.3. Cattle Urine sampling.
A fresh cattle urine was collected during the morning hours at SUA Magadu farm from a
single female cow of a given variety (DASP SUA 1534) by using a sterile container
(polyethylene bucket) and then poured and packed into a sterile container of minimal size for
transportation to the laboratory.
3.4 Laboratory Cattle Urine analysis
The collected urine sample was quickly filtered through Whatman No.1filter paper to get rid of
debris and impurities and precipitated materials before use. The sample was duplicated into
seven separate containers with lids and labeled independently (1st
, 2nd
, 3rd
, 4th
, 5th,
6th
and 7th
).
The laboratory analysis of Nitrogen (N), by using Macro - Kjeldahl (Bremner, 1996), and pH
and Electrical Conductivity (Ec) (Msaky, 2018) on the sample started immediately on the
labeled 1st
container and the rest containers was fermented at room temperature of 25+. Such
nutrients analysis on the sample was done to 5 days consegatively in a single week from day (0,
1, 2, 3, and 4) on sample ( 2nd
, 3rd
, 4th
and 5th
) respectively and then next week to day ( 7th
and
14th
) on sample ( 6th
and 7th
) respectively to see the variation due to the effect of
fermentation.

7
3.4.1 Nitrogen (N) determination.
Under Macro – Kjeldahl Method.
A 10mls of cow urine sample was prepare by using Automatic pipette and transferred to a
250mls Kjeldahl tubes. The tubes mounted on a distillation rack and 25mls of boric was
pipetted and mixed indicator in 250ml Erlenmeyer flask and place under the distillation set
such as that the delivery tube just touches the surface of the solution. A 100mls of 40% NaOH
solution was added form the side arm to the Kjeldahl tube and start distillation after thoroughly
mixing the contents in the tube and Collect about 200ml of the distillate. Titrate done with
0.05N H2SO4. The blank with everything except the urine sample through all the steps was
included that given 0.3mls of H2SO4. C H2SO4. The correction of the amount of the H2SO4 for
the sample after subtracting the amount needed for the blank was done.
Calculation for N*
%N = ml. H2SO4 X Morality of acid X 0.014 X 100
3.4.2 Determination of pH
Measuring cow urine pH using pH Meter.
A 10mls of the cow urine sample was measured and put into a conical flask. The pH meter was
calibrated with standard sample of known concentration of pH of 4 and 7 to reduce errors
before taking reading to the sample and then the sample was measured after calibration and
recoded(Beckman.1934 and Buie. 2010)).
3.5 Data analysis, interpretation and reporting
Data obtained from laboratory cow urine analysis was analyzed using Excel software. To
terminate the research, a detailed technical report was prepared to comprise all the
interpretations of the research outputs after the analysis of cattle urine dataset and
recommendations on the use and appropriate sustainable agro-practices (as an alternative source
of nutrient for organic farming).
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSION
The main objective of the study was to determine whether fermentation of cow urine can bring
into variation to its adhered Nutrient Elements, variation of these Nutrients levels especially

8
when these urine sample are fermented in twelve consegatively days, enabled to predict a
proper and reasonable time to use such Urine for agricultural purpose as a Bio – Fertilizer in
organic farming. Below are defined pattern of the laboratory results from the study.
Table No. 1
4.1 Variation of Nutrient Elements on cow urine under Fermentation process
Days of Fermentation
Nitrogen(N)
( %)
pH
Day 0 0.273 8.23
Day 1 0.357 7.45
Day 2 0.476 7.29
Day 3 0.602 7.62
Day 4 - 7.45
Day 7 1.132 7.62
Day 13 4.963 8.75

9
4.2 Cow Urine nutritional status
4.2.1 Cow Urine Nitrogen (N) content
Based on the recent study done by (Andrew et all. 1992), on the analysis of cattle, goat and
sheep urine, cattle urine created an account for 5.3 % of total N under calorimetric method.
Based on this study the urine was tested to N content to four consegatively days with the
following results; 0.273 %N, 0.357%N, 0.476%N, 0.602%N and the same sample was tested
for N again on the seventh and fourteenth days respectively with results of 1.132%N and
4.963%N under Macro – Kjeldahl Method. Variation .in the result from this study imply that
Nitrogen (N) in Animal Urine get decomposed slowly when fermented from Urea and Urate
during storage to Ammoniacal N which is inorganic form of N needed for plant up
take(Krichmann & Pettersson, 1994) as shown in a graph (Fig 2). So the inclusion of digestion
method on N analysis under any method of either Calorimetric or Kjeldahl will give directly
result of total N in a sample but will not show how such N decompose and become available in
a solution for use little by little through decomposition process. From this study has found that
N availability in cow urine that fit for use in Agriculture as a Bio – fertilize should be stored to
Two weeks and by that period of time the all N will be available in urine solution as an
Inorganic Ammoniacal N.
Figure No. 1. N Characterization from the Table

10
4.2.2 Cow urine pH status.
Based on the recent studies (Mnkeni, 2008; Nagy & Zseni 2017; Meghanath et al.2014 and
Singh, 2018) has shown that cow urine has a pH range to 9.0. But from this study the cow urine
had the following results with little variation from fermentation that done for fourteen days
consegatively so from day 0 – 5 was; 8.23, 7.45, 7.29, 7.62, 7.45, 7.62, 8.75. The variation on
the results of this study on pH value we expect could be due to variation on the temperature
where the pH meter was set, and that was because are connected to temperature regulator to
balance the reading, so changing in temperature to variation on machine reading, so from such
fact the Cow urine pH in average from this study is 7.7 – 8.8 as shown in a graph (Fig 3). So
based on the objectives of the study on assessing the variation of cow urine nutrients contents
after being fermented has no effect, so fermentation has effect to pH by considering that of the
urine on day 0 was 8.23 and 8.75 on day 13.
Figure No. 2 pH Characterization from the table

11
5.0 CONCLUSIOS AND RECOMMENDATIOS
5.1 Conclusions
The N content of cow urine increased from 0.273% in day 1 to 4.962 % in day 13 and pH
increased from 8.23 to 8.75 in day 13 consegatively, where Such a concentration of N varies
with time especially when the collected was kept in a closed container for about two weeks to
enhance decomposition of organic N to Inorganic N through Fermentation process. The results
of this study suggest that cow urine can be used as source of N after fermentation for 13 days.
5.1 Recommendations
Based on this research finding it is recommended that cow urine must be fermented for about
two weeks to ensure a highly supply of N to crops when used as Bio – fertilize in Agriculture.
However, the further study is recommended to know how cow urine under go decomposition
and which microbes are involved to enhance decomposition under Fermentation process. The
time was very limited to conduct this research beyond 13 days of fermentation of cow urine for
analysis to bring the exact result and date to use the urine as Bio – fertilizer as shown in graphs
( Fig. 1) for N and ( Fig. 2) for pH, so this study it recommend to further practice of
fermentation from day 13 and other days more to obtain the constant results with proper time
to use the urine.

12
REFERENCES
Adamchack R. (2008).Organic farming, Genetics and the Future, CSA at C.U.
Anderson E. (2015), Turning Wastes into value: Using human urine to enrich soils for
sustainable food production in Uganda (96) 290 – 298 pp.
Baig A, (2011). Biochemical Composition of Normal Urine, Article in Natural Preceding.
November 2011, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, UniSZA. 6 – 7pp
Bationo A, Waswa B, Okoye J.M, Kihara J, Kimetu J. (2007).Advanced in integrated soil
fertility management is sub – Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities (TSBF –
CIAT). Nairobi, Kenya.
Beckman. A.O. (1934).Invention of electrical pH meter. Science History Institute.US
Buie. J. (2010). Evolution of the pH Meter: Tracing of the origins of the pH meter and looking
ahead to future advances. Lam Manager.
Ipsita Mohanty, Manas Ranjan Senapati, Deepika Jena and Santana Palai1 (2014), Diversified
uses of cow urine. International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences,
reviewed article Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 3(6). 1- 2pp
Kjeldahl J. (1883). New method for the determination of Nitrogen in organic substance, 22
(1):366 – 383 pp.
Melissa C.S, MD, (2018). What your Pee says about your health, Newsletter Reviewed on
March, 2018. Medicinal Net.
Moore J. (2013).Advantage of implementing organic farming methods in Agricultural Land.
University of Virginia. Mount Vernon, Ohio. 7 – 26 pp.

13
Nagy J. and Zseni A. (2017).Human urine as an efficient fertilizer product in Agriculture:
Agronomy Research 15(2), 490 – 500pp.
P. N. S. Mnkeni, F .R. Kutu, P. Muchaonyerwa and L.M. Austin. (2008). Evaluation of Human
Urine as a source of Nutrients for Selected Vegetable and Maize under Tunnel House
Conditions in The Eastern Cape South Africa. Department of Agronomy, Faculty of
Science and Agriculture, University o Fort Hare. South Africa.
Paulo A. (2016).Biological Fertilizer – Human urine. Permaculture Research Institute. UK
Seppanen L. (2004). Learning challenges in Organic Vegetable farming. An Activity
Theoretical Study of Ono – Farm Practices. 74pp.
Singh.H.N, Maurya K.K. and Singh. G.P.(2018). Effect of Cow Urine( GOMUTRA) as a
Source of Nutrogen on growth, yield and Nitrogen Uptake in Rice( Oryza sativa L.),
International Journal of Microbiology Research. Krishi, Vigyan Kendra, Institute o
Agricultural science,Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 3(10) 1035
– 1037pp.
Tanmoy K., Pradip B. (2011), Human Urine as a Source of Alternative Natural Fertilizer in
Agriculture: A Flight of Fancy or an Achievable reality. Resources conservation and
recycling 55(4):400 – 408pp.
Thompson GR. (1995). A comparison of methods used for the Extraction of K in soils and of
the Western Cape. South Africa.
William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR, (2018). Medical Definition of Urine, Newsletter
Reviewed on December, 2018. Medicinal Net.
Swati Swayamprabha Pradhan, Sudhanshu, Verma, Sneha Kumari and Yashwant Singh (2018).
Bio – efficiency of cow urine on crop production: A review. International Journal of
Chemical studies.

14
Shah Johan Leghari, Niaz Ahmed Wahocho, Ghulam Mustafa Laghari, Abdul Hafeez Laghari,
Ghulam Mustafa Bhabhan, Khalid Hussain Talpur, Tofique Ahmed Bhutto, Safdar
Ali Wabocho, Ayaz Ahmed Lashari.(2016). Role of Nitrogen for Plant growth and
development. A review. Advances inEnvironmental Biology. 10(9) 209 – 2018:
http://www.aensiweb.com/AEB/
Massignam, A.M., S.C. Chapman, G.L. Hammer and S. Fukai, (2009). Physiological
determinants of maize and sunflower achene yield as affected by nitrogen supply.
Field Crops Research, 113: 256-267.
Bloom, A.J.(2015). The increasing importance of distinguishing among plant nitrogen sources.
Current opinion in plant biology, 25: 10-16.
Hemerly, A., (2016). Genetic controls of biomass increase in sugarcane by association with
beneficial nitrogen-fixing bacteria’’, In Plant and Animal Genome XXIV Conference.
Plant and Animal Genome, during month of January.
Bianco, M. S., A.B. CecílioFilho and L.B. de Carvalho, (2015).Nutritional status of the
cauliflower cultivar Verona grown with omission of out added macronutrients. Plos
One, 10(4): e0123500.
King, B.J., M.Y. Siddiqi, A.D.M. Glass (1992). Studies of the uptake of nitrate in barley. 5.
Estimation of root cytoplasmatic nitrate concentration using reductase-activity –
Implications for nitrate influx. Plant Physiology, 99: 1582-1589.
Magistad, O.C., R.F.Reitemeier and L.V. Wilcox, (1945). Determination of soluble salts in
soils, Soil Science, 59: 65-75.
Hina M, Vandana, Sandeep S, and Renu P,(2018). Phosphorus Nutrition: Plant Growth in
Response to Deficiency and Excess. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-9044-8_7
Correll DL (1998). The role of phosphorus in the eutrophication of receiving waters: a
review.J Environ Qual 27:261–266
Smith VH (2003) Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems: a global
problem. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 10:126–139
Razaq M, Zhang P, Shen H-l, Salahuddin (2017) .Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus on the
growth and root morphology of Acer mono. PLoS One 12:1–13
Vance CP, Uhde-Stone C, Allan DL (2003) .Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical
adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource. New Phytol 157:423–447

15
Pushpa G. Soti . Krish Jayachandran .Suzanne Koptur . John C. Volin. (2015) Effect of soil pH
on growth, nutrient uptake, and mycorrhizal colonization in exotic invasive Lygodium
microphyllum. DOI 10.1007/s11258-015-0484-6
Rorison I (1980) The effects of soil acidity on nutrient availability and plant response. In:
Anonymous Effects of acid precipitation on terrestrial ecosystems. Springer, New
York, pp 283–304
Alam SM, Naqvi SSM, Ansari R (1999) Impact of soil pH on nutrient uptake by crop plants.
Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, Madison.
De Boer W, Kowalchuk G (2001) Nitrification in acid soils:microorganisms and mechanisms.
Soil Biol Biochem 33:853–866
Nicol GW, Leininger S, Schleper C, Prosser JI (2008) The influence of soil pH on the diversity,
abundance and transcriptional activity of ammonia oxidizing archaea and bacteria.
Environ Microbiol 10(11):2966–2978
Grime JP (1973) Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation.Nat UK 242:344–347
Gould WA, Walker MD (1999) Plant communities and landscape diversity along a Canadian
Arctic river. J Veg Sci 10:537–548
Pausas JG, Austin MP (2001) Patterns of plant species richness in relation to different
environments: an appraisal. J VegSci 12:153–166
Liu F, De Cristofaro A, Violante A (2001) Effect of pH, phosphate and oxalate on the
adsorption/desorption of arsenate on/from goethite. Soil Sci 166:197–208
Dupre´ C, Wessberg C, Diekmann M (2002) Species richness in deciduous forests: effects of
species pools and environmental variables. J Veg Sci 13(4):505–516
Larcher W (2003) Physiological plant ecology: ecophysiology and stress physiology of
functional groups. Springer, Berlin.
Black CA (1957) Soil-plant relationships, 2nd edn. Wiley, NewYork
Foy CD (1992) Soil chemical factors limiting plant root growth. In: Hatfield JL, Stewart BA
(eds) Limitations to plant root growth. Springer, New York, pp 97–149
Kinraide TB (1993) Aluminum enhancement of plant growth in acid rooting media. A case of
reciprocal alleviation of toxicity by two toxic cations. Physiol Plant 88:619–625
Silva S (2012) Aluminium toxicity targets in plants. J Bot. doi:10.1155/2012/219462

16
Johnson C (2002) Cation exchange properties of acid forest soils of the northeastern USA. Eur
J Soil Sci 53:271–282
Marschner H (1995) Mineral nutrition of higher plants, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Boston
Tyler G (1999) Plant distribution and soil-plant interactions on shallow soils. Acta Phytogeogr
Suec 84:21–32
Hill SB, Ramsay J (1977) Weeds as indicators of soil conditions. The McDonald J 38:8–12
Bremner, J.M. (1982). Total nitrogen. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Agronomy
Monograph no. 9. (Edited by Page, L.A., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R.).(Second
Edition) American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin. Pp.595-624.
Msaki J, (2018 Soil Science lab handout, SS203. SUA.
H. Krichmann and S. Pettersson (1994). Human urine – Chemical composition and fertilizer
use efficiency: Fertilizer research 40, 149-154
Andrew W. Bristow, David C. Whitehead, John E. Cockburn (1992). Nitrogenous constituents
in the urine of cattle, sheep and goats: Journal of the Science of food and Agriculture
volume (59) 3: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.27405903316

A. muganga research on cow urine

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to A. muganga research on cow urine

Similar to A. muganga research on cow urine (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

A. muganga research on cow urine