Precision farming uses information technology to match inputs to actual crop needs within small farm field areas. It relies on GPS, GIS, sensors, and crop models to collect and analyze field data to optimize crop yields and minimize environmental impact. Drones, robots, and remote sensing are modern technologies that assist with tasks like crop monitoring, soil analysis, irrigation management, and pest control to improve farm efficiency and productivity.

1. - For Agriculture Engineers
SHOBHIT UNIVERSITY

2. PRESENTED BY
Mr.S.Arul B.E(AE).,M.Tech(AT)
MRT22PGMAT001
Department of Agriculture Technology
Shobhit Institute of Engineering and Technology
Meerut, UP.

3. CONTENTS
 Introduction of precision farming
 Importance
 Definition
 Principles and concepts
 Role of GIS and GPS
 Mobile mapping system and its application in precision farming
 Design, layout and installation of drip and fertigation in horticultural crops
 Role of commuters in developing comprehensive systems needed in site specific
management (SSM)
 Georeferencing and photometric correction

4.  Sensors for information gathering
 Geostatistics
 Robotics in Horticulture
 Postharvest process management (PPM)
 Remote sensing
 Information and data management and crop growth models
 GIS based modeling
 VRT
 Robotics and drones in agriculture

5. Introduction of precision farming
Precision agriculture merges
the new technologies borne of
the information age with a
mature agricultural industry. It
is an integrated crop
management system that
attempts to match the kind and
amount of inputs with the
actual crop needs for small
areas within a farm field.

6. Importance of precision farming
Revents soil degradation.
Reduction of chemical
application in crop
production. Efficient use of
water resources.
Dissemination of modern
farm practices to improve
quality, quantity and reduced
cost of production.

7. Definition of precision farming
Precision agriculture (PA) is a
farming management concept
based on observing, measuring
and responding to inter- and
intra-field variability in crops.
PA is also sometimes referred
to as precision farming,
satellite agriculture, as-needed
farming and site-specific crop
management (SSCM).

8. Principles and concepts
Smart farming allows farmers to
collect data on crop health, soil
quality, and other key indicators in
real time. This data can be analyzed
to optimize inputs such as fertilizers,
water, and pesticides, resulting in
higher crop yields
Precision agriculture uses
information technology (IT) to ensure
that crops and soil receive exactly
what they need for optimum health
and productivity. This also ensures
profitability, sustainability and
protection of the environment.

9. Role of GIS
 Precision agriculture relies heavily on GIS to collect and
interpret massive field data for informed decision-making.
 Farmers may maximize their land's potential in terms of
yield increase and financial savings, not to mention reduced
environmental effects.

11. Role of GPS
 GPS and GIS are both used in precision agriculture
for many purposes including farm planning, field
mapping, soil sampling, crop scouting, and yield
mapping.
 GPS technology also provides tractor guidance and
allows farmers to operate tractors and equipment in
low visibility situations.

13. Mobile mapping system and its application in
precision farming
 Thus Mobile Mapping System can monitor planting process all along.
Moreover it can contrast multi-temporal data collected or stored in database
and find what changes occurred, where, when and how, then give an
efficient plant plan.
 Precision agriculture uses information technology (IT) to ensure that crops
and soil receive exactly what they need for optimum health and
productivity.
 This also ensures profitability, sustainability and protection of the
environment.

15. Design, Layout And Installation Of Drip And
Fertigation In Horticultural Crops
 A drip irrigation system consists of a main line, sub mains, laterals, and emitters.
 The main line delivers water to the sub mains, and the sub mains deliver water into
laterals.
 The emitters, which are attached to the laterals, distribute water for irrigation.
 brings nutrients directly to the root zone, which optimizes water and fertilizer use;
requires less pressure compared to other techniques; allows different automation
settings.

17. Role of commuters in developing comprehensive
systems needed in site specific management (SSM)
 Site-specific management is a form of precision
agriculture where decisions on resource application
and agronomic practices closely match crop
requirements as they vary within a field;
consequently, the collective actions are differential
rather than uniform.

19. Georeferencing PF
Georeferencing (image
registration) can be defined
as the registration of an
image (usually, all data are
converted into a matrix
format and then shown as an
image) coordinates to a
specific geographic
coordinate system.

20. Photometric Correction On PF
 The photometry corrections reduces instrumental
effects on imaging detectors (ccds): gain scales
instrumental values onto counts of captured electrons
per pixel and one is crucial for proper estimation of
errors of photometry. The bias corrects counts on
images for a constant added by control electronic.

22. Sensors for Information Gathering
 The electrochemical sensors aid in the collection, processing, and
mapping of the chemical data of the soil.
 They are usually mounted on specially designed sleds.
 They supply accurate details required for agriculture.
 This includes the nutrient of the soil levels and ph.
 The electrochemical sensors aid in the collection, processing, and
mapping of the chemical data of the soil.
 They are usually mounted on specially designed sleds.
 They supply accurate details required for agriculture. This includes
the nutrient of the soil levels and ph.

24. Geostatistics
 Agriculture is facing two challenges which are apparently contrasting:
enhancing food production and promoting environmental sustainability.
 According to projections included in the 2016 World Population Data Sheet
the world population has been forecasted to reach 9.9 billion in 2050.
 Such increase in population would result in a decrease of land availability
for agriculture and, in order to provide sufficient food to future generations,
farmers should try to produce ‘more from less land.
 Since soil is a non-renewable and limited resource, it is required that food
production should follow an environmentally sustainable agriculture.
 In this perspective, the farm system could be considered as a decision
making unit within which soil properties vary both spatially and temporally.
 This is mainly a result of the interaction of many biotic, abiotic and climate
factors.

25. Robotics in Horticulture
 The intelligent robotic arm picks up a complete row of plants from a
trolley, adjusts the size of the grabbers and places the plants in the
plant carriers of the WPS system.
 Each gripper is equipped with a sensor that detects the presence of
the plant.
 Harvesting robots are designed to harvest crops such as fruits and
vegetables.
 They use sensors and cameras to detect when the crops are ready to
be picked, then use robotic arms or other tools to carefully harvest
them without damaging the produce.
 Six-axis robots are often responsible for the picking process.

27. Postharvest process management (PPM)
 Post-harvest management is a system of handling, storing, and
transporting agricultural commodities after harvest.
 For some commodities such as coffee and cocoa, post-harvest
activities may include drying and fermenting as well.
 These processes include drying, handling, storage, and milling.
Proper drying methods can reduce harvest delays and achieve
better product quality control.
 The temperature and humidity of the air used for product
drying significantly affect the drying rate and the final
moisture of the crop.

29. Remote sensing
Precision farming and crop
mapping using remote
sensing aim to increase the
yield of the crops and
minimize strain on the
natural environment.
Modern technologies like AI
or the Internet of Things
have proved to be useful in
this aspect.

30. Information and data Management and crop
growth models
 Crop models are a formal way to present quantitative knowledge about how a crop
grows in interaction with its environment. Using weather data and other data about
the crop environment, these models can simulate crop development, growth, yield,
water, and nutrient uptake.
 Crop Models and Its Techniques
 Statistical empirical model: Actual mechanism of processes is not disclosed.
 Mechanistic model: mechanism of the processes involved id discussed e.g.
photosynthesis based model.
 Static model: Time is not a factor.
 Dynamic model: These models predict changes in crop status with time.

32. GIS Based Modeling
 The use of GIS in agriculture enables farmers to map field
data, organize and analyze it, and monitor their crops
remotely.
 GPS, robotics, drone and satellite monitoring have all
contributed to farm automation. These technologies
underpin collecting GIS data.
 Geographical Information System (GIS) is a technology
that provides the means to collect and use geographic data
to assist in the development of Agriculture.

34. VRT
VRT - Variable-Rate Technology
 Variable-Rate Technology (VRT) is a system that allows
machinery and equipment used in farming to work at
varying rates.
 That means the rate of application of an input (such as
fertilizer, seed, or pesticides) changes across a field to
match the requirement of the crop at that specific location.

36. Robotics and Drones in Agriculture
 Through agriculture drones and agribots, farmers can
now survey and monitor crops, study and analyze soil
samples, and spray pesticides and fertilizers on the soil.
 Agriculture drones and robots technology can further be
employed for detecting irrigation faults and real-time
weather conditions.
 Drones can be used for a wide range of tasks in the
agriculture sector, including crop mapping, soil analysis,
irrigation, and pest management.

38. CONCLUSION
Digital agriculture will not only allow farmers to take
decisions based on real data but base them on what is
happening in certain areas, not witnessed somewhere
else or predicted.