Precision farming and protected cultivation

1. COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY
NERI,HAMIRPUR
ASSIGNMENT
COURSE:- PRECISION FARMING AND PROTECTED CULTIVATION
COURSE CODE:- VSC-312
TOPIC:- VARIOUS ASPECTS OF PRECISION FARMING
SUBMITTED BY:-
ROHIT SHARMA (NH-2020-52-BIV)
SAHIL (NH-2020-53-BIV)
SANGEETA SAGAR (NH-2020-54-BIV)
SEJAL (NH-2020-56-BIV)
SUBMITTED TO:-
DR. DEEPA BANYAL
(Department of Vegetable Science)

2. Contents:-
Definition of Precision Farming.
Precision Farming Cycle.
Need of Precision Farming.
Concept & Stages.
Components and facilitators of precision farming.
Laser Land Leveler.
Mechanised direct seed sowing.
Seedling and sampling transplanting.
Advantages & Disadvantages of precision farming.

3. PRECISION FARMING:-
• Precision farming or precision agriculture is
about doing the right thing, in the right
place, in the right way, at the right time.
Managing crop production inputs such as
water, seed, fertilizer etc to increase yield,
quality, profit, reduce waste and becomes
eco-friendly. The intent of precision farming
is to match agricultural inputs and practices
as per crop and agro-climatic conditions to
improve the accuracy of their applications.
Precision farming is also known as satellite farming.

4. Precision farming is the managing variation in the field accurately to get more crops
production with the use of fewer resources and reducing the cost of production.
OR
Precision farming refers to the precise application of agricultural inputs with respect to soil,
weather and crop need in order to improve productivity, quality and profitability in
agriculture. It enables farmers to use crop inputs more efficiently including pesticides
fertilizers tillage and irrigation water.
DEFINITION:-
So we can say that precision farming is
the method of farming uses the information
technology to ensure that the soil and crop
get exactly what the crop and soil need for
the proper growth and Higher productivity.

5. 1. To enhance productivity in agriculture with
respect to profit.
2. Prevents soil degradation in cultivable land.
3. Reduction of chemical use in crop
production
4. Efficient use of water resources
5. Dissemination of modern farm practices to
improve quality, quantity & reduced cost of
production in agricultural crops
Why Precision Farming?

6. Precision Farming Cycle:-

7. Need of Precision Farming:-
• Agronomical perspective:- Use agronomical practices by
looking at specific requirements of crop.
• Technical perspective:- Allows efficient time management.
• Environmental perspective:- Eco-friendly practices in crop
• Economical perspective:- Increases crop yield, quality and
reduces cost of production by efficient use of farm inputs,
labour, water etc

8. The concept of precision farming is strictly based on the Global Positioning
System (GPS), which was initially developed by U.S. (United States of America)
defense scientists for the exclusive use of the U.S. Defense Department. The
unique character of GPS is precision in time and space. Precision agriculture
(PA), as the name implies, refers to the application of precise and correct
amounts of inputs like water, fertilizers, pesticides etc. at the correct time to the
crop for increasing its productivity and maximizing its yields. The use of inputs
(i.e. chemical fertilizers and pesticides) based on the right quantity, at the right
time and in the right place. This type of management is commonly known as
“Site-Specific Management”.
CONCEPT OF PRECISION FARMING:-

9. Precision farming has usually four stages process to observe a special variability:
1. Data collection
2. Variable
3. Strategies
4. Implementation
STAGES:-
 Data collection: Data collected with the help of GPS to analyse the soil ,water,level,
production rate , nutrient level, soil and some other data related to the agriculture.
 Variable : variability may result from different basis like climate condition,
rainfall,soil texture, nitrogen level,crop production, disease in the field and weeds.

10. Strategies : After getting data and information of a field, farmer can use soil map and they
can choose these two strategies to maintain the input of field.
STAGES…
Productive strategy: This strategy is based on the analysis of Static indication such as
field history. Soil texture etc.during the crop cycle.
Control strategy: This type of strategy get information from the static indicator during the
crop cycle by sampling the weighing, biomass , weighing fruits and by remote sensing which
is generally measured the parameter, temperature of air and soil humidity etc.
Implementation: NICT( New information and communication technology) make the field
crop management which is more easier for the farmers to achieve good production. In the
precision farming, they use technologies for the agriculture like tractor harvesters, thresher
and other machines

11. 1. Global Positioning System (GPS): It is a set
of 24 satellites in the Earth orbit. It sends out
radio signals that can be processed by a ground
receiver to determine the geographic position
on earth. It has a 95% probability that the given
position on the earth will be within 10-15
meters of the actual position. GPS allows
precise mapping of the farms and together with
appropriate software informs the farmer about
the status of his crop and which part of the farm
requires what input such as water or fertilizer
and/or pesticides etc.
Components and facilitators of precision farming:

12. Devices:-

13. 2. Geographic Information System (GIS): ):GIS is an
computer based system for storing very large amount of
data, retrieving, manipulating and displaying them for
easy interpretation. The term geographic should be
interpreted to means space or spatial for crop production.
It is the spatial analysis of GIS that enable the precision
farming. The GIS is the key to extracting value from
information on variability. It is rightly called as brain of
precision farming.
It helps agriculture in two ways;
•Integrated GIS data (soil,crop, weather field history with
simulation models.)
•To support the engeneering component for designing
implements.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Components and facilitators of
precision farming:

14. A yield map is a spatially referenced graphical
representation of crop yield for a defined area. Yield
mapping includes Acquisition, analysis and
summarization of crop yield data by location with in
a field. The yield data can be collected automatically
while harvesting. This data produce a yield map that
can be used to compare yield distribution within the
field from year to year. This allows the farmers to
determine areas of the field. It also allows farmers to
show the effect of a change in field management
techniques,to develop nutrient strategies for their
field and as a record of crop yield to use in securing
loans and renters.
Example of Yield Map
3. Yield Mapping:-

15. Types of yield mapping:-
Inference maps : They are developed by associating yield
estimates with existing map delination without charging the
dealineation on a base map.
Interpolation maps : Yield measurement are made at specific
location and yield values between data points are estimated using
interpolation techniques.
Prediction maps : Yield component is not measured but
prediction from other spatial data using a prediction function or
model.
Aggregation maps : Yield maps derived from measured data in
which either the original data or some aggregation of the data are
mapped, once Yield measurements are determined, no estimation,
prediction or interpolation of point yield data is required for
mapping.

16. Remote sensing holds great promise for agriculture because of Its potential for monitoring
spatial variability over time at high revolution. Remote sensing imagery for precision
farming can be obtained either through satellite based sensors or CIR video digital camera
on board small aircraft. It is the art or science to obtaining information from the distance i.e
obtaining information objects and phenomenon without being in physical contact with them.
4. Remote sensing:

17. Soil map is the map i.e geographical
representation showing diversity of soil types
and/or soil properties soil maps etc.
Soil mapping is very important for the correct
implementation of sustainable land used
management. Soil mapping provides important
information about the characteristics and
condition of the land . Many new maps are
derived using soil mapping techniques.
Digital soil mapping: It is the computer assisted
production of digital maps of soil types and soil
properties.
5. Soil mapping:

18. In digital soil mapping semi-automated techniques and technologies
are used to accurate process and visualise information on soil and
auxiliary information.
Digital Soil Mapping….
Soil mapping commonly assessed
for the accuracy and uncertainty
and can be more easily updated
when new information comes
available.

19. A site specific system provides the
best opportunity to develop a truly
sustainable agriculture system.
Managing the right source at the
right rate, right time and in the right
place is the best accomplished with
right tools. Various technologies are
available related to nutrient
management from soil mapping to
fertilizers application to yield
measurements.
6. Site specific input application:

20. 7. Computer Hardware and Software: In order to analyze the data collected by other
Precision Agriculture technology components and to make it available in usable formats such
as maps, graphs, charts or reports, computer support is essential along with specific software
support.
8. Precision irrigation systems: Recent developments are being released for commercial use
in sprinkler irrigation by controlling the irrigation machines motion with GPS based
controllers. Wireless communication and sensor technologies are being developed to monitor
soil and ambient conditions, along with operation parameters of the irrigation machines (i.e.
flow and pressure) to achieve higher water use efficiency.
Precision irrigation systems
Computer Hardware and Software

21. Laser Land Leveler:-
Introduction: Uneven soil surface has
a major impact on the germination,
stand, and yield of crops due to
inhomogeneous water distribution and
soil moisture. Therefore, land levelling
is a precursor to good agronomic, soil,
and crop management practices. The
advanced method to level or grade the
field is to use laser-guided leveling
equipment. Laser land leveling is
leveling the field within certain degree
of desired slope using a guided laser
beam throughout the field.

22. Laser Land Leveler…

23. A laser-controlled land leveling system consists of the following five major components:
(i) Drag Scrapper/bucket: The drag bucket can be either 3-point linkage mounted on or
pulled by a tractor. This system is preferred as it is easier to connect the tractor’s
hydraulic system to an external hydraulic by the 3-point-linkage system.
(ii) Laser transmitter: The laser transmitter mounts on a tripod, which allows the laser beam
to sweep above the field.
(iii) Laser receiver: The laser receiver is a multi-directional receiver that detects the position
of the laser reference plane and transmits this signal to the control box.
(iv) Control box: The control box accepts and processes signals from the machine mounted
receiver. It displays these signals to indicate the drag buckets position relative to the
finished grade.
(v) Hydraulic system: The hydraulic system of the tractor is used to supply oil to raise and
lower the leveling bucket.
Components of Laser Leveling System:

24. The system includes a laser-transmitting unit that emits an infrared beam of light that can
travel up to 700m in a perfectly straight line. The second part of the laser system is a
receiver that senses the infrared beam of light and converts it to an electrical signal. The
electrical signal is directed by a control box to activate an electric hydraulic valve. Several
times a second, this hydraulic valve raises and lowers the blade of a grader to keep it
following the infrared beam. Laser leveling of a field is accomplished with a dual slope laser
that automatically controls the blade of the land leveler to precisely grade the surface to
eliminate all undulations tending to hold water. Laser transmitters create a reference plane
over the work area by rotating the laser beam 360 degrees. The receiving system detects the
beam and automatically guides the machine to maintain proper grade. The laser can be level
or sloped in two directions. This is all accomplished automatically without the operator
touching the hydraulic controls.
Working mechanism of Laser Leveler:
Working of laser land leveler:- https://youtu.be/SLWNqTnjWmc

25. Benefits of laser land leveling over
conventional land leveling:
•Reduction in time and water for irrigation
•Uniform distribution of water
•Less water consumption in land
preparation
• Precise level and smoother soil surface
• Uniform moisture environment for crops
•Lesser weeds in the field
•Good germination and growth of crop
•Uniformity in crop maturity
•Reduced seed rate, fertilizers, chemicals
and fuel requirements
BENEFITS:-
Benefits of precise land leveling:
•Saves irrigation water >35 %
•Reduced weed in the field
•Increase in field areas about 3.5 %
•Reduce farm operating time by 10 %
•Assist top soil management
•Saves labor costs
•Saves fuel/electricity used in irrigation
• Increase productivity up to 50 %

26. Mechanised direct seed sowing:
Seed drilling is the term used for the
mechanised sowing of an agricultural
crops by positioning them in the soil and
burying them to a specific depth. This
ensures that seeds will distributed evenly.
The seed drill sows the seeds at the proper
seeding rate and depth, ensuring that the
seeds are covered by soil. It allows plant to
get proper sunlight, nutrient and water
from the soil. The use of seed drill saves
the time and lobour. This also facilitates
weed control.
Working of Seed Drill:-
https://youtu.be/r5v66d1L6js
Seed drill

27. Seedling and sampling transplanting :
Mechanical transplanter:
Mechanical transplanter is
an specialised transplater
fitted to transplant seedling
into field.

28. Components of mechanical transplanter:
Seedling feeding pipe: The seedling feeding pipe was made up of PVC and diameter
measured was 63 mm. The efforts can be made when the elbow angles of 190° to 170°.
Handle: It is used to control,hold and penetrate the jaw in the soil bed.
Jaw assembly: It is the soil engaging part of equipment which makes opening for
placing the seedlings.
Lever: Lever was used to operate the jaw which was made up of mild steel.
Marker: The marker was used to operate or was provided in order to indicate the
location of seedling to be transplanted.
Mechanical transplanter require considerably less time and lobour than manual
transplanting. A transplanter is an agricultural machine used for transplanting seedling to
the field.
Working of seedling Transplanter:- https://youtu.be/oFwSkD_kP0A

29. Improve the agriculture field.
Reduce potential environment risk.
Obtain proper data in real time.
Monitor the plant and soil.
It saves time and energy.
Provide better information and data for the management.
It Enhances The Sustainability.
It Provides Higher Resolution Of Your Farm Land.
It Increases Land Values.
Advantages of precision farming :

30. Disadvantages of precision farming:-
Initial capital costs may be high and so it should seen as a long term investment.
It takes several years before you have sufficient data to fully implement the
system.
Extremely demanding work particularly collecting and then analysing the data.
Precision farming techniques are still under development and requires expert
advice before actual implementation
Lack of success stories or cost benefits studied on precision farming.
 Knowledge and technological gap.
 Lack of market perfection.
 Lack of local technical expertise.
 Lack of data availability in terms of quality and cost.

31. References:-
https://www.sciencedirect.com/
http://jnkvv.org/
https://iari.res.in/
https://www.slideshare.net/
https://www.shutterstock.com/
https://www.istockphoto.com/
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/
https://www.agrivi.com/