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Clamper
1. Clamper
A clamper is an electronic circuit that fixes either the positive or the negative peak
excursions of a signal to a defined value by shifting its DC value. The clamper does not
restrict the peak-to-peak excursion of the signal, it moves the whole signal up or down
so as to place the peaks at the reference leveL
4. Voltage multiplier
A voltage multiplier is an electrical circuit that converts AC electrical power from a
lower voltage to a higher DC voltage, typically using a network of capacitors and diodes.
Voltage multipliers can be used to generate a few volts for electronic appliances, to
millions of volts for purposes such as high-energy physics experiments and lightning
safety testing.
6. LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-
lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n
junction diode that emits light when activated.
When a suitable voltage is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to recombine
with electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence, and the color of the
light (corresponding to the energy of the photon)
is determined by the energy band gap of the
semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than
1 mm2 ) and integrated optical components may
be used to shape the radiation pattern.
