A simple process to initiate a social sciences research. This is not just for taking up an academic research, but will be helpful for NGOs if they are planning to initiate a research. The Source of this presentation is as follows- Kothari, CR. (2009).Research Methodology- Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.) New Age International Publishers, India.

1. Research Process
Emmanuel Daniel
Department of Social Work

2. Formulating
the research
problem
Extensive
literature
survey
Development
of working
hypotheses
Preparing the
research
design
Determining
sample
design
Collecting
the data
Analysis of
data
Hypothesis
testing
Interpretation
Preparation
of the report
Research Process
09-06-2020Research Process 2
Source- Kothari, CR. (2009).Research Methodology- Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.)
New Age International Publishers, India, Pg 12

3. Formulation of Research Problem
 General area of interest
 Feasibility of a particular solution
 Formulation of a general topic into a specific research
 Discussing with experts
09-06-2020Research Process 3
Source- Kothari, CR. (2009).Research Methodology- Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.) New
Age International Publishers, India, Pg 12

4. Extensive literature survey
 Literature survey connected with the problem
 Indexing journals, conference proceedings, books, reports, etc
 One source will lead to another
09-06-2020Research Process 4
Source- Kothari, CR. (2009).Research Methodology- Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.) New
Age International Publishers, India, Pg 13

5. Development of hypotheses
 Focal point for research
 Specific and limited to the piece of research
 Attention on more important facts
09-06-2020Research Process 5
Source- Kothari, CR. (2009).Research Methodology- Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.) New
Age International Publishers, India, Pg 13

6. Preparing research design
 Conceptual structure
 Helps in collection of relevant information
 Time available for research
 Cost factor for research
09-06-2020Research Process 6
Source- Kothari, CR. (2009).Research Methodology- Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.) New
Age International Publishers, India, Pg 14

7. Determining sample design
 Selecting a sample is known as sample design
 Samples can either be probability or non probability
 In probability sampling, each element has got equal chance of
being selected
 PS example- simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster, etc.
 NPS example- Judgemental, convenience, snowball, etc.
09-06-2020Research Process 7
Source- Kothari, CR. (2009).Research Methodology- Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.) New
Age International Publishers, India, Pg 14

8. Collecting the data
 Observation
 Personal interviews
 Telephonic interviews
 Mailing of questionnaires
 Schedules- Containing relevant questions
09-06-2020Research Process 8
Source- Kothari, CR. (2009).Research Methodology- Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.) New
Age International Publishers, India, Pg 17

9. Analysis of Data
 Coding- transforming data into symbols
 Editing – improving quality of data
 Tabulation- classified data put in form of tables
09-06-2020Research Process 9
Source- Kothari, CR. (2009).Research Methodology- Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.) New
Age International Publishers, India, Pg 18

10. Hypothesis- testing
 Do the facts support the hypothesis?
 Chi-square, T-test, F-test, Z-test, Correlation, Rank correlation,
etc.
 Results will either accept or reject
09-06-2020Research Process 10
Source- Kothari, CR. (2009).Research Methodology- Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.) New
Age International Publishers, India, Pg 19

11. Interpretation
 Explain the findings
 Interpretation might trigger new questions and lead to further
researchers
09-06-2020Research Process 11
Source- Kothari, CR. (2009).Research Methodology- Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.) New
Age International Publishers, India, Pg 19

12. Preparation of the report
 Introduction
 Summary of findings
 Main report
 Conclusion
09-06-2020Research Process 12
Source- Kothari, CR. (2009).Research Methodology- Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.) New
Age International Publishers, India, Pg 19