2. 2
Contents
Research process
Steps in problem formulation
Review of literature
Formulating hypothesis
Research design – sample design,
observational design and statistical design
Data collection, processing and analysis
Report writing
3. 3
Research Process
Research task is a sequential process
involving several clearly defined steps.
Despite certain variations, the idea of
sequence is useful for developing a
research project and keeping it orderly.
5. 5
Research Problem
Ending Point
( Solution)
Starting Point
( Problem)
Research forms a cycle, starts with a problem
and ends with a solution to the problem
ResearchResearch
6. 6
First Step in Research
Defining the true nature of the research
problem – first step.
Need to work directly on an identified
problem.
1. Understand the problem thoroughly.
2. Define it into meaningful terms.
Two Important Tasks
7. 7
Steps in Problem
Formulation
Look to the symptoms of
problem
Undertake initial fact gathering
Survey preliminary literature
Develop ideas through
discussions
Finalize the problem
9. 9
Review of Conceptual Literature
Concerning concepts and theories
(Comprehension literature)- books and
articles by experts expressing opinions,
experiences, theories and ideas on
concepts.
Review of Empirical Literature
Studies made earlier which are similar to the
one proposed, indicates successes and
problems in respect of research design,
hypotheses, techniques and instruments.
Also look into the results/ findings of the
11. 11
Research
Design
1. Determination of Size.
2.Method of selecting items
( Sample Design)
Condition under which
observations are to be made
(Observational
design)
Method of Data Treatment and Analysis
( Statistical Design )
16. 16
Report Writing
Preliminary Page
Main Text
End Matter
Report should be written in the mostReport should be written in the most
objective style & in simple languageobjective style & in simple language
