Forging is a manufacturing process that shapes metal using force. It can be done hot or cold, with hot forging heating the metal above its recrystallization temperature for easier forming. Cold forging is done at room temperature but requires more powerful equipment. Forging processes fall into three categories: draw forming decreases width and increases length, upset forging increases width and decreases length, and compression forming provides multi-directional flow. Closed die forging uses molds attached to an anvil, while open die forging has no precut profiles. Press forging applies continuous compression pressure for prolonged contact with dies.

1. What is Forging?

2. Introduction
● Forging is a manufacturing process that results in the shaping of metal by
using calculated force
● Forging is executed with a power hammer or a die during the shaping process
to produce the intended design of the forged metal object
● It has multiple classifications, identified according to the temperature at
which the forging process is being performed
● This includes cold forging or hot forging, each offering its own distinct
advantages

3. Different types of Forging
❖ Hot Forging
➢ Hot forging requires the metal to be heated above its recrystallization
temperature
➢ This can mean heating metals up to 2,300 degrees Fahrenheit
➢ The main benefit of hot forging is the decrease in energy required to form
the metal properly
➢ This is because excessive heat decreases yield strength and improves
ductility

4. Different types of Forging
❖ Cold Forging
➢ Cold forging typically refers to forging a metal at room temperature
➢ Many metals, such as steel high in carbon, are simply too strong for cold
forging
➢ Cold forging encompasses numerous forging techniques, including
bending, extruding, cold drawing and cold heading
➢ However, this increased versatility comes at a cost, because cold forging
requires more powerful equipment

5. Forging Process Categories
● Beyond basic hot and cold forging, many specific processes exist
● This broad range of processes can be grouped into three primary umbrella
groups
○ Draw forming decreases the width of the product and increases length
○ Upset forging increases the width of the products and decreases length
○ Compression forming provides forging flow in multiple or customized
directions
● These three categories entail many different specific types of forging

6. Closed Die Forging Process
● Closed die forging, sometimes called impression die forging, employs the use
of molds
● These molds are attached to an anvil while a hammer forces molten metal to
flow into the cavities of the die
● Multiple strikes and/or die cavities are often used when forging complex
geometries
● High initial tooling costs make closed die forging expensive for short-run
operations
● This forging process becomes cost-effective as parts produced increases

7. Open Die Forging Process
● Open-die forging is also known smith forging
● When flat dies that have no precut profiles engage in forging, the process is
called open die forging
● The open design allows the metal to flow everywhere except where it touches
the die
● Therefore the operator needs to orient and position the workpiece to get the
desired shape
● Open die forging is an important technique for many types of
manufacturing.

8. Press Forging
● In press forging, the main forming factor is compression
● he metal sits on a stationary die while a compression die applies continuous
pressure, achieving the desired shape
● The metal's contact time with the dies is considerably longer than other types
of forging
● This forging process benefits from being able to simultaneously deform the
entire product, as opposed to a localized section
● Another benefit of press forging is the ability of the manufacturer to monitor
and control the specific compression rate

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