2. MONISM
• Introduced in the 18th century
• Only one fundamental kind of thing in the universe
• mind and brain are separate
• Two sorts of definitions for monism:
• The wide definition
• The restricted definition
3. IDEALISM
• A diverse group of metaphysical views which all assert
that "reality" is in some way indistinguishable
• The theory holds that only minds and ideas exist.
• There are no material objects, but physical objects do
exist.
• There are two basic forms of idealism
• metaphysical idealism
• epistemological idealism
4. OCCASIONALISM
• A creation philosophy who holds that produced things cannot be
effective causes of events
• It accepts the dualism of body and mind but rejects the causal
connection between the two.
• all interaction between mind and body is mediated by God.
• God keeps the idea of direct contact alive.
5. SUBJECTIVISM
• Is the belief that our own mental activity is the only undeniable fact of
our experience
• Is that philosophical position according to which knowledge is always a
knowledge of ideas.
• There is no objective reality existing independently of mind.
• In Berkeley’s view, all our thoughts, passions, ideas exist within the
mind.
6. PHYSICALISM
• Is the metaphysical thesis that everything is physical
• everything supervenes on the physical.
• Physicalism is closely related to materialism.
• there is only one fundamental kind of thing in the
universe: physical things.
• Physical states are more fundamental than mental states.
