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psychology-personality-development-module 2.pdf
1. Module 2: The Philosophical
View of the Self
Aubrey-Ann L. Florencio, MSP
2. In This Lesson
•Explore the meaning of the self according to philosophy;
•Identify some philosophers who discourse about the
concept of the self;
•Evaluate the different philosophical perspectives of the self;
•Distinguish and recognize the various views of philosophers
about the self;
•Watch some videos to build and reinforce their
understanding of their philosophical self; and
•Write a re
fl
ection paper discussing their philosophy of self
4. Philosophy is a branch of study that seeks to explore
fundamental questions about the nature of reality,
knowledge, existence, ethics, and values
Philosophy is a critical and systematic approach to inquiry
that involves the use of reason, logic, and rigorous
argumentation to clarify concepts, evaluate arguments, and
arrive at reasoned conclusions.
Philosophy also involves a commitment to open-
mindedness, intellectual curiosity, and a willingness to engage
with ideas that may challenge one's own beliefs and
assumptions.
5. Branches of Philosophy
(1) Metaphysics (the study of existence);
(2) Epistemology (the study of our method of acquisition of knowledge);
(3) Logic (the science of good and correct reasoning);
(4) Social philosophy (a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of
society, human relationships, and the social and political structures that
govern them);
(5) Political philosophy (an area of philosophy dealing with politics and
government);
(6) Aesthetics (a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the nature of
beauty and artistic experience); and
(7) Ethics (an area of study dealing with the proper course of action or
conduct of man).
6. Philosophical Views of the Self
•Dualism is the belief that the self encompasses two
distinct parts: the mind and the body.
•Personal identity is the belief that one is a continuous
and persistent entity that exists over time.
•Self-constructivism is the belief that an individual's
experiences, interactions, and the cultural and social
context in which they live construct and shape the self.
•Materialism is the view that the self is entirely physical
and can be reduced to the workings of the brain and
other bodily systems.
• Idealism: is the view that the self is purely mental or
spiritual in nature and that physical reality is either an
illusion or a product of mental activity.
•Existentialism is the view that the self is de
fi
ned by the
individual's choices, actions, and experiences.
•In Buddhism, the self is seen as an illusion or a product
of the individual's perceptions and experiences.
8. Socrates (c.469/470-399 BCE)
•Socrates' view of the self is centered on the
idea of self-knowledge and self-examination.
•Socrates believed that the self is not a
fi
xed
entity, but rather it is constantly evolving and
changing.
•One of Socrates' most famous statements is
"The only thing I know is that I know nothing."
•Socrates also believed that the pursuit of
virtue is the key to achieving happiness and
ful
fi
llment.
•According to Socrates, the pursuit of
material wealth or pleasure is ultimately
empty and unsatisfying, and true happiness
can only be achieved through the cultivation
of moral and intellectual virtues.
9. Plato (c.428/427-348/347 BCE)
•Plato believed in the duality of human nature,
with the body being mortal and the soul being
eternal and divine.
•Plato also believed that the soul has three
components: the rational, spirited, and
appetitive.
•According to Plato, true wisdom cannot be
attained through the senses, and all learning and
knowledge is a recollection of the knowledge that
the divine soul possessed before it inhabited the
body.
•Plato's philosophy of the self emphasizes the
importance of the soul over the body, the pursuit
of wisdom and knowledge, and the achievement
of balance and harmony within oneself
10. ARISTOTLE(384-322 BC)
•Aristotle believed that the universal (Idea, form,
essence) only exists in the particular, not separate
from it. He rejected Plato's theory of Forms
•In terms of the self, Aristotle believed that the soul is
uni
fi
ed, single, and indivisible.
•According to Aristotle, the self is not a distinct
entity, but rather a set of capacities and functions
that arise from the physical and psychological
characteristics of an individual.
•For Aristotle, the self is closely tied to the concept
of "soul" or "psyche," which he believed was the
animating principle of all living things.
•Aristotle believed that the rational soul is what
distinguishes humans from other animals, and that it
is closely tied to the concept of "virtue." Virtue, for
Aristotle, is a set of habits and dispositions that
enable individuals to live a good life.
11. ST. AUGUSTINE (November 13,
354-August 28, 430)
•St. Augustine's view of the self is deeply in
fl
uenced
by his Christian faith, and his writings on the subject
are often framed within a religious context.
•For Augustine, the self is an entity that is in a
constant state of con
fl
ict between two opposing
forces: the desires of the
fl
esh and the desires of the
spirit.
•Augustine believed that the human soul is immortal
and that it is created in the image of God.
•Augustine's view of the self is closely tied to his
concept of "the will," which he believed is the seat of
human freedom and the ability to choose between
good and evil.
•According to Augustine, the pursuit of knowledge
and wisdom is important for the development of the
self, but he believed that true knowledge can only be
achieved through faith in God.
12. ST. TOMAS AQUINAS (1225-
March 7, 1274)
•St. Thomas Aquinas, a medieval philosopher and
theologian, believed that the self is a unity of
body and soul, and that the soul is the principle
of life and activity within the human person.
•Aquinas also believed that the self is
fundamentally oriented towards the pursuit of
goodness, truth, and beauty, which he saw as
re
fl
ections of the divine nature of God.
•According to Aquinas, the pursuit of knowledge
and understanding is not only essential for the
development of the self, but it is also the means
by which human beings come to know God.
•Aquinas also believed that human beings are
social creatures, and that the development of the
self is intimately tied to our relationships with
others. nced and virtuous self.
13. RENE DESCARTES
(MARCH 31, 1596-FEBRUARY 11, 1650)
•Descartes' view of the self is based on
mind-body dualism, which posits that the
mind and body are separate substances.
•The self is identical to the mind, which is
the seat of consciousness and is superior
to the body because it is indivisible,
unlike the divisible body.
•Descartes famously claimed, "I think,
therefore I am" (cogito, ergo sum), which
he believed was the only certain
knowledge one could have, as even
doubting one's own existence proves that
one exists as a thinking thing.
14. JOHN LOCKE (AUGUST 29, 1632-
OCTOBER 28, 1704)
•John Locke's view of the self, as re
fl
ected
in his theory of tabula rasa, holds that the
mind is a blank slate at birth, and all
knowledge and understanding come from
our experiences through our senses.
According to Locke, a person is a
"thinking intelligent Being" with reason and
re
fl
ection, who considers itself as the
same "thinking thing" in different times and
places.
•Personal identity, for Locke, is the
sameness of rational being, which is
determined by consciousness extending
backward to any past action or thought.
15. DAVID HUME (APRIL 26, 1711)-
AUGUST 25, 1776)
•Hume argues that there is no
permanent, enduring self that
persists over time, but rather a
constantly changing bundle of
perceptions and experiences.
•He also argues that our belief
in a permanent, enduring self
is based on habit and custom
ra t h e r t h a n re a s o n o r
empirical evidence.
16. IMMANUEL KANT (April 22, 1724-
February 12, 1804)
Kant’s view of the self is rooted in his broader
philosophical framework, emphasize the
importance of reason and the limits of human
knowledge.
• Kant distinguished between two aspects of the
self: the empirical self and the transcendental
self. The empirical self is the self as it appears to
us through our senses and introspection. The
transcendental self, on the other hand, is the self
that is required for all experience. It is the self
that is necessary for us to have any kind of
awareness or consciousness of the world around
us. According to Kant, the transcendental self is
not a thing or an object, but a necessary
condition for all human experience.
17. GILBERT RYLE (1900-1976),a
British Philosopher
Rejected the concept of a non- physical self
and sought to solve the mind-body problem
by arguing that there is no mind-body dualism.
He He famously used the phrase "ghost in the
machine" to describe the dualist view of the
self, suggesting that it is an error to think of
the mind as a non-physical entity that inhabits
and interacts with a mechanical body.
The self is not a thing that exists
independently of behavior, but rather is
identi
fi
ed through the patterns of behavior
that people exhibit.
18. Paul Churchland (b. 1942)
Patricia Churchland (b.1943)
•The Churchlands are known for their view that
the self can be explained in terms of brain
activity.
•According to the Churchlands, our awareness,
memory, creativity, reactions, and perception of
our surroundings are all the result of neural
activity in the brain.
•The Churchlands argue that reality is determined
by what occurs objectively and how our brains
interpret what occurs subjectively.
•Genetic, psychological, and cultural factors all
contribute to the formation of the self. However,
the Churchlands argue that ultimately, the brain
is the self. By understanding the workings of the
brain, we can gain insight into what makes us who
we are.
19. Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961)
•Merleau-Ponty's view of the self is grounded in
the concept of "embodied subjectivity."
•According to Merleau-Ponty, perception is not
simply a matter of receiving sensory data and
processing it in the brain, but rather it is an
embodied and active engagement with the world.
•The body, for Merleau-Ponty, is a lived body or
a "body-subject" that experiences the world and
shapes its own sense of self through this
experience.
•In this view, the self is not an entity that exists
independently of the body and the world but is
an embodied subjectivity that arises from the
dynamic and interactive relationship between
the body, the world, and the mind.
