Have you ever heard of the hyperdirect pathway?
I hadn't
Check out my Basal Ganglia teaching presentation, a review of the pathways and their relation to Parkinson's
This document provides an overview of localizing neurological lesions, including definitions of key terms like the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It describes various motor and sensory pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Conditions covered include the corticospinal system, stroke syndromes, multiple sclerosis, cerebellar syndrome, and motor neuron disease. For each, the causes, signs, investigations, and management are summarized. Clinical case scenarios are also provided to help localize neurological lesions.
The document summarizes somatic sensory and motor pathways in the human body. It describes two main somatic sensory pathways - the posterior column pathway and anterolateral pathway - which carry different sensory signals from receptors to the cortex via three neurons. It also outlines the direct corticospinal and corticobulbar motor pathways that transmit signals from the motor cortex to skeletal muscles and cranial nerve motor nuclei respectively, to initiate voluntary movement.
This document discusses various levels and states of consciousness including conscious, nonconscious, preconscious, unconscious, and subconscious levels. It also discusses sleep as a state of consciousness characterized by reduced awareness and circadian rhythms. The stages of sleep including alpha waves during onset, theta waves in stage 1, sleep spindles in stage 2, delta waves in slow wave sleep stages 3 and 4, and dreams occurring during rapid eye movement sleep are outlined. Common sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors, and somnambulism are also summarized. Finally, the document reviews psychoactive drugs and their effects on consciousness as well as healthier ways to alter consciousness through meditation and hypnosis.
This document summarizes several disorders of the basal ganglia. It discusses Parkinson's disease, which results from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. Symptoms include hypokinetic features like akinesia and hyperkinetic features like rigidity and tremors. It also describes chorea, athetosis, kernicterus, Huntington's disease, hemiballism, and Wilson's disease - each involving damage to different parts of the basal ganglia and resulting in varying movement-related symptoms. Treatment options focused on dopamine replacement or neurosurgery to restore output balance in the basal ganglia circuits.
This document summarizes different types of memory. It describes short-term memory which lasts seconds to minutes, intermediate long-term memory which lasts days to weeks, and long-term memory which can last years. The mechanisms of each are explained, such as synaptic facilitation and structural changes involved in long-term memory formation. Learning is defined as the acquisition of knowledge through experience and instruction, and rewards/punishments are believed to be involved in many types of learning.
1. The document discusses several ways that neuroscientists study the brain and its connections to behavior, including through cases of brain injury, EEG, PET scans, and MRI images.
2. It describes different parts of the brain including the brainstem, cerebellum, limbic system, and cerebral cortex, assigning specific functions to regions like the frontal lobes, parietal lobes, hippocampus, and amygdala.
3. Split brain experiments are discussed as revealing different functions of the left and right hemispheres, and the concept of "dual processing" between conscious and unconscious thoughts is introduced.
The brainstem located at the base of the brain controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate. It includes the medulla, pons, and reticular formation. The limbic system including the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus controls emotion, learning, memory and motivation. The cortex has four lobes - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal - and is highly folded to fit its large surface area inside the skull.
This document provides information about neurons, the nervous system, and how neuroscientists study the brain. It discusses key topics including:
- How neurons transmit information via electrical and chemical signals.
- The main divisions of the nervous system including the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
- How the endocrine system uses hormones to transmit messages throughout the body in a slower manner than the nervous system uses neurotransmitters.
- Different techniques and tools neuroscientists use to observe the brain and study connections between brain structure/function and behavior.
This document provides an overview of localizing neurological lesions, including definitions of key terms like the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It describes various motor and sensory pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Conditions covered include the corticospinal system, stroke syndromes, multiple sclerosis, cerebellar syndrome, and motor neuron disease. For each, the causes, signs, investigations, and management are summarized. Clinical case scenarios are also provided to help localize neurological lesions.
The document summarizes somatic sensory and motor pathways in the human body. It describes two main somatic sensory pathways - the posterior column pathway and anterolateral pathway - which carry different sensory signals from receptors to the cortex via three neurons. It also outlines the direct corticospinal and corticobulbar motor pathways that transmit signals from the motor cortex to skeletal muscles and cranial nerve motor nuclei respectively, to initiate voluntary movement.
This document discusses various levels and states of consciousness including conscious, nonconscious, preconscious, unconscious, and subconscious levels. It also discusses sleep as a state of consciousness characterized by reduced awareness and circadian rhythms. The stages of sleep including alpha waves during onset, theta waves in stage 1, sleep spindles in stage 2, delta waves in slow wave sleep stages 3 and 4, and dreams occurring during rapid eye movement sleep are outlined. Common sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors, and somnambulism are also summarized. Finally, the document reviews psychoactive drugs and their effects on consciousness as well as healthier ways to alter consciousness through meditation and hypnosis.
This document summarizes several disorders of the basal ganglia. It discusses Parkinson's disease, which results from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. Symptoms include hypokinetic features like akinesia and hyperkinetic features like rigidity and tremors. It also describes chorea, athetosis, kernicterus, Huntington's disease, hemiballism, and Wilson's disease - each involving damage to different parts of the basal ganglia and resulting in varying movement-related symptoms. Treatment options focused on dopamine replacement or neurosurgery to restore output balance in the basal ganglia circuits.
This document summarizes different types of memory. It describes short-term memory which lasts seconds to minutes, intermediate long-term memory which lasts days to weeks, and long-term memory which can last years. The mechanisms of each are explained, such as synaptic facilitation and structural changes involved in long-term memory formation. Learning is defined as the acquisition of knowledge through experience and instruction, and rewards/punishments are believed to be involved in many types of learning.
1. The document discusses several ways that neuroscientists study the brain and its connections to behavior, including through cases of brain injury, EEG, PET scans, and MRI images.
2. It describes different parts of the brain including the brainstem, cerebellum, limbic system, and cerebral cortex, assigning specific functions to regions like the frontal lobes, parietal lobes, hippocampus, and amygdala.
3. Split brain experiments are discussed as revealing different functions of the left and right hemispheres, and the concept of "dual processing" between conscious and unconscious thoughts is introduced.
The brainstem located at the base of the brain controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate. It includes the medulla, pons, and reticular formation. The limbic system including the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus controls emotion, learning, memory and motivation. The cortex has four lobes - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal - and is highly folded to fit its large surface area inside the skull.
This document provides information about neurons, the nervous system, and how neuroscientists study the brain. It discusses key topics including:
- How neurons transmit information via electrical and chemical signals.
- The main divisions of the nervous system including the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
- How the endocrine system uses hormones to transmit messages throughout the body in a slower manner than the nervous system uses neurotransmitters.
- Different techniques and tools neuroscientists use to observe the brain and study connections between brain structure/function and behavior.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that affects movement. It results from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, disrupting the basal ganglia pathway and leading to motor symptoms like tremors and rigidity. Conventional treatments include levodopa/carbidopa to replace dopamine and dopamine agonists, while surgical options are thalamotomy, pallidotomy, and deep brain stimulation. Experimental treatments involve transplanting fetal dopamine neurons, autologous precursor cells, or retinal pigmented epithelial cells to replace lost cells, though risks remain.
Parkinsonism is a neurological syndrome characterized by tremors, slowed movement, rigidity, and impaired posture and balance. It is caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. Parkinsonism occurs in Parkinson's disease but can be caused by other neurological conditions and toxins as well. Symptoms are treated with levodopa/carbidopa to increase dopamine levels or dopamine agonists, though these drugs can cause side effects like nausea, dizziness, and hallucinations. Diagnosis involves neurological exams and tests like MRI and bloodwork to evaluate motor and non-motor symptoms.
This document summarizes the functions of different parts of the brain and nervous system. It discusses the roles of the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes in functions like movement, language, memory, emotion and vision. It also describes the basal ganglia, autonomic nervous system, limbic system and various neurotransmitters involved in diseases like Parkinson's, schizophrenia and anxiety disorders. Finally, it briefly outlines the roles of amino acids and neuropeptides in the brain.
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It controls all voluntary and involuntary functions through electrical and chemical signals transmitted along neurons. When the nervous system is damaged or malfunctions due to issues like trauma, overactivity, or underactivity, interventions can include blocking overactive pathways, stimulating underperforming pathways, or promoting neuronal growth.
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system and its disorders. It begins by defining the autonomic nervous system and dividing it into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It then discusses methods of assessing autonomic function, including heart rate variation tests, Valsalva maneuver, quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test, and sympathetic skin response. Next, it covers autonomic disorders like reflex syncope, postural tachycardia syndrome, and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Finally, it discusses autonomic storms and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, which result from excessive autonomic outflow.
The document discusses sleep needs at different ages, sleep disorders, circadian rhythms, and the stages of sleep. Infants need 12-18 hours of sleep per night, children ages 5-10 need 10-11 hours, and teens and adults need 8-9 hours and 7-9 hours respectively. Sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, REM sleep behavior disorder, restless legs syndrome, and narcolepsy. Circadian rhythms regulate the sleep-wake cycle through exposure to light and darkness. Sleep cycles through NREM and REM stages with different brain wave patterns in each stage.
Isabella thoburn college neural mechanism of sleepMadeeha Zaidi
Sleep is regulated by two main mechanisms - sleep homeostasis and circadian rhythms. Sleep homeostasis refers to the increasing need for sleep driven by a buildup of adenosine in the brain throughout periods of wakefulness. Circadian rhythms refer to the approximately 24 hour cycles in physiology and behavior driven by the brain's biological clock in the hypothalamus, which is synchronized to light/dark cycles. Disruptions to these mechanisms can cause sleep disorders like jet lag. Neural control of sleep involves both sleep-promoting and wake-promoting areas. Key sleep-promoting areas include the basal forebrain, raphe nucleus, and ventrolateral preoptic area. Key wake-promoting areas include the brainstem
Parkinson's disease is caused by the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which leads to reduced dopamine in the corpus striatum. The substantia nigra contains dopaminergic neurons that project to and modulate activity in the striatum. Damage to these neurons in Parkinson's disease results in less dopamine signaling in the striatum and overproduction of acetylcholine by striatal neurons. Common drug treatments for Parkinson's include levodopa, dopamine agonists, NMDA antagonists, MAO-B inhibitors, COMT inhibitors, and anticholinergic drugs.
This document discusses epilepsy and anti-convulsant drugs. It defines epilepsy as a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Some common causes include genetic factors, head trauma, and drug abuse. During a seizure, abnormal electrical activity occurs in the brain due to imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters like glutamate and GABA. There are two main types of seizures - generalized seizures which affect the whole brain, and partial seizures which affect one area. The document then outlines several classes of anti-convulsant drugs like barbiturates, hydantoins, benzodiazepines, and succinamides. It explains their mechanisms of action such as enhancing GABA inhibition or prolonging sodium channel inactivation
This document provides an overview of key topics related to consciousness and altered states, including levels of consciousness, sleep and dreaming, hypnosis, psychoactive drugs, and their effects. It covers circadian rhythms and the purpose of sleep, the stages of sleep including REM and NREM sleep, as well as common sleep disorders. It also discusses theories of dreaming, physical and psychological drug dependence, stimulants and depressants, hallucinogens, and the risks of alcohol, narcotics, and marijuana.
1. The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that integrate motor, cognitive, and limbic functions through loops with the cerebral cortex and thalamus.
2. The basal ganglia receive input from the entire cerebral cortex and influence muscle movement through outputs to the thalamus and motor cortex.
3. Disorders of the basal ganglia can result in hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movement disorders like Parkinson's disease, which involves reduced dopamine in circuits regulating voluntary movement.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that play an important role in motor control and cognition. They include the striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and influence motor and cognitive functions through output to the thalamus and brainstem. Disorders of the basal ganglia can cause hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movement disorders like dystonia, chorea, and Parkinson's disease.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that are involved in motor control and cognition. They include the striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex and influence motor and cognitive functions through output to the thalamus and brainstem. Disorders that affect the basal ganglia like Parkinson's disease are characterized by tremor, rigidity, and slowed movement due to dopamine deficiency in the substantia nigra-striatal pathway. Other disorders include chorea, athetosis, hemiballismus, and Wilson's disease.
The basal ganglia consist of several structures including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. They are located within the cerebral hemispheres and are involved in motor control and cognition. Two main circuits exist - the putamen circuit for executing movements and the caudate circuit for cognitive motor control. Diseases that impact the basal ganglia like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from dysfunction of neurotransmitter pathways and can cause both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. Common treatments involve replacing dopamine or modifying basal ganglia circuitry.
This document provides information about the basal ganglia:
1. It describes the functional anatomy of the basal ganglia, including its major components like the corpus striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra.
2. It discusses the afferent and efferent connections of the basal ganglia, including corticostriatal and nigrostriatal pathways.
3. It explains some of the functions of the basal ganglia like planning and controlling complex movements, and roles in conditions like Parkinson's disease.
Functional Anatomy & physiology of the Basal nucleiRafid Rashid
Provides a good description of the functional anatomy & physiology of the basal nuclei/ basal ganglia for undergraduate medical students. It also describes disorders of the basal ganglia like parkinsonism & chorea.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei located at the base of the forebrain that help control posture and voluntary movement. They include the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia have direct and indirect pathways that use GABA and glutamate to influence motor, cognitive, and emotional functions through closed loops with the cortex and thalamus.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons. They are produced in neuron cell bodies, stored in vesicles, and released into the synaptic cleft upon neuronal stimulation. Common neurotransmitters include acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, and endorphins. Neurotransmitters play important roles in functions like movement, cognition, mood, sleep, and pain perception. Imbalances can result in conditions such as depression, anxiety, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons. There are several major neurotransmitter systems, including acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, and endorphins. Each neurotransmitter has a distinct function, such as regulating mood, movement, learning, sleep, and pain. Imbalances in neurotransmitter systems can lead to neurological and psychiatric disorders.
This document provides information about obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It discusses the prevalence of OCD, noting it has a lifetime prevalence of 1.6% and typically has an onset in late adolescence/early adulthood. It is usually chronic and equally affects both genders. The document also examines the pathology of OCD, including increased activity in brain regions like the basal ganglia, orbitofrontal cortex, and thalamus. Signs and symptoms include obsessions, compulsions, and repetitive behaviors. Treatments discussed are cognitive behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy using SSRIs, and psychosurgery for severe cases.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that affects movement. It results from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, disrupting the basal ganglia pathway and leading to motor symptoms like tremors and rigidity. Conventional treatments include levodopa/carbidopa to replace dopamine and dopamine agonists, while surgical options are thalamotomy, pallidotomy, and deep brain stimulation. Experimental treatments involve transplanting fetal dopamine neurons, autologous precursor cells, or retinal pigmented epithelial cells to replace lost cells, though risks remain.
Parkinsonism is a neurological syndrome characterized by tremors, slowed movement, rigidity, and impaired posture and balance. It is caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. Parkinsonism occurs in Parkinson's disease but can be caused by other neurological conditions and toxins as well. Symptoms are treated with levodopa/carbidopa to increase dopamine levels or dopamine agonists, though these drugs can cause side effects like nausea, dizziness, and hallucinations. Diagnosis involves neurological exams and tests like MRI and bloodwork to evaluate motor and non-motor symptoms.
This document summarizes the functions of different parts of the brain and nervous system. It discusses the roles of the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes in functions like movement, language, memory, emotion and vision. It also describes the basal ganglia, autonomic nervous system, limbic system and various neurotransmitters involved in diseases like Parkinson's, schizophrenia and anxiety disorders. Finally, it briefly outlines the roles of amino acids and neuropeptides in the brain.
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It controls all voluntary and involuntary functions through electrical and chemical signals transmitted along neurons. When the nervous system is damaged or malfunctions due to issues like trauma, overactivity, or underactivity, interventions can include blocking overactive pathways, stimulating underperforming pathways, or promoting neuronal growth.
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system and its disorders. It begins by defining the autonomic nervous system and dividing it into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It then discusses methods of assessing autonomic function, including heart rate variation tests, Valsalva maneuver, quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test, and sympathetic skin response. Next, it covers autonomic disorders like reflex syncope, postural tachycardia syndrome, and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Finally, it discusses autonomic storms and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, which result from excessive autonomic outflow.
The document discusses sleep needs at different ages, sleep disorders, circadian rhythms, and the stages of sleep. Infants need 12-18 hours of sleep per night, children ages 5-10 need 10-11 hours, and teens and adults need 8-9 hours and 7-9 hours respectively. Sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, REM sleep behavior disorder, restless legs syndrome, and narcolepsy. Circadian rhythms regulate the sleep-wake cycle through exposure to light and darkness. Sleep cycles through NREM and REM stages with different brain wave patterns in each stage.
Isabella thoburn college neural mechanism of sleepMadeeha Zaidi
Sleep is regulated by two main mechanisms - sleep homeostasis and circadian rhythms. Sleep homeostasis refers to the increasing need for sleep driven by a buildup of adenosine in the brain throughout periods of wakefulness. Circadian rhythms refer to the approximately 24 hour cycles in physiology and behavior driven by the brain's biological clock in the hypothalamus, which is synchronized to light/dark cycles. Disruptions to these mechanisms can cause sleep disorders like jet lag. Neural control of sleep involves both sleep-promoting and wake-promoting areas. Key sleep-promoting areas include the basal forebrain, raphe nucleus, and ventrolateral preoptic area. Key wake-promoting areas include the brainstem
Parkinson's disease is caused by the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which leads to reduced dopamine in the corpus striatum. The substantia nigra contains dopaminergic neurons that project to and modulate activity in the striatum. Damage to these neurons in Parkinson's disease results in less dopamine signaling in the striatum and overproduction of acetylcholine by striatal neurons. Common drug treatments for Parkinson's include levodopa, dopamine agonists, NMDA antagonists, MAO-B inhibitors, COMT inhibitors, and anticholinergic drugs.
This document discusses epilepsy and anti-convulsant drugs. It defines epilepsy as a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Some common causes include genetic factors, head trauma, and drug abuse. During a seizure, abnormal electrical activity occurs in the brain due to imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters like glutamate and GABA. There are two main types of seizures - generalized seizures which affect the whole brain, and partial seizures which affect one area. The document then outlines several classes of anti-convulsant drugs like barbiturates, hydantoins, benzodiazepines, and succinamides. It explains their mechanisms of action such as enhancing GABA inhibition or prolonging sodium channel inactivation
This document provides an overview of key topics related to consciousness and altered states, including levels of consciousness, sleep and dreaming, hypnosis, psychoactive drugs, and their effects. It covers circadian rhythms and the purpose of sleep, the stages of sleep including REM and NREM sleep, as well as common sleep disorders. It also discusses theories of dreaming, physical and psychological drug dependence, stimulants and depressants, hallucinogens, and the risks of alcohol, narcotics, and marijuana.
1. The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that integrate motor, cognitive, and limbic functions through loops with the cerebral cortex and thalamus.
2. The basal ganglia receive input from the entire cerebral cortex and influence muscle movement through outputs to the thalamus and motor cortex.
3. Disorders of the basal ganglia can result in hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movement disorders like Parkinson's disease, which involves reduced dopamine in circuits regulating voluntary movement.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that play an important role in motor control and cognition. They include the striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and influence motor and cognitive functions through output to the thalamus and brainstem. Disorders of the basal ganglia can cause hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movement disorders like dystonia, chorea, and Parkinson's disease.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that are involved in motor control and cognition. They include the striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex and influence motor and cognitive functions through output to the thalamus and brainstem. Disorders that affect the basal ganglia like Parkinson's disease are characterized by tremor, rigidity, and slowed movement due to dopamine deficiency in the substantia nigra-striatal pathway. Other disorders include chorea, athetosis, hemiballismus, and Wilson's disease.
The basal ganglia consist of several structures including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. They are located within the cerebral hemispheres and are involved in motor control and cognition. Two main circuits exist - the putamen circuit for executing movements and the caudate circuit for cognitive motor control. Diseases that impact the basal ganglia like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from dysfunction of neurotransmitter pathways and can cause both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. Common treatments involve replacing dopamine or modifying basal ganglia circuitry.
This document provides information about the basal ganglia:
1. It describes the functional anatomy of the basal ganglia, including its major components like the corpus striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra.
2. It discusses the afferent and efferent connections of the basal ganglia, including corticostriatal and nigrostriatal pathways.
3. It explains some of the functions of the basal ganglia like planning and controlling complex movements, and roles in conditions like Parkinson's disease.
Functional Anatomy & physiology of the Basal nucleiRafid Rashid
Provides a good description of the functional anatomy & physiology of the basal nuclei/ basal ganglia for undergraduate medical students. It also describes disorders of the basal ganglia like parkinsonism & chorea.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei located at the base of the forebrain that help control posture and voluntary movement. They include the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia have direct and indirect pathways that use GABA and glutamate to influence motor, cognitive, and emotional functions through closed loops with the cortex and thalamus.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons. They are produced in neuron cell bodies, stored in vesicles, and released into the synaptic cleft upon neuronal stimulation. Common neurotransmitters include acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, and endorphins. Neurotransmitters play important roles in functions like movement, cognition, mood, sleep, and pain perception. Imbalances can result in conditions such as depression, anxiety, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons. There are several major neurotransmitter systems, including acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, and endorphins. Each neurotransmitter has a distinct function, such as regulating mood, movement, learning, sleep, and pain. Imbalances in neurotransmitter systems can lead to neurological and psychiatric disorders.
This document provides information about obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It discusses the prevalence of OCD, noting it has a lifetime prevalence of 1.6% and typically has an onset in late adolescence/early adulthood. It is usually chronic and equally affects both genders. The document also examines the pathology of OCD, including increased activity in brain regions like the basal ganglia, orbitofrontal cortex, and thalamus. Signs and symptoms include obsessions, compulsions, and repetitive behaviors. Treatments discussed are cognitive behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy using SSRIs, and psychosurgery for severe cases.
The basal ganglia comprise multiple subcortical nuclei that primarily function to regulate motor control. They include the corpus striatum, made up of the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus (containing the putamen and globus pallidus). The basal ganglia nuclei are connected in direct and indirect pathways that facilitate movement. The direct pathway stimulates movement via the globus pallidus internus, while the indirect pathway inhibits movement via the globus pallidus externus and subthalamus. Dopamine stimulates the direct pathway while acetylcholine stimulates the indirect pathway. Basal ganglia disorders result from imbalances in these pathways, such as Parkinson's disease from reduced dopamine signaling.
The basal ganglia function in close association with the cerebral cortex to facilitate motor control and learning. They receive input from widespread areas of the cortex and have direct and indirect pathways that utilize GABA and dopamine to balance movement. Disruption of this balance, as seen in Parkinson's disease due to dopamine deficiency, results in both hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement abnormalities. The cerebellum integrates sensory information to coordinate proprioception, balance, and fine motor control through connections with deep nuclei and brainstem.
The basal ganglia are subcortical structures that include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. They are involved in motor control and cognition. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex via three pathways and influence motor and non-motor functions through direct, indirect, and hyperdirect pathways that modulate thalamic output. Disorders of the basal ganglia can cause hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movement disorders. Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of the direct pathway leading to bradykinesia and rigidity. Psychiatric issues commonly occur in basal ganglia disorders like depression in Parkinson's disease.
The basal nuclei, also known as basal ganglia, are clusters of gray matter deep within the cerebral hemispheres. They include the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus. Together with nearby structures like the substantia nigra and subthalamic nuclei, the basal nuclei help control muscle tone, voluntary and involuntary motor activity, reflexes, associated movements, and arousal through neuronal circuits with motor areas of the cortex. Dysfunctions of the basal nuclei can lead to movement disorders like Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Tourette syndrome.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that play an essential role in motor control. They include the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia regulate movement through direct and indirect pathways that have opposing effects on thalamocortical outflow. Dysfunction of the basal ganglia can lead to movement disorders like Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.
This document summarizes the basal ganglia pathways and their role in movement. It discusses how the direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways use disinhibition to facilitate or suppress movement. The direct pathway disinhibits thalamic output to motor cortex to initiate movement, while the indirect pathway reinforces inhibition. Dopamine regulates the pathways by exciting D1 receptors on the direct pathway and inhibiting D2 receptors on the indirect pathway. Parkinson's disease results from dopamine loss, preventing direct pathway activation and movement. Huntington's disease involves indirect pathway degeneration, removing suppression of movement.
Extrapyramidal system.pdf very good detailssudaisahmad16
The extrapyramidal system is a neural network located in the brain that is part of the motor system and centers around the indirect control of movement. It responds to purposive, nonvoluntary movements and regulates muscle tone. The basal ganglia are nuclei that are part of complex regulatory circuits connected to the motor cortex and exert excitatory and inhibitory effects on movement and muscle tone. Lesions can cause excess or deficiency of movement. Parkinson's disease is the most common basal ganglia disease.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive movement disorder that impairs functions of the nervous system. It causes nerve cells in the substantia nigra to die, reducing dopamine and impairing messages between the brain and body. This leads to classic Parkinson's symptoms like tremors, slow movement, muscle stiffness, and balance and coordination problems. Over one million Americans suffer from Parkinson's as it has no cure and only worsens over time.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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1. The Basal Ganglia and
Parkinson’s Disease
Ellena Farrow
April 2018
Band 5 Physiotherapist, Addenbrooke’s Hospital
2. Anatomy
• Caudate and putamen also known as striatum
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia
3. Function
• Predominantly involved in movement
• Also roles in cognition and emotions
• Activity of basal ganglia influence activity in other
areas of the brain
• Different circuits (pathways) that promote and inhibit
movement
• Initially thought there were 2 pathways (direct and
indirect).
4. Components and functions
• Striatum: I send inhibitory signals to the globus pallidus
and the substantia nigra.
• Substantia Nigra and Globus Pallidus: We also send
inhibitory messages to the thalamus and the subthalamic
nucleus
• Thalamus: I send messages to the motor cortex to either
initiate or prevent movement, depending on if I’m excited
or inhibited.
• Subthalamic nucleus: The only part of the basal ganglia
with EXCITATORY neurones.
5. • Just remember- The components of the
pathways are inhibitory. They aim to prevent any
unwanted movement.
7. Direct Pathway
• When you want to move, you send an excitatory stimulus to the
striatum, increasing it’s activity
• Striatum sends increased inhibitory signals to globus pallidus and
substantia nigra
• Globus pallidus and substantia nigra fire less messages (as they have
been inhibited)
• Less inhibitory messages fired to the thalamus means it is less inhibited,
therefore it sends more stimulatory signals to the motor cortex, which in
turn initiates more movement.
9. Indirect Pathway
• Motor correct stimulates the striatum
• Striatum inhibits the external part of the globus pallidus
• Globus pallidus externus (now inhibited) therefore sends less signals to the sub
thalamic nucleus
• The sub thalamic nucleus (normally inhibited) is now inhibited less
• Subthalamic nucleus neurones become more active and stimulate the internal
segment of the globus pallidus
• Globus pallidus internus (normally inhibits the thalamus) is now more active, so
inhibits the thalamus even more.
• Thalamus now sends less stimulatory signals to motor cortex, so less muscle
activation.
10. Direct Pathway simplified
• You want to move
• Your motor cortex gets excited and sends more signals to your striatum
• Your striatum is a negative thinking friend. It’s job is to send out inhibitory
signals. By exciting it, it sends out loads more inhibitory signals.
• Your stn and gp also like to send out inhibitory signals. By pummelling them
with inhibition from the striatum, they become more inhibited, and therefore
send out less signals. (So they send LESS INHIBITORY signals to the
thalamus.
• By sending less inhibitory signals to the thalamus (thanks to the stn and gp) it
becomes more excited and sends more stimulatory signals to the motor cortex.
• Your motor cortex tells your muscles to move!
11. Indirect pathway simplified
• You want to rest
• Your motor cortex needs to stop movement, so it sends lots of signals to your striatum.
• Your striatum is still a negative thinker, so he sends lots of negative thinking inhibitory signals
• These signals reach the external part of the globus pallidus.
• The globus pallidus (external) receives all the negative vibes and becomes inhibited.
• The sub thalamic nucleus is usually lazy
• Lazy sub thalamic nucleus is receiving less lazy vibes from the inhibited globus pallidus, so he becomes
less lazy and more excited.
• The (now excited) sub thalamic nucleus stimulates the internal part of the globus pallidus (which is normally
negative and inhibits the thalamus).
• With more excited signals, the globes pallidus becomes more excited, releasing lots more inhibitory signals
for the thalamus.
• The thalamus receives the negative inhibitory signals, inhibiting it’s output to the motor context and
therefore initiating less movement.
12. The Hyperdirect Pathway: Because when
you’ve already got 2 confusing pathways,
why not add a third?
• The signals from the motor cortex bypass the striatum and head
straight to the sub thalamic nucleus
• Remember the subthalamic nucleus is excitatory.
• All the excited signals reach the internal part of the globus pallidus.
• This stimulates the globus pallidus to release more inhibitory signals
to the thalamus.
• The thalamus is now inhibited much more, sends less signals to the
motor cortex….. Movement stops.
15. Don’t panic
• In the grand scheme of physio, you don’t need to
remember all the nuclei and their functions.
• We just need to know:
• 1 pathway stimulates movement
• 1 pathway inhibits movement
• 1 pathway stops movement
• It is a balance of all of these pathways that enables most
of us to move “normally”
16. Parkinson’s
• What is it?
• Loss of dopamine neurones from the substantia
nigra
• How does it present?
• Tremor, freezing/slowed movement, cognitive
deficits, lewy body dementia.
17. Dopamine?
• Dopamine neurones are present in the
substantia nigra
• The neurones project into the striatum.
• The role of these neurones is to regulate the
pathways- They stop excessive movement in the
direct pathway and they prevent unwanted
cessation of movement in the indirect pathway.
18. Dopamine and Parkinson’s
• In Parkinson’s, the dopamine neurones are
damaged and lost
• In simple terms, without the dopamine the pathways
cannot be regulated correctly.
• Now we cannot initiate more movement in the direct
pathway and we cannot prevent an excessive
reduction in movement in the indirect pathway
• This manifests as tremor and bradykinesia.
19. • Are you still with me?
• To summarise:
• 3 Pathways- Direct, indirect, hyperdirect
• All work together to ensure we elicit the movement we actual
want and need, no more, no less.
• People with Parkinson’s are missing vital neurones that help
regulate the 3 pathways
• This leads to too much movement, too little movement or a bit
of both.
20. Does any of that information have any
relevance to me treating patients?
• Depends….
• Remember the hyperdirect pathway? Remember how it
bypasses the striatum and goes straight to the subthalamic
nucleus?
• Have you ever heard of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s
or movement disorders, to stop the unwanted movements?
• The stimulation is often applied direct to the subthalamic
nucleus. Why?
• Well, you now know why….
21. • Thanks for listening
• This presentation could not have been made without the help of the following!
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J56CFExkHgE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APXYe_P1BLA
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWAKheHlDHs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mvUDiBQbjg