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FORESTRY and Agroforestry
- 1. PUSHKARAM COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE SCIENCES FOR 111 INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY AND AGROFORESTRY (1+1) NAME : K.DURAIYARASAN HTTPS://OKE.IO/LYPCQP5Y
- 2. CULTURAL OPERATIONS CARRIED OUT IN PLANTATIONS
- 3. •In most forest plantations cultural Operations are concerned with preventing the trees and shrubs from being suppressed by competing vegetation quite often this treatment is called weeding the methods of weeding involve either suppression or elimination of the competing vegetation
- 4. CULTURAL OPERATIONS • Cultural Operations are carried out assist the crop to complete regeneration If some operation before planting or sowing is done it will also be cultural Operation No income in trun of money received in cultural Operations • Cultural Operations even involved some tending Operations Removal of saplings weeding soil working or Operations excluded in tending Operations is also involved in cultural Operations
- 5. COVER CROPS • A cover crop is meant for covering soil interspacus are not covered especially in case of light demanders Since crowns hardly touch each other the soil is eigther occupied by weed or exposed to light wind and rain So it needs protection against erosion hazard and improvement in fertility as well • For this purpose some leguminous shrubs small trees or herbs are grown but until now these is no good cover crop available in Pakistan and almost all crops complete with actual spp
- 6. NURSE CROP • These are meant for tender spp and tenderness is usually in younger age. So for this an additional crop is raised under which the actual crop is group first after which the actual crop is raised • Some spp are shaple bearing such spp are so tender that they are killed by direct sunlight Some are less shade bearing and other are more.For instance some first have open wide forest in the hill this is due to the reasons that seedlings are hypertensive but in later ages they become hardly and light demanders
- 7. PLANTATION IN FORESTRY Plapopular forest are a type of managed forest in which the trees ar planted (as opposed to naturally regenerated) of the same age and are intended to maximize the production of wood, fibre.A Hydrid popular Plantation in Columbia River Valley New forest Plantations area were reported as being established globally at the rate of 4.5 million hectares per year with Asia and South America accounting for more new plantation that the other regions of Plantations established about 3 million hectares per year were estimated as being successful of the estimated 187 million hectares of Plantations world wide in 2000
- 8. CONCEPT AND DEFINITION Between the extremes afforestation and natural generation of natural forests there is a range of forest condition in human intervations occurs Europen forests have long tradition of human intervention in site preparation tree establishment silviculture and protection yet these are not always defined as forest Plantations the traditional forest Plantation concept tends to be applied to single species uniform planting densities and even age classes terms such as “natural forest under management” or “assisted natural regeneration” are applied to stands of indigenous species in more heterogeneous management mechanism in Europe and other industrialized temperate and borealis countries
- 9. •In FRA 2000 forest Plantation are defined as those forest stands established by planting or and Seeding in the process of afforestation or reforestation they are either of introduction or indigenous species which meet a minimum are requirements of 0.5 ha tree crown cover of at least 10 percent of the land cover and total height of adult trees about 5 m
- 10. DATA COLLECTION • To retrieve the source documents for the Plantation study FAO made formal request to all developing countries some of which contributed the necessary materials most of the reports were collected directly by FAO staff during FRA 2000 work shops and visits to national ministries for consistency FRA 2000 prepared guidelines and questionnaire for the collection of forest Plantation statistics in which the objectives scope definition source of data collections were supplied to each country parameters requested include • Total estimated forest Plantation area 2000 • Annual area of new Plantation
- 11. •Species group, broadleaf (including hevea spp),conifer ,non forest like,Africa oil palm (Elavis guineensis) •Purpose and end use objectives of forest Plantation, industry,Non industry •Owner ship , public, private,other •Example: traditional, customary, unspecified
- 12. REFERENCE •BOOK • Tree cultivation book • Ecosystem good and services from Plantation forestry • Nursery and Plantation practices in Forestr