local vegetation of Pakistan presentation /local vegetation of Pakistan.

1. local vegetation of Pakistan
By :Noor Zahra

2. General introduction to Pakistan.
• Pakistan is situated in the North West part of south East Asia.
• It is located just above the equator. It lies between the latitude
of 23.45 degree and 36.75-degree north and longitude 61 and
75.5 degree east.
• About 59% area is covered by mountains and plateaus.
Whereas the plains and desert region consists of 41% area.
• Pakistan is also surrounded by three main mountain regions
the Himalayan, Karakoram and Hindukush mountain ranges.
• Pakistan is also blessed by five major rivers for the purpose of
watering. There are also small canals, some dams that provides
water to forests of Pakistan.

3. Concept of vegetation.
• In ecology the term Vegetation is applied to explain the overall
characteristics of plant cover in an area by referring to
dominant plant growth forms or structural characteristics such
as;
• Forest vegetation.
• Grassland vegetation .
• Using either colloquial or technical descriptors, e.g; desert
vegetation.
• cliff vegetation, arctic vegetation; or referring to specific plant
communities.

4. • Vegetation is an assemblage of plant species and the
ground cover they provide
• Vegetation integrates the combined impudence of a variety of
environmental factors. The main factors determining
vegetation conditions in a specific area are
• Climate: Macroclimate has a primary effect on the overall
flora – the plants that make up the vegetation.
• Organisms: The vegetation development is affected by
plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms through various
interspecies and habitat relationships
Local Vegetation.

5. • Topography: The movement of surface and soil water is
determined, and therefore the moisture and some nutrient
availability; also influences microclimate, e.g., aspect, cold air
drainage.
• Soil parent material: It has a primary influence on
moisture and nutrient conditions in the substrates within which
plants grow.
• Time: The length of development time, since either
vegetation establishment or significant disturbance of existing
vegetation, affects the characteristics of current vegetation.

6. Relationship between the climate
and vegetation of Pakistan.
• Climate and vegetation exert some degree of influence on each
other. Both climate and vegetation profoundly affect soil
development.
• The vegetation in Pakistan is divided into five categories on
the basis of climate, altitude and plant types:
• Dry tropical forest vegetation
• Dry sub-tropical sub-mountainous vegetation
• Dry Temperate forests vegetation
• Moist temperature forest vegetation
• Sub –Alpine and Alpine vegetation

7. 1:Dry Tropical Forest Vegetation.
Distribution:
• In tropical coastal area,
• Indus plan,
• Low hills of Baluchistan and Sindh.
• Their vegetation chiefly consists of xerophytes.
• The forests occur at elevation 1200-2000 ft.

8. Locality factors.
1) Climate:
• Temperatures are high The spring is hot and dry but there is
much rain in late summer up to 37 inches in the year.
• Its temperature ranges between 21-27-degree C.
• Humidity is also low in these forest regions. The humidity is
60%.
2) Soils:
• Soils are essentially like those of tropical rain forests, with
the same processes.

9. 3) Vegetation:
• The deciduousness of most tree species.
• Tree canopy is lower (10-30m).
• The trees less dense where drought is more extreme.
• The trees have thicker, more ridged, bark; deeper root.

10. 4)Diversity:
• Species diversity is invariably lower than in nearby tropical
rain forests.
• Environmental stress increases with instability (seasonality) of
the environment,
• and fewer plants and animals can generate homeostatic
mechanisms (for internal stability) to cope.
• There is still relatively high diversity on a world scale, but
most of the taxonomic groups in the dry forest are less diverse
than in the rain forest.
• Dry tropical forest is important as habitat for migratory birds
in their non-breeding season

11. 5)Plant Adaptations:
• Trees have thicker bark (anti -fire adaptation).
• Thicker and smaller leaves (antidesiccation adaptation).
• Thorns (antiherbivore adaptation).
6) Human Effects:
• The high productivity during the rainy season, coupled with
relief from rains during the dry season, makes this a favorable
environment for humans and domestic stock, so much of the
zone has been cleared and developed for pastureland as well as
agriculture.
• Dry forests vary from largely extirpated to still extensive,
depending on the geographic region, but in some regions they
are more endangered than rain forests

12. Floristic.
• The chief species are:
• Trees include Bombax cieba.
• Dalbergia sissoo.
• Cassia fistula.
• Mallotus and Acacia catechu.
• Shrubs include Adhatoda, Indigofera and Gymnosporia.
• Grasses include Heteropogon contortus.

14. Uses of Dry Tropical Forest
Vegetational plants.
• Longer roots (to reach deeper water table). The forests of
Pakistan are a main source of lumber;
• fuelwood.
• latex.
• medicine as well as human and animal food.
• Medicinal use: sissoo has many reputed medicinal
properties. It has been reported to use as aphrodisiac,
abortifacient, expectorant, anthelmintic and antipyretic. It is
used in conditions like emesis, ulcers, leucoderma, dysentery,
stomach troubles and skin diseases

15. • Other minor products include resin (a fluid in tissue of Chir
pine plant and 'mazri' (used for making baskets).
• The forests also provide for ecotourism and wildlife
conservation purposes.
• Forests have also been planted in some areas like Thal
Desert to avoid soil erosion and
further desertification Riparian zone along the river Indus
have been managed to avoid excess flooding

16. Classification of Dry tropical forests
vegetation .
• Dry Tropical Thorn Forest Vegetation
• Vegetation of Irrigated Plantation
• Vegetation of Sandy Tracts
• Vegetation of Riverian Tract and Indus Delta

17. a)Tropical thorn Forests
vegetation(Indus plain and hills).
• In upper Indus plains these forests are known as Rakh forest
• while in lower Indus plains as Desert forests.
• In open low forests in which thorny usually hard wood
species predominant.
• These trees have short bole and low branching crowns.
Regeneration occurs by root sucker.
• They are primarily used as firewood.

18. Distribution.
• These forests occur at elevation 1200 ft. The types of forest
naturally growing over the whole of Indus plain except for the
driest parts and area covered by annual inundation. They are
most widespread in;
• Small areas in southern Sindh region and coastal region of
Pakistan
• Western Baluchistan.
• Punjab plains

19. Locality factors.
1)Climate:
• Means annual temperature varies from 75 degree Fahrenheit to
80 degree Fahrenheit,
• while mean annual rainfall is 30 inch down to 5 inch with
variation from year to year
• Thorn forests, just like the name suggests, have thorny bushes
with long roots
• that assist them in staying hydrated by reaching the water
under the ground

20. 2) Soil :
• The soils upon which deciduous forests thrive are gray-brown
and brown podzols.
• They are slightly acidic and have a granular humus layer
known as mull, which is a porous mixture of organic material
and mineral soil.
• Mull humus harbours many bacteria and
invertebrate animals such as earthworm. They help them get
moisture from depths.

21. • 3) Importance of tropical forest vegetation:
• Sharp thorns protect them from animals. Their heights vary
from 6 metres to 10 metres.
• From east of west rainfall decreases and trees turn into
small thorny bushes and shrub.
• Economic Importance :
• These forests include Babul, Kikar, Khair and Haldu.
• These are hard wood trees and used in agriculture and making
of furniture, carts and charcoal

22. Floristic.
• The hills are scattered throughout the Indus plain. Some of
plants are
• Prosopis julillord ,Prosnpis cineraria
• Acacia Mimic° (kikar)
• Acacia senegal. P. euphratica
• Zizyphus mauritiana, and
• Salvadora oleoides.
• Shrub includes Calatropis procera.

23. • The wood is used for parquet floors, furniture.
• Toasted seeds are added to coffee.
• medicinal uses for this shrub. decoctions/infusions of the
leaves of this plant are used to cure fever, jaundice, edema,
and liver diseases .
• leaves uses as fodder for livestock, timber and, potentially,
fiber for making paper.
• It is also used in afforestation programs on saline soils in
desert regions, and to create windbreaks and check erosion.
The bark is reported to have antihelminthic properties.
Uses of Tropical thorn Forests
vegetational plants.

24. b)Vegetation of Riverian Tract
and Indus Delta.
• These forests occupy at least 14 million hectors and 257500
hectors are found in Pakistan, one of the 7th largest Littoral
and Swamp forests in world.
• The forest is not important from the point of view of timber
production.
• Mangrove forests are teeming with life. They are natural
habitat to a large number of insects, microorganisms, birds,
different mammals as well as snakes.
• Mangrove areas act as physical breeding grounds and nurseries
for fish, shrimp and crabs. During winters, many guest birds
from north also come to breed here. It also protects the coast
against tidal erosion

25. • Distribution:
• These forests occur at elevation 0-20 ft.
• These are more or less gregarious forests of low height which
occur in the Arabian Sea .
• around the coast of Karachi and Pasni.
• Baluchistan .
• Along the coast of Gwadar.

26. Locality Factors.
• Annual rainfall is 6-8 inches.
• Temperature varies between 24-25 degree
centigrade.
• Humidity is 75%.

27. • Economical importance Vegetation of Riverian
Tract and Indus Delta:
The economy of the delta consists of agriculture and fishing. As
of 2005, more than 140,000 hectares of land were used for
agriculture, mostly used to cultivate rice as followed
by sugarcane and wheat.
• Barley.
• gram.
• Oil.
• seeds, millet, cotton, coconut,, mango, fig,
pomegranate,, apple, peach guava and papaya are also
reportedly grown. The delta also used to have large pastures
for livestock grazing.

28. Floristic.
• The main species is Avicennia marina. Other species like
Rhizophora have disappeared over a period of time due to
heavy cutting .
• The area present around the river is called Riverian tract.
• Saccharum numja (sarkanda),
• Taunt . The tract where rive enters into sea is called delta. The
delta has forests of mangroves

29. • Uses of Vegetation of Riverian Tract and Indus Delta
plants
• Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia marina are used for
antidiabetic treatment and relieve the associated oxidative
stress.
According to latest estimates, these forests cover an area of
207,000 ha. Carious tagal is also present
Aegiceras corniculatum
• extract has analgesic properties which supports a fight
against diabetes.
• The thicker parts are used to make stools known as mooda
while the outer skin is used as thatch.
• The tuli, top half, is made into baskets and the leafy covering,
moonj, is beaten into fiber an twisted into jeverdi, rope, which
is used to web local furniture .

31. c)Vegetation of Sandy Tracts: Sandy
tract.
• Distribution:
• Thal, Cholisten and coastal tract of Makran and Sindh.
• Locality factor:
• The average rain fall in these regions is 6 -12 inches.
• 1)Soil :
• sandy soils are typically low in nutrients. This is because the
large pore space and fast drainage washes out any available
nutrients.
• 2)Temperature:
High at day time and cool at night time

32. Floristic
• Salvadoran,
• Acacia and
• Euphorbia
• E. tirucalli

33. Uses of Vegetation of Sandy Tracts
plants.
• The young branches can be roasted then chewed for sore
throat.
• The boiled root juice acts as an emetic in cases of snake bite,
and also for sterility in women.
• Caution should be observed in making medicinal preparations
of this plant due to its high toxicity.
• Poultices from the stem are applied to heal broken bones. In
Peninsular Malaysia, a poultice of the roots or stems has been
applied to ulceration of the nose, haemarrhoids and swellings.
Root scrapings, mixed with coconut oil, are given to cure
stomach-ache.

34. Economical Importance:
• Gum or resin:
• The sap has strong fixative power and is used on the east
African coast for fastening knife-blades to wood handles and
spear-heads to shafts.
• Ornamental:
• Widely planted for ornamental purposes.
• E. tirucalli is an extensively used hedge plant in rural areas of
Pakistan.

35. • Intercropping:
• The finger euphorbia is an ideal species for agroforestry
offering little shade and having many other uses.
• Latex or rubber:
• The latex is an emulsion of about 30% (principally euphol)
terpenes in water in the development of a rubber substitute, but
this proved to be stable and profitable due to Other services:
The tree has a number of cultural implications in pakistan.

36. d)Vegetation of Irrigated Plantation.
• Canal system is developed in the Indus basin region of
Pakistan. This area was included in Tropical rain forests. These
forests have been cleared and its land is used for agriculture.

37. 2)Dry sub-tropical sub-mountainous
vegetation.
Chir forests found between 3500-5500 ft. or 7000 ft. elevations.
• Average rain fall in this region is 10 – 36 inches.
• Humidity is low annual mean humidity is 50%.
• Temperature rises to 40°C in summer.
• Area includes Siwalik Hills and Baluchistan Plateau.

38. Floristic.
• These forests are home to pine trees
• Pinus longifolia
• other vegetation that can survive in variable climatic
conditions. This particular type of forest is extremely prone
to forest fires.
• Trees may show solid growth and shrubs are sharp.
• Some alpine plants serve as medicinal plants

39. Uses of Dry sub-tropical sub-mountainous vegetation
plants:
• The parts that grow above the ground are used to make
medicine.
• Despite serious safety concerns, people take alpine ragwort
to treat diabetes, high blood pressure, and spasms.
• It is also used to control bleeding, especially after tooth
extraction. Some women use it to cause the uterus to contract.

40. Adaptation of plant
• Alpine plants are adapted to the harsh conditions of
the alpine environment, which include low temperatures,
dryness, ultraviolet radiation, wind, drought, poor nutritional
soil, and a short growing season.

41. • Broad-leaved evergreen forest
• Broad-leaved forests occur in the formation types
• (a)Broad-leaved evergreen
• (b)Broad-leaved deciduous
• This forest type requires plentiful, well-distributed rainfall

42. a)Sub-Tropical broad-leaved
evergreen Forests vegetation:
• These are xerophytes forests of thorny and small-leafed
evergreen species. These trees and shrubs are mostly thorny
and evergreen, but some, like olive and pomegranate are not
thorny.
• Distribution:
• These scrub forest occurs at height of 1500-5000 feet.
• These forests are found in Gujrat,
• Margalla Hills, Attock and Malakand.
• Actually broadly speaking, these forests occur throughout the
country at suitable elevation merging downwards with the sub-
tropical pine forest.

43. Locality Factors:
• Temperature runs high in summer and long dry seasons. The
temperature ranges between 10-29-degree C.
• Humidity level is low. Humidity is less than 50% or very low
up to 15%. Rainfall is 30 inches or below 5 inches
• Floristic:
• Pistacia integerrima
• Acacia modesta.
• Shrub includes Sophora griffithii and Dodonaea.
• Gymnosperms also present. The one of the gymnosperm
specie includes Ephedra foliata.

44. Uses of Sub-Tropical broad-leaved evergreen Forests
vegetation plants:
• Traditionally plant parts particularly its galls have been
utilized for treatment of cough, asthma, dysentery, liver
disorders and for snake bit
• The resin of P. khinjuk has been used to treat indigestion, and
toothache and as a tonic and astringent
• Economical importance of plants :
• In addition, edible wild fruits This species is cultivated as an
ornamental tree for parks and gardens.
• It is also used for the production of table olives and oil. The
sap of the fruit of this tree can also be used to make in ink.

46. (b)Broad-leaved deciduous forest
vegetation
• A broad-leaved, broad-leaf, or broadleaf tree is any tree within
the diverse botanical group of angiosperms that has flat leaves
and produces seeds inside of fruits. It is one of two general
types of trees, the other being a conifer ,a tree with needle-like
or scale-like leaves and seeds borne in woody cones Broad-
leaved trees are sometimes known as hardwoods.
• Most deciduous trees are broad-leaved but some are
coniferous, like larches.
• Gymnosperm Examples: firs ,spruces, pines
• Angiosperm Examples: hickories maples , oaks

47. Distribution:
KPK , Margalla hill, Kalachitta (Attock hills , AJK and
Balochistan Foothill Lower slopes of Himalay Salt range and
Suleman range
• Hazara hills
Locality factor:
• Elevation 1500_3000 foothills .The MAT is about 70F . MA
Rainfall is between 20_40 inches.
The forest is borne on sandstone, shale, and limestone
• pical thorn forest and Upward with the subtropical Pine forest
Precipitation receive in July and August and again in the January
and February but erratic
There is a long period of drought

48. FLORISTICS.
• Acacia modesta and
• Olea cuspidate are the dominant trees of this type of forest.
• Olea ferruginea
• Ziziphus mauritiana
Uses :
Traditional uses of wild edible plant depend mainly on
Ziziphus these species have medicinal value to treat health
disorders .

49. (a)Vegetation of Siwalik Hills:
Distribution:
• Include Potohar plateau, salt range and hills of the N.W.F.P.
• Locality factors :
• Dry hills, sand dunes and coastal low hills of Baluchistan
Temperature rises to 40°C in summer
• The annual mean humidity is 50%
• Rainfall 10 – 36 inches
• Dry hills, sand dunes and coastal low hills of Baluchistan.
• The soil is quite dry and suitable for xerophytic plants.

50. Floristic.
• Some of plants found in this regions are ;
• Acacia modems
• (Rea cuspidate
• Dalbergia sissy etc.

51. Uses of Vegetation of Siwalik Hills plants:
Acacia modem is a dietary fiber that can dissolve in water. As
a medicine, acacia is taken by mouth to
reduce cholesterol levels and to help increase weight loss. In
manufacturing, acacia is used as a pharmaceutical ingredient in
medications for throat or stomach inflammation and as a film-
forming agent in peel-off skin masks.
• Chamaecostus cuspidatus is commonly known as fiery costus,
it is a member of costaceae, and it is a newly
introduced plant in India from south-central America. The
leaves of this plant are used as a dietary supplement in
treatment of diabetes mellitus.

52. (b) Vegetation of Baluchistan
Plateau:
Distribution:
• This area is distributed in dry hills, sand dunes and coastal low
hills of Baluchistan.
Floristic:
• They have xerophyte plants. The plants found in these areas
are Juniperous, Mentha, Tamarix etc.

53. Uses of Vegetation of Baluchistan Plateau plants:
• It is also used for urinary tract infections (UTIs)
and kidney and bladder stones. Other uses include treating
snakebite, diabetes, and cancer. Some people apply juniper
directly to the skin for wounds and for pain in joints and
muscles. The essential oil of juniper is inhaled to
treat bronchitis and numb pain.
• T. dioica leaves are used as a diuretic, carminative and cure
liver infection and splenic or inflammation. In addition, this
plant is used as an astringent for indications such as vaginal
discharge.

54. 3)Dry Temperate forests.
• Distribution:
• This region includes Suleiman Range,
• Koh Safad Range, Koh Hindu Kush Range,
• Karakoram Range and lower part of the Neelam valley (Azad
Kashmir).
• They have unfavorable climate. Thus they have less number
of plants. Most of this area has bare soil.
• Here plants are mostly Xerophytic.

55. Locality factors.
• This region has long cold winter.
• Temperature becomes lower than zero.
• The annual total rain fall is less than 30 inches. Some of these
areas are covered by snow. Thus most of this area is a zone of
winter rain and snow. Temperature. The average daily
temperatures range between -30°C (-22°F) and 30°C (86°F)
with a yearly average of 10°C (50°F). Hot summers and cold
winters are typical in this biome.

56. Floristic.
• Some of the genera found in this region are Juniperous,
• Frarinus. Prunus,
• Stipa,
• Ephcdra and
• Rume
• Dodonoea FFagraria Minn

57. Uses of dry temperate forest plants.
• Most Prunus fruit are commonly used in processing, such as
jam production,
• canning, drying,
• and seeds for roasting
• garden ornamentals, and esparto (Stipa tenacissima) is used
to make ropes, cords, and paper.

58. 4)Moist temperate forests.
Distribution:
• These forests occur between 4500 feet to 10,000 feet
elevation these are found along the Himalayan
Mountain
• They are located in Kashmir,
• Murree
• Hazara hill tract,
• Swat,
• Dir,
• Gilgit
• Baltistan districts.

59. Locality factors:
• Rainfall is permanent feature of monsoon and rain is quite
unpredictable.
• Average rain fall per annum is 30-70 inches. The temperature
ranges between 4-22-degree.
• Humidity of these region forests is 50-70%These mountains
receive heavy monsoon rain fall during July to September.
• Snow fall may reaches up to 15 feet.
• The melting of snow provides adequate moisture.

60. Uses of MOIST TEMPERATE FORESTS plants
In the lower zone the dominating vegetation are of
Cedrusdeodara
• Deodara is used in Ayurvedic medicine.
• The inner wood is aromatic and used to make incense. Inner
wood is distilled into essential oil. As insects avoid this tree,
the essential oil is used as insect repellent on the feet of horses,
cattle and camels.
• Externally it is a very beneficial treatment for a variety of skin
complaints, wounds, sores, burns, boils etc and is used in the
form of liniment plasters, poultices, herbal steam baths and
inhalers. The wood is diaphoretic and stimulant. It is useful in
treating burning of the body, cough, fainting and ulcers

61. Floristic.
These are coniferous. forest. they contain coniferous plants like
• Pinus roxburghit
• Pious wallichiono
• Texas wollichiana
• Abies pindrow
• Cedrus deodara
• Some broad leave plants are also present there. These are
apple, Almond, Apricot etc.

63. 5)Sub alpine and Alpine vegetation
• Distribution:
• The vegetation zone above the moist temperate coniferous
forest is called sub-alpine and alpine region.
• It is found in Himalayan Mountains of Kaghan. Swat,
• Baltistan.
• Gilgit
• Chitral,
• Dir and Kurram Agency.

64. • Sub-alpine forests zone :
• It is topmost tree formation in Himalaya being developed
between 11000 to 12000 ft. on northern aspects.
• Locality factors
• Mean annual temperature is 10degree centigrade.
• The humidity level is 50% in these forests.
• The rain fall measurement per annum is just 26 inches.
• These forests are covered by snow. The recorded snow fall is
6ft.

65. Floristic.
• Pinus wallichian
• Abies spectabili
• Betula utilis
• These are the typical tree species. The dominating
Angiospermic tree is Vibernu salix.
• Short trees also present. One of it is Junipers communis.
• The Gymnospermic plant is the Ephedra sp

66. Uses of sub -alpine vegetation plants:
• Externally it is a very beneficial treatment for a variety of skin
complaints, wounds, sores, burns, boils etc and is used in the
form of liniment plasters, poultices, herbal steam baths and
inhalers.
• The wood is diaphoretic and stimulant.
• It is useful in treating burning of the body, cough, fainting and
ulcers.

67. Alpine vegetation
Distribution:
• Generally, about 1100 ft. Altitude and above. Alpine are
present in Kashmir,
• Hazara.
• Upper dir
Locality factors:
• At this zone quite a limited no. of species exists.
• The stems are generally flexible and adapted to snow pressure.
• Good herbaceous flora is also present
• Under this type are included shrub formations 1 m to 2 m high
extending 150 m or more above the sub-alpine forests.

68. • The growing season is short in these zones.
• They had deep snow and cold wind.
• They have xerophytic habitat for plants.
• Alpine vegetation is composed of deciduous and small leaved
species

69. Floristic.
• Betula utilis is characteristic mid dominant specie of alpine
region.
• Arenaria
• Salix
• Berberis
• Polygonum

70. Uses of Alpine vegetation plants.
• The bark of Salix alba has been used as a remedy for cold,
fevers, and joint pains across cultures for thousands of years.
• According to traditional medicine, B. vulgaris is used to
treat fever, cough, liver disease, depression,, hyperglycemia
and bleeding.
• Polygonum Edible Parts: Leaves Seed Edible Uses: Tea
Young leaves and plants.

71. Advantages of vegetations:
• Quicker and more certain.
• Produces identical quality as the parent.
• Plants that do not have viable seed, can be reproduced.
• Flowers produced are of superior quality.
• Desirable character of fruit can be maintained.
• Disadvantages of vegetation:
It prevents species genetic diversity which can lead to
reductions in crop yields.
• The plants are genetically identical and are all, therefore,
susceptible to pathogenic plant viruses, bacteria and fungi that
can wipe out entire crop.

72. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ARTIFICIAL
PROPAGATION .
By growing desired variety of a plant in large numbers. By
evolving new varieties of plant with desired characteristics
through these process
• Hybridization.
• Vegetative propagation.
• Artificial propagation.
• Modern propagation method;
• 1:Micro propagation
• 2:Macro propagation

73. 1)Micro propagation:
• It is the artificial process of producing plants vegetatively
through tissue culture or cell culture techniques. In this
artificial process of propagation, plants are produced invitro by
asexual means of reproduction or by vegetative propagation

74. 2)Macro propagation:
• In the absence of seeds, vegetative propagation methods are
used for the production of planting stock. ... In macro-
propagation, conventional methods of offset planting, rhizome
planting, rooting of cuttings and layering are used while in
micro-propagation various tissue culture techniques are being
employed.eg banana plant.

75. Main Export products of Pakistan.
• Kinnow – the most sought after citrus.
• Dates – boosting both the immune system and Pakistan's
economy.
• Mango – King of fruits in Pakistan.
• Apples – Adding nutritional value and generating revenue.
• Guava – Most popular fruit of Pakistan.
• Exporting 'Chilgoza' to other countries ; South Korea, the
USA, Malaysia, China, and UK from Pakistan.
• The produce of fruit and vegetable in Pakistan comes from
approximately 811,800 hectares or about 4 per cent of the
country’s cultivated areas.

76. The major fruits are citrus, mangoes, dates, bananas and guavas.
Out of total annual agriculture production of the country, the
province of Punjab contributes 59.6 percent, Sindh 8.6 per
cent, Balochistan 25.6 per cent and NWFP contributed 6.2 per
cent.
• The main export products are cotton, rice and fruit and
vegetables, and the principal imports
are wheat and wheat flour, vegetable oils, pulses, tea and
(occasionally) refined sugar. Vegetable oils, together
with wheat and flour, have constituted as much as 80 percent
of agricultural imports in some years. Maize
• Maize is currently one of the most profitable agricultural crops
in the country. It is planted in the province of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (mainly rain-fed) and Punjab.