Forestry & Agroforestry 2014 Session 1 - Introducing Complex Agroforestry Systems
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This document summarizes research on agroforestry systems and biodiversity conservation in coffee plantations in Kodagu, India. Key points include: 1) The landscape has transitioned from mostly forest to include more coffee plantations, reducing forest cover by 30% between 1977-1997. 2) Species diversity was studied across 114 estates covering 68.4 hectares and over 20,000 trees of 240 identified species. 3) Scenarios with and without tree ownership rights were modeled using role-playing games. Results showed higher incomes and tree cover when rights were recognized. 4) Integrating tree ownership rights, certification programs, and payments for ecosystem services were recommended to balance conservation and development
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Forestry & Agroforestry 2014 Session 1 - Introducing Complex Agroforestry Systems
- 1. Tropical Forestry and Agroforestry Forest, Trees and Livelihoods C. Garcia; A. Dray; P.Waeber Forest Management and Development (ForDev) CIRAD / ETH Zürich – Sept. 2014
- 3. FORDEV Karbi Anglong TiCoYa
- 5. Games
- 6. Biodiversity, Tree Rights and Strategies Integrating biodiversity conservation in coffee agroforestry systems of Kodagu, India C. Garcia Tropical Forestry and Agroforestry – Session 1
- 7. Coffee and Biodiversity Source: Rethinking Green Consumerism 2002
- 9. Raja’s seat, Madikeri Landscape Mosaic
- 10. History British Raj 1834 Independence1947 Liberalisation 1992 British Planters COFFEE/ PEPPER Traditional farmers RICE/CARDAMOM Family farm COFFEE / PEPPER RICE/CARDAMOM Development of coffee area Market prices Arabica => Robusta Today Adivasis JHUM Worker / Fam. Farm < 2 acres Cardamom or COFFEE / PEPPER + self consumption
- 11. 1977 1997 Landscape dynamics • Coffee : 100% • Forest: -30% Evergreen Forests Coffee Plantations Deciduous Forests 2007
- 12. Biodiversity changes Forest to Agroforest
- 13. Coffee Production 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 20 40 60 80 100 Yield (in Bags) Shade (%) Impact of Shade and Irrigation on Coffee Yield Irrigation No irrigation
- 14. ATBC – ForDev 14 September 17, 2014 September 17, 2014 ATBC – ForDev 14 500m 50m
- 15. Sampling design d1 d2 d3 d4 d7 d8 d9 d10 d5 d6
- 16. ATBC – ForDev 16 September 17, 2014 Sampling Tree Biodiversity • 114 estates • 68.4 Ha • 20.000 trees • 240 species • 2% error
- 17. ATBC – ForDev 17 September 17, 2014 Structure Tree/ha0100200300400500600700LargeMediumSmallSacred ForestsNatural ForestEstate size
- 18. ATBC – ForDev 18 September 17, 2014 Species Accumulation curves0501001502002503003504000100200300400500600Transects Species Richness ICE MeanACE MeanCole Rarefaction
- 19. ATBC – ForDev 19 September 17, 2014
- 20. ATBC – ForDev 20 September 17, 2014
- 21. Most frequent species 20% 10% 5% 4% 4% 57% Grevillea robustaErythrina lithospermaAcrocarpus fraxinifoliusAreca catechuArtocarpus heterophyllusOthers
- 22. Stand dynamics
- 24. PCA • 65 % var with 2 factors ATBC – ForDev 24 September 17, 2014
- 26. Biodiversity changes Forest to Agroforest Opening the canopy Planting G. robusta
- 28. Biodiversity changes Forest to Agroforest Reducing canopy Replacing by G. robusta Tree ownership rights Implementation of public policies Labor costs Coffee prices fluctuation Timber smuggling
- 29. Timber Rights Cheynier 2006
- 30. Timber Rights
- 31. “While conferring ownership rights […] right over the tree growth may be excluded. As otherwise, it is apprehended that in 10 years time the entire tree growth is likely to disappear.” - G.K. Lokare, Secy. to Govt., Revenue Dept., 22/9/99
- 32. PCA • 65 % var with 2 factors
- 33. MANAGING AN ESTATE… Section II
- 34. PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS Section III
- 35. Coffee owner Input Irrigation infrastructure Labor buys hires works climbs on Management bloc Market Forest Dpt Timber merchant sells sell buys buys enforces policies
- 36. Conceptual Model Role Playing Game Grevillea robusta Ferme Poivre Force de travail Irrigation Intrants Perche Régénération naturelle Arbre élagué Junglewood Caféier 10 cm
- 38. Biodiversity changes Forest to Agroforest Opening the canopy Planting G. robusta Human Elephant conflict Tree ownership rights Labor costs Coffee supply chain Timber smuggling
- 39. “While conferring ownership rights over the Bane and Hithlu lands, ..right over the tree growth may be excluded. As otherwise, it is apprehended that in 10 years time the entire tree growth is likely to disappear.” - G.K. Lokare, Secy. to Govt., Revenue Dept., 22/9/99
- 40. Scenarios • No Tree Rights – Difficult to sale Jungle Wood on the legal market – No restrictions on Silver Oak • Tree Rights – No restrictions on Jungle Wood as well as on Silver Oak
- 41. Results - Livelihood 0 50 100 150 200 250 1 2 3 4 5 Farmer's Income (in CINC) Game Turns Average Income: Coffee + Pepper + Timber No Tree Rights Tree Rights
- 42. Results – Tree cover 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 1 2 3 4 5 Tree Rights 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 1 2 3 4 5 No Tree Rights Trees Saplings Seedlings
- 43. Results - Biodiversity 0% 50% 100% 0 1 2 3 4 5 No Tree Rights 0% 50% 100% 0 1 2 3 4 5 Tree Rights Jungle Wood Silver Oak
- 44. Conclusion Conservation Development Tree ownership rights Certification PES Tax incentives
- 45. Kodagu SES Norms and Policies Users Ecosystems