BIO ELECTRIC MEDICINES, By, Dr. UMESH KUMAR SHARMA

1. BIOELECTRONIC
MEDICINES
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By :
Dr. Umesh Kumar Sharma and Sruthi Sunil
Department of Pharmaceutics,
Mar Dioscorus College of Pharmacy,
Alathara, Sreekariyam,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

2. CONTENTS
 BIOELECTRONIC MEDICINES
 3D PRINTING OF PHARMACEUTICALS
 TELEPHARMACY
 RATE OF CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEMS
 PRINCIPLES AND FUNDAMENTALS
 TYPES
 ACTIVATION MODULATED DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEMS
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3. BIOELECTRONIC
MEDICINES
 Bioelectronic medicines uses technology to treat
diseases and injury.
 Automated implantable devices designed for
treating impaired autonomic functions.
 Works by the closed loop stimulation of nerves
involved in regulation of those malfunction.
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4.  Nervous system use electrical signals to
communicate information throughout the body.
 Every cell and organ of the body is directly or
indirectly controlled by neural signals.
 Researchers are learning the language of neural
signals so that they can listen for signals of
disease or injury.
 Bioelectronic medicine is also used to record,
stimulate, block neural signals which is
essentially teaching the body how to heal itself.
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5.  Bioelectronic medicine will change the way we
treat diseases, injuries and conditions such as
rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, paralysis, bleeding
and even cancer.
 Treatment requires, device to be attached to the
nerve or area of nervous system that is associated
with disease.
 For people with asthma, device is attached into
pulmonary nerve to block signals that cause lungs
to contract.
 For people with diabetes, sensor could detect in
real time if glucose levels were too high or too
low.
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6.  The device can modify nerve impulses that
stimulate insulin production in pancreas.
 Arthritis, asthma and diabetes are some of the
diseases that can be treated by utilizing
bioelectronic implants.
 These implants can modify nerve signals to
organs of body.
 Bioelectronic medicine is a new scientific field
that aims to tackle a wide range of chronic
diseases .
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7.  It uses miniature implants which modify
electrical signals that pass along nerves in
body, including irregular or altered impulses
that occur in many illness.
 Electrical signals control much of processes
that occur in human body.
 Chronic diseases can disrupt the flow of these
signals.
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8.  Bioelectric medicines allow researchers to
understand electrical conversation occurring in
body and analyse these signals in a person
suffering from a chronic disease.
 It allows the comparison of signals in a normal
body and signals of body having chronic
diseases.
 Parkinson’s disease is treated by deep brain
stimulation to reduce tremor, walking problems
and other symptoms.
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9.  DBS works by inserting an implanted medical
device called neuro-stimulator, which delivers
electrical signals from targeted area of brain.
 DBS is only used for patient suffering from
parkinson’s disease who cannot control disease
by medication.
 Unpredictable risks to DBS are seizure,
infection, stroke and device complications.
 Currently researchers are also looking at the
possibility of bioelectronic medicine being used
to stop internal bleeding.
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 A portable device placed on the body pass an
electric current through patients body.
 This would stimulate vagus nerve which then
triggers the spleen.
 The spleen is triggered to release blood clotting
platelet cells and send them areas in need.

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 Millions of people suffer from diseases that
leads to paralysis.
 By using bioelectronic medicines, they
combined neural decoding and neuro-
stimulation methods to translate and reroute
signals around damaged neural pathways within
CNS.
 The future of bioelectronic medicine is wide
open as a new diagnostic and treatment option
world wide.

12. 3D PRINTING OF PHARMACEUTICALS
 Use of 3D printing in healthcare industry is
becoming a popular trend.
 FDA approves first 3D printed medicine
SIPTRAM in august 2015.
 3D printing includes a wide variety of
manufacturing techniques which are all based
on digitally controlled depositing of materials
that is layer by layer to create free form
objects.
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13.  3D printing processes are associated with free
form fabrication technique.
 Used for designing customized drug delivery
system.
 Art and science of printing in new dimension
using 3D printers to transform 3D computer
aided design into life changing products.
 3D printing or additive manufacturing is a
process of making 3D solid objects from a
digital file.
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14.  Creation of a 3D printed object is achieved
through additive process.
 In an additive process an object is created by
laying down successive layers of materials
until entire object is created.
 Each of these layers can be seen as a thin
sliced horizontal cross section of object.
 Used as a standard tool in automotive,
aerospace and consumer good industries.
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ADVANTAGES
 Ability to customize products.
 Rapid production of prototypes.
 Low cost of production.
 No storage cost.
 Improves the safety, efficacy and accessibility of
medicines.

16. DISADVANTAGES
 Intellectual property issues.
 Unchecked production of dangerous items
 Limitations of size
 Cost of printers is high
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WORKING OF
3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY
 It starts with making a virtual design of the object
to be created.
 Virtual design is made in computer aided design
file using a 3D modeling program or using a 3D
scanner.
 3D designs are converted to STL file format which
describe the electrical signal of a model.

18.  3D printing programs slice these surfaces into
distinct printable layers.
 It then transfers layer to layer instructions
digitally to the printer.
 After printing, products may require drying,
sintering, polishing and other post polishing
steps.
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19. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
 Process of joining materials to make objects
from 3D model, usually layer by layer.
 Additive manufacturing classifies 3D
printing process to 7 categories.
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ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
MATERIAL EXTRUSION (FDM)
BINDER JETTING
MATERIAL JETTING
PHOTOPOLYMERISATION
POWDER BED FUSION
SHEET LAMINATION
DIRECT ENERGY DEPOSITION
STEREOLITHOGRAPHY
DLP
CLP
SLS
DMLS

21. MATERIAL EXTRUSION
 Fuse deposition modeling,
 Material is drawn through a nozzle where it is
heated, then deposited layer by layer.
 Nozzle moves horizontally and platform moves
up & down vertically after new layer is
deposited.
 Inexpensive & domestic
 Material layers are bonded by temperature
control or using chemical agents.
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22. BINDER JETTING
 It has 2 materials-A powder based material and
a binder.
 Binder act as adhesive between powder layers.
 Print head moves horizontally along xy axis of
machine.
 Deposits alternating layers of build materials
and binding material.
 After each layer the object is being printed is
lowered on its build platform.
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23. DISADVANTAGES
 Material characteristics are not always suitable
for structural parts.
 Additional post processing required.
 Time consuming.
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24. MATERIAL JETTING
 Uses 2D inkjet printer.
 Material is jetted on to platform where it solidifies
and built layer by layer.
 Material is deposited from a nozzle which moves
horizontally across platform.
 Material layers are then treated with UV rays
 Material is deposited drop by drop.
 Polymers, waxes are used due to viscosity.
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25. PHOTOPOLYMERISATION
 A vat of photo-polymeric resin out of which
model is constructed layer by layer.
 UV light is used to harden resin.
 Platform moves the object downwards after each
new layer is cured.
 UV light is directed across surface of resin by
using motor controlled mirrors.
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26. POWDER BED FUSION
It includes:
 Direct metal laser sintering(DMLS)
 Selective heat sintering(SHS)
 Selective laser melting(SLM)
 Selective laser sintering(SLS)
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27.  PBF methods use a laser or electron beam to melt
and fuse powder material together.
 Electronic beam melting requires vacuum but can
be used with metals and alloys.
 PBF involves spreading of powder material over
previous layer by roller or blade.
 DMLS is same as SLS but with the use of metals
and not plastics.
 SHS use heated thermal print to fuse powder
material together.
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28. SHEET LAMINATION
It includes:
 Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) &
Laminated object manufacturing(LOM).
 UAM use sheets of metals bonded together by
welding.
 LOM uses paper as material and adhesive instead
of welding.
 It uses cross batching method.
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29.  LAM materials are used for visual models, not
suitable for structural use.
 UAM uses metals, aluminium, copper, stainless
steel, titanium.
 It need less temperature and less energy.
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30. 3D PRINTING CAN ALSO BE USED IN
Personlised drug delivery.
Unique dosage form.
More computer drug release profiles.
Printing in living tissues.
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31. TELEPHARMACY
 Tele-health is the use of communication and IT
to deliver health care services over distances.
 By videoconferencing pharmacists can provide
patient counseling.
 Manage a medication use system via remote
control.
 Cost effective method.
 High quality pharmacy service.
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32.  Delivery of pharmaceutical care by
telecommunication.
 Can be used in under served areas.
 Easiness of service.
 Useful for people in remote areas.
 Reduce cost of travelling.
 Patient counseling.
 Drug administration can be monitored.
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33. TELEPHARMACY
 INPATIENT TELEPHARMACY
 REMOTE DISPENSING TELEPHARMACY
 IV ADMIXTURE TELEPHARMACY
 REMOTE COUNSELING
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34. INPATIENT TELEPHARMACY
 Remote order entry review.
 Pharmacist review medication orders before
hospital staff administers drugs to patients.
 Real time medication orders and verifications.
 Pharmacists can provide 24/7 coverage or peak
hours.
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35. REMOTE DISPENSING
 Retail / Outpatient / Discharge.
 Pharmacist review prescription from remote area
using technology.
 Reduce readmission of patients.
 Improves financial performances.
 Expands retail pharmacy geographic foot print.
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36. IV ADMIXTURE TELEPHARMACY
 Mixing of each IV solution administered to
patients in a hospital.
 Time saving in iv admixture clean room.
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37. REMOTE COUNSELING
 Live and interactive patient education sessions
via telecommunication.
 Proper patient counseling.
 Live video calls.
 Opportunities for specialty counseling like HIV,
diabetes etc.
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38. RATE CONTROLLED
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
 Rate controlled drug delivery system can
release drug at predetermined rate.
 Rate preprogrammed drug delivery systems.
 Activation modulated drug delivery systems.
 Feed back regulated drug delivery systems.
 Site targeting drug delivery systems.
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39.  First three categories of controlled release
drug delivery system consists of common
features like.
 Drug reservoir compartment.
 Rate controlling element.
 Energy source.
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40. RATE PREPROGRAMMED DDS
 Release of drug is preprogrammed
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Drug
reservoir
RATE CONTROLLING
SURFACE
 Controls molecular diffusion of drugs in or
across barrier within or surrounding delivery
System.
 Ficks law of diffusion is followed.

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42. RATE PREPROGRAMMED DRUG
DELIVERY SYSTEM
POLYMER MEMBRANE PERMEATION
CDDS.
POLYMER MATRIX DIFFUSION CDDS.
MEMBRANE MATRIX HYBRID DDS.
MICRORESERVOIR DISSOLUTION
CONTROLLED DDS.
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43. POLYMER MEMBRANE
PERMEATION CDDS
 Drug formulation encapsulated within drug
reservoir compartment.
 Drug release surface is covered by rate
controlling polymeric membrane of specific
permeability.
 Encapsulation by injection molding, spray
coating, and microencapsulation.
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44. K=CS/CP
 K -Partition coefficient
 Cp -Solubility of drug in polymer phase
 Cs -Solubility of drug in solution
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EXAMPLES:
Progesterone releasing IUD
Pilocarpine releasing ocular insert
NTG patch

45. CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEM
POLYMER MATRIX DIFFUSION:
 Matrix fabricated from lipophilic polymer.
 Drug dispersion by mixing at elevated temperature.
 Resultant drug polymer dispersion is molded and
extruded to various shapes.
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46. MEMBRANE MATRIX HYBRID DDS:
 Hybrid or sandwich model.
 Combines constant drug release kinetics of
polymer membrane permeation CDDS with
mechanical superiority of Polymer matrix
diffusion controlled DDS.
 Example :Development of clonidine releasing and
Scopolamine releasing transdermal therapeutic
systems.
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47. MICRORESERVOIR DISSOLUTION
CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEMS:
 Homogenous dispersion of microspheres of drug
suspension in a solid polymer matrix.
 Drug containing spheres exist homogeneously as
a discrete, immobilized, un leachable liquid
compartment
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48. ACTIVATION MODULATED DRUG
DELIVERY SYSTEMS:
 Release Drug molecules is activated by physical,
chemical or biochemical means.
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49. BY PHYSICAL MEANS
 Osmotic pressure activated DDS
 Hydrodynamic pressure activated DDS
 Vapour pressure activated DDS
 Mechanically activated DDS
 Magnetically activated DDS
 Sonophoresis activated DDS
 Ionophoresis activated DDS
 Hydration activated DDS
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50. CHEMICAL MEANS
 PH ACTIVATED DDS
 ION ACTIVATED DDS
 HYDROLYSIS ACTIVATED DDS
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51. BIOCHEMICAL MEANS
 ENZYME ACTIVATED DDS
 BIOCHEMICALACTIVATED DDS
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52. THANK YOU
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By :
Dr. Umesh Kumar Sharma and Sruthi Sunil
Department of Pharmaceutics,
Mar Dioscorus College of Pharmacy,
Alathara, Sreekariyam,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India