This Powerpoint Presentation is useful to students, Teachers, and History Lover.
This is useful to understand the History of early ancient India. It covers the Archeological and Cultural aspects of Ancient Indian History.
This document provides information about some of the oldest books and languages in India. It discusses the four Vedas - the Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda. The Rigveda, considered the oldest, contains over 1000 hymns and was composed in old Sanskrit. It praises gods like Agni, Indra, and Soma. Historians study the Rigveda by analyzing hymns that take the form of dialogues. The document also outlines some of the earliest languages in India and discusses how archaeologists learn about early communities by examining burial sites containing artifacts.
The Post Mauryan period in India saw the emergence of regional dynasties as centralized control declined after the fall of the Mauryan Empire. Three major dynasties arose in different regions of North and South India between 200 BCE to 300 CE. In North India, the Shunga and Kanva dynasties ruled, while in South India, the Satavahanas held power. The Shungas ruled from their capitals of Pataliputra and Vidisha for over 100 years until being replaced by the Kanvas. In Odisha and parts of eastern India, the Chedi dynasty, with rulers like Kharavela, dominated local politics. During this period, Hinduism and
1) The Vedic civilization spanned from 1500-600 BCE and was divided into the Early Vedic and Later Vedic periods.
2) The Aryans migrated to India through the Khyber and Bolan passes from Central Asia, settling first in the land of the seven rivers (Sapta Sindhu) in modern-day Pakistan and Punjab.
3) During the Early Vedic period, the Aryans were nomadic tribes who migrated according to seasons and their main occupation was animal husbandry. In the Later Vedic period, they settled in villages and towns and took up agriculture in addition to animal husbandry.
The document provides an overview of ancient Indian history from the prehistoric period through the Gupta Empire. It describes the major periods such as the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Ages. It then discusses the Indus Valley Civilization in depth, noting its major sites, advanced urban planning, and eventual decline. The document also summarizes the rise of the Magadha Empire in Bihar and its powerful Haryanka dynasty rulers including Bimbisara and Ajatasatru.
The document provides an overview of the Mauryan Empire located in the Indian subcontinent. It discusses the origins of the empire in the late 7th to 5th century BC with the rise of 16 major kingdoms. The Mauryan dynasty was established under Chandragupta Maurya in the 4th century BC and expanded to include most of South Asia under the rule of Ashoka in the 3rd century BC. The empire had an advanced administrative structure, strong military, and economy driven by agriculture and trade.
The document summarizes the rise of the Magadha kingdom and the administrative structure of the Mauryan Empire under Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka. It describes how the Magadha rulers grew powerful due to their iron resources and strategic locations. It then outlines the three levels of administration in the Mauryan Empire - the central, provincial, and local levels - and some of the key positions and departments at each level, such as the council of ministers, accountant general, and district officers.
The document summarizes the medieval period in India from the 8th to 18th centuries. It began with the fall of the Gupta Empire and saw the emergence of several Rajput kingdoms in northern and western India. The Delhi Sultanate was established by the arriving Turks, followed by the Mughal dynasty. Major developments included the spread of Islam and Hindu-Muslim cultural exchanges, as well as growth in trade, cities, art, and architecture. New social and political groups also emerged during this time, such as regional kingdoms transitioning into larger empires like the Rashtrakuta Empire.
This document provides information about some of the oldest books and languages in India. It discusses the four Vedas - the Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda. The Rigveda, considered the oldest, contains over 1000 hymns and was composed in old Sanskrit. It praises gods like Agni, Indra, and Soma. Historians study the Rigveda by analyzing hymns that take the form of dialogues. The document also outlines some of the earliest languages in India and discusses how archaeologists learn about early communities by examining burial sites containing artifacts.
The Post Mauryan period in India saw the emergence of regional dynasties as centralized control declined after the fall of the Mauryan Empire. Three major dynasties arose in different regions of North and South India between 200 BCE to 300 CE. In North India, the Shunga and Kanva dynasties ruled, while in South India, the Satavahanas held power. The Shungas ruled from their capitals of Pataliputra and Vidisha for over 100 years until being replaced by the Kanvas. In Odisha and parts of eastern India, the Chedi dynasty, with rulers like Kharavela, dominated local politics. During this period, Hinduism and
1) The Vedic civilization spanned from 1500-600 BCE and was divided into the Early Vedic and Later Vedic periods.
2) The Aryans migrated to India through the Khyber and Bolan passes from Central Asia, settling first in the land of the seven rivers (Sapta Sindhu) in modern-day Pakistan and Punjab.
3) During the Early Vedic period, the Aryans were nomadic tribes who migrated according to seasons and their main occupation was animal husbandry. In the Later Vedic period, they settled in villages and towns and took up agriculture in addition to animal husbandry.
The document provides an overview of ancient Indian history from the prehistoric period through the Gupta Empire. It describes the major periods such as the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Ages. It then discusses the Indus Valley Civilization in depth, noting its major sites, advanced urban planning, and eventual decline. The document also summarizes the rise of the Magadha Empire in Bihar and its powerful Haryanka dynasty rulers including Bimbisara and Ajatasatru.
The document provides an overview of the Mauryan Empire located in the Indian subcontinent. It discusses the origins of the empire in the late 7th to 5th century BC with the rise of 16 major kingdoms. The Mauryan dynasty was established under Chandragupta Maurya in the 4th century BC and expanded to include most of South Asia under the rule of Ashoka in the 3rd century BC. The empire had an advanced administrative structure, strong military, and economy driven by agriculture and trade.
The document summarizes the rise of the Magadha kingdom and the administrative structure of the Mauryan Empire under Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka. It describes how the Magadha rulers grew powerful due to their iron resources and strategic locations. It then outlines the three levels of administration in the Mauryan Empire - the central, provincial, and local levels - and some of the key positions and departments at each level, such as the council of ministers, accountant general, and district officers.
The document summarizes the medieval period in India from the 8th to 18th centuries. It began with the fall of the Gupta Empire and saw the emergence of several Rajput kingdoms in northern and western India. The Delhi Sultanate was established by the arriving Turks, followed by the Mughal dynasty. Major developments included the spread of Islam and Hindu-Muslim cultural exchanges, as well as growth in trade, cities, art, and architecture. New social and political groups also emerged during this time, such as regional kingdoms transitioning into larger empires like the Rashtrakuta Empire.
The document summarizes the various reasons for the decline of the Mauryan dynasty in ancient India in 3-4 sentences:
1) Ineligible rulers who were not strong administrators led to decentralization and the division of the vast empire into independent kingdoms.
2) The highly centralized administration that worked under strong early rulers became difficult to maintain under weaker later kings, contributing to independence movements.
3) Revolts by regional rulers who lost loyalty to the central authority, as well as internal revolts like that led by Pushyamitra Shunga, destabilized the dynasty.
4) External attacks after the rule of Ashoka, who adopted a non-violent policy, further weakened the
Four important pre-historic ages in India are discussed:
1. Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) where man used basic stone tools for hunting and tasks.
2. Mesolithic Age (Intermediate Stone Age) where man began to develop new skills.
3. Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) where man developed improved stone tools and new civilizations.
4. The Age of Metals where gold, then copper, and later bronze and iron were discovered and used, marking further advances in civilization.
Though knowledge of prehistoric India is limited, these ages were important in developing early human skills, inventions, and civilizations.
The document summarizes several important empires and periods in ancient Indian history. It describes the establishment of the Maurya Empire by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BCE, which unified most of northern India for the first time. It then discusses the expansion of the empire and rule of Ashoka, who promoted Buddhism. Next, it outlines the Gupta Empire from 320-467 CE, considered a golden age of Indian culture with advances in literature, art, science, and mathematics. It concludes by noting the invasions from central Asian groups like the Huns and establishment of Muslim rule over northern India by 1200 CE.
The document summarizes the rise of the Magadha Empire in ancient India. Some key factors that contributed to its rise included its natural boundaries along rivers, abundant natural resources like iron ore, control of trade routes along rivers and land, fertile land from Himalayan rivers, supportive population, and enthusiastic rulers from dynasties like the Haryanka and Nanda. The Magadha Empire was centered around cities like Rajgriha and Pataliputra (modern Patna) and benefited from available resources like elephants, iron ore, and skilled artisans to develop strong military forces and specialized industries. Successive rulers expanded the empire through conquests of neighboring regions.
This document provides information on 24 Jain Tirthankaras depicted in miniature paintings from Jaipur circa 1850. It lists each Tirthankara's name in Sanskrit and their associated animal symbol. Additionally, it discusses the antiquity of Jain images dating back to the Indus Valley civilization and various periods of Indian history. Iconographic details and symbols commonly shown with the Tirthankaras are also outlined. The document shares images of historical Jain sculptures and paintings showcasing the Tirthankaras from various regions and time periods in India.
This presentation is based on the history of Ancient India. It gives us concise information about the Magadh Kingdom.
To know more about, v our Youtube channel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hoTwNSON-k
Yakshas are nature spirits in Hindu, Jain and Buddhist literature that are caretakers of natural treasures hidden in the earth. They can have a dual personality as either benevolent protectors or dangerous ghosts. The document lists several examples of sculptures and inscriptions of Yakshas and Yakshinis found at archaeological sites in North India, such as a 2.59 meter sculpture of Manibhadra, an avatar of Shiva, discovered at Parkham, Mathura dated to 200-50 BCE. Inscriptions of Yakshas have also been found at Patna and Besnagar providing names and details. Yakshas are often depicted in art as attendants of Kubera, the
The Kushan Dynasty ruled between 30-375 CE in areas of modern day Afghanistan and northern India. The Kushans were originally from the Yuezhi confederation and migrated to the region in the 1st century CE under the leadership of Kujula Kadphises. Major Kushan rulers included Kujula Kadphises, Vima Kadphises, and the powerful emperor Kanishka, who expanded the empire and patronized Buddhism. The Kushan Empire dominated trade between Rome, China, and South Asia and facilitated the spread of Gandhara art and Mahayana Buddhism. The empire fragmented in the 3rd century CE due to invasions and was eventually overwhelmed by the
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One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
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One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization that flourished along the Indus River and Ghaggar-Hakra River in what is now Pakistan and northwest India from 3300 BC to 1700 BC. Major cities of the civilization included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had advanced sewage and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade with Mesopotamia and other regions. While much remains unknown about the civilization, archaeologists have uncovered evidence of their advanced urban planning, systems of weights and measures, arts and crafts, and religious symbols.
The Satavahanas were a dynasty that ruled over parts of central and southern India between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE. They originated from the Deccan region and had their capital in Dharanikota and Amaravati in present-day Andhra Pradesh. Some key rulers included Satakarni I, Gautamiputra Satakarni, Vasishthiputra Pulamavi, and Yajna Satakarni. The Satavahanas came into conflict with neighboring Western Kshatrapa and Indo-Greek rulers but were able to defeat them and expand their territories at times under rulers like Gautamip
Maritime trade has a long history in India dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization. During this period, the Harappans established an extensive maritime trade network connecting India to Mesopotamia and other parts of Western Asia. Major exports included timber, ivory, and luxury goods like lapis lazuli. The trade continued and expanded after the decline of the Harappans. Under the Mauryan Empire in the 4th-3rd centuries BCE, maritime trade flourished as the state established rules and infrastructure to regulate ports and trade. Major trading partners included regions along the Red Sea like Egypt and East Africa. In later centuries, India engaged in extensive trade with Rome, Byzantium, Southeast Asia,
This document provides a high-level chronology of major events in India's history from 25 million BCE to 325 BCE. Some key events mentioned include the formation of the Himalayan mountain range 25 million BCE, the earliest evidence of farming and civilization in India between 13,000-8,000 BCE, the peak of the Indus Valley Civilization between 5,500-4,000 BCE, the composition of the Vedas between 4,500-1,500 BCE, the Mahabharata war around 1375 BCE, and the rise of the Maurya Empire under Chandragupta Maurya in 325 BCE after he defeated the Nanda Dynasty. The chronology is based on archaeological evidence and texts such
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
Outline :
The Pre Historic Era
I. The stone age
II. The bronze age
Vedic period
Janapadas and Mahajanapadas
Maurya empire
Gupta empire
Empires in deccan and south
Medieval and Early Modern periods
Modern period and Independence
The Maurya Empire was a large empire in ancient India ruled by the Mauryan dynasty from 322-185 BCE with its capital in Pataliputra. Chandragupta Maurya founded the empire in 322 BCE and unified India, ruling until 298 BCE when he abdicated to his son Bindusara. Bindusara expanded the empire further south during his reign from 298-272 BCE. His son Ashoka became emperor and ruled most of the subcontinent from 269-232 BCE, being one of India's greatest emperors. After Ashoka, Dasaratha ruled from 232-224 BCE over a declining empire that lost some territories during his reign.
Chandragupta Maurya was a king who united much of northern and central India in the late 4th century BCE. He defeated the powerful Nanda Empire and established the Maurya Empire. Chandragupta waged successful military campaigns against several neighboring rulers, expanding his empire. He administered the large empire efficiently using a central bureaucracy divided into administrative units at the city and regional levels. Chandragupta adopted Jainism late in life and passed away by fasting at Shravanabelagola in Karnataka.
The document provides information on the sources and history of the Mauryan Empire in India. It discusses literary sources like the Indica and Arthashastra, as well as archaeological sources like the Ashokan Edicts found at locations like Shahbazgarhi, Pakistan. It describes some of the major edicts and their messages of dhamma. Additionally, it outlines aspects of Mauryan administration under Chandragupta and Ashoka like the division of the empire into provinces and districts and the taxes, trade, and promotion of Buddhism in the empire.
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan nomads began migrating into northern India, bringing with them their Indo-European language and religion centered around gods like Indra. They established themselves throughout the region and influenced the collapse of the Indus civilization. Their migrations helped establish Vedic culture and the beginnings of the caste system in India.
The document provides an overview of the pre-historic period in India, which it divides into the Palaeolithic Age, Mesolithic Age, and Neolithic Age based on stone tool technology. It describes key developments in each period, including that Palaeolithic humans used quartzite tools and lived as hunter-gatherers, while Mesolithic humans began using bone tools and domesticated dogs. The document also discusses archaeological evidence found across India dating to the pre-historic period, including stone tools, cave paintings, and burial sites.
The document summarizes the discovery of an Acheulian cave site at Susrondi in Maharashtra, India. Fieldwork uncovered stone tools and evidence of early human occupation in the Late Pleistocene period. Analysis showed the cave was occupied during the early Late Acheulian stage, making it a rare coastal site of its kind along India's long coastline or Deccan plateau. The discovery provides new insights into the Acheulian tradition and human habitation patterns in the region during the Pleistocene.
The document summarizes the various reasons for the decline of the Mauryan dynasty in ancient India in 3-4 sentences:
1) Ineligible rulers who were not strong administrators led to decentralization and the division of the vast empire into independent kingdoms.
2) The highly centralized administration that worked under strong early rulers became difficult to maintain under weaker later kings, contributing to independence movements.
3) Revolts by regional rulers who lost loyalty to the central authority, as well as internal revolts like that led by Pushyamitra Shunga, destabilized the dynasty.
4) External attacks after the rule of Ashoka, who adopted a non-violent policy, further weakened the
Four important pre-historic ages in India are discussed:
1. Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) where man used basic stone tools for hunting and tasks.
2. Mesolithic Age (Intermediate Stone Age) where man began to develop new skills.
3. Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) where man developed improved stone tools and new civilizations.
4. The Age of Metals where gold, then copper, and later bronze and iron were discovered and used, marking further advances in civilization.
Though knowledge of prehistoric India is limited, these ages were important in developing early human skills, inventions, and civilizations.
The document summarizes several important empires and periods in ancient Indian history. It describes the establishment of the Maurya Empire by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BCE, which unified most of northern India for the first time. It then discusses the expansion of the empire and rule of Ashoka, who promoted Buddhism. Next, it outlines the Gupta Empire from 320-467 CE, considered a golden age of Indian culture with advances in literature, art, science, and mathematics. It concludes by noting the invasions from central Asian groups like the Huns and establishment of Muslim rule over northern India by 1200 CE.
The document summarizes the rise of the Magadha Empire in ancient India. Some key factors that contributed to its rise included its natural boundaries along rivers, abundant natural resources like iron ore, control of trade routes along rivers and land, fertile land from Himalayan rivers, supportive population, and enthusiastic rulers from dynasties like the Haryanka and Nanda. The Magadha Empire was centered around cities like Rajgriha and Pataliputra (modern Patna) and benefited from available resources like elephants, iron ore, and skilled artisans to develop strong military forces and specialized industries. Successive rulers expanded the empire through conquests of neighboring regions.
This document provides information on 24 Jain Tirthankaras depicted in miniature paintings from Jaipur circa 1850. It lists each Tirthankara's name in Sanskrit and their associated animal symbol. Additionally, it discusses the antiquity of Jain images dating back to the Indus Valley civilization and various periods of Indian history. Iconographic details and symbols commonly shown with the Tirthankaras are also outlined. The document shares images of historical Jain sculptures and paintings showcasing the Tirthankaras from various regions and time periods in India.
This presentation is based on the history of Ancient India. It gives us concise information about the Magadh Kingdom.
To know more about, v our Youtube channel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hoTwNSON-k
Yakshas are nature spirits in Hindu, Jain and Buddhist literature that are caretakers of natural treasures hidden in the earth. They can have a dual personality as either benevolent protectors or dangerous ghosts. The document lists several examples of sculptures and inscriptions of Yakshas and Yakshinis found at archaeological sites in North India, such as a 2.59 meter sculpture of Manibhadra, an avatar of Shiva, discovered at Parkham, Mathura dated to 200-50 BCE. Inscriptions of Yakshas have also been found at Patna and Besnagar providing names and details. Yakshas are often depicted in art as attendants of Kubera, the
The Kushan Dynasty ruled between 30-375 CE in areas of modern day Afghanistan and northern India. The Kushans were originally from the Yuezhi confederation and migrated to the region in the 1st century CE under the leadership of Kujula Kadphises. Major Kushan rulers included Kujula Kadphises, Vima Kadphises, and the powerful emperor Kanishka, who expanded the empire and patronized Buddhism. The Kushan Empire dominated trade between Rome, China, and South Asia and facilitated the spread of Gandhara art and Mahayana Buddhism. The empire fragmented in the 3rd century CE due to invasions and was eventually overwhelmed by the
I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization that flourished along the Indus River and Ghaggar-Hakra River in what is now Pakistan and northwest India from 3300 BC to 1700 BC. Major cities of the civilization included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had advanced sewage and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade with Mesopotamia and other regions. While much remains unknown about the civilization, archaeologists have uncovered evidence of their advanced urban planning, systems of weights and measures, arts and crafts, and religious symbols.
The Satavahanas were a dynasty that ruled over parts of central and southern India between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE. They originated from the Deccan region and had their capital in Dharanikota and Amaravati in present-day Andhra Pradesh. Some key rulers included Satakarni I, Gautamiputra Satakarni, Vasishthiputra Pulamavi, and Yajna Satakarni. The Satavahanas came into conflict with neighboring Western Kshatrapa and Indo-Greek rulers but were able to defeat them and expand their territories at times under rulers like Gautamip
Maritime trade has a long history in India dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization. During this period, the Harappans established an extensive maritime trade network connecting India to Mesopotamia and other parts of Western Asia. Major exports included timber, ivory, and luxury goods like lapis lazuli. The trade continued and expanded after the decline of the Harappans. Under the Mauryan Empire in the 4th-3rd centuries BCE, maritime trade flourished as the state established rules and infrastructure to regulate ports and trade. Major trading partners included regions along the Red Sea like Egypt and East Africa. In later centuries, India engaged in extensive trade with Rome, Byzantium, Southeast Asia,
This document provides a high-level chronology of major events in India's history from 25 million BCE to 325 BCE. Some key events mentioned include the formation of the Himalayan mountain range 25 million BCE, the earliest evidence of farming and civilization in India between 13,000-8,000 BCE, the peak of the Indus Valley Civilization between 5,500-4,000 BCE, the composition of the Vedas between 4,500-1,500 BCE, the Mahabharata war around 1375 BCE, and the rise of the Maurya Empire under Chandragupta Maurya in 325 BCE after he defeated the Nanda Dynasty. The chronology is based on archaeological evidence and texts such
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
Outline :
The Pre Historic Era
I. The stone age
II. The bronze age
Vedic period
Janapadas and Mahajanapadas
Maurya empire
Gupta empire
Empires in deccan and south
Medieval and Early Modern periods
Modern period and Independence
The Maurya Empire was a large empire in ancient India ruled by the Mauryan dynasty from 322-185 BCE with its capital in Pataliputra. Chandragupta Maurya founded the empire in 322 BCE and unified India, ruling until 298 BCE when he abdicated to his son Bindusara. Bindusara expanded the empire further south during his reign from 298-272 BCE. His son Ashoka became emperor and ruled most of the subcontinent from 269-232 BCE, being one of India's greatest emperors. After Ashoka, Dasaratha ruled from 232-224 BCE over a declining empire that lost some territories during his reign.
Chandragupta Maurya was a king who united much of northern and central India in the late 4th century BCE. He defeated the powerful Nanda Empire and established the Maurya Empire. Chandragupta waged successful military campaigns against several neighboring rulers, expanding his empire. He administered the large empire efficiently using a central bureaucracy divided into administrative units at the city and regional levels. Chandragupta adopted Jainism late in life and passed away by fasting at Shravanabelagola in Karnataka.
The document provides information on the sources and history of the Mauryan Empire in India. It discusses literary sources like the Indica and Arthashastra, as well as archaeological sources like the Ashokan Edicts found at locations like Shahbazgarhi, Pakistan. It describes some of the major edicts and their messages of dhamma. Additionally, it outlines aspects of Mauryan administration under Chandragupta and Ashoka like the division of the empire into provinces and districts and the taxes, trade, and promotion of Buddhism in the empire.
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan nomads began migrating into northern India, bringing with them their Indo-European language and religion centered around gods like Indra. They established themselves throughout the region and influenced the collapse of the Indus civilization. Their migrations helped establish Vedic culture and the beginnings of the caste system in India.
The document provides an overview of the pre-historic period in India, which it divides into the Palaeolithic Age, Mesolithic Age, and Neolithic Age based on stone tool technology. It describes key developments in each period, including that Palaeolithic humans used quartzite tools and lived as hunter-gatherers, while Mesolithic humans began using bone tools and domesticated dogs. The document also discusses archaeological evidence found across India dating to the pre-historic period, including stone tools, cave paintings, and burial sites.
The document summarizes the discovery of an Acheulian cave site at Susrondi in Maharashtra, India. Fieldwork uncovered stone tools and evidence of early human occupation in the Late Pleistocene period. Analysis showed the cave was occupied during the early Late Acheulian stage, making it a rare coastal site of its kind along India's long coastline or Deccan plateau. The discovery provides new insights into the Acheulian tradition and human habitation patterns in the region during the Pleistocene.
It is an introduction to Archaeology and the recovery of social history of India through Archaeological sources. In this presentation i only sad about Prehistoy, Protohistory and Early History of India through Archaeological sources. I hope it will help you all to know more about archaeology and early history of India.
History notes time sequence of ancient to modern history in indiakuttaimon
The document provides a chronological overview of history in India from ancient to modern times. It divides Indian history into three periods: Ancient India from prehistoric to 700 AD, Medieval India from 700-1857 AD, and Modern India from 1857 onward. Some key events highlighted in the ancient period include the Indus Valley Civilization and the rise of the Mauryan Empire under Chandragupta Maurya. The medieval period saw the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire, while the modern period was defined by the Indian independence movement and establishment of democratic rule after 1947.
The document provides information on the Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization. It discusses the major sites uncovered, including Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Lothal, and Dholavira. Key features of the Harappan civilization discussed include its organized city planning with grid layouts and drainage systems, agriculture including crops like wheat and barley, domestication of animals, use of bronze and copper tools, and development of crafts like pottery and seal making. The document also outlines the different phases of the Harappan civilization from early to late periods.
This document provides an overview of what history is and the different sources that historians use to study the past. It defines history as the systematic study of past events based on facts rather than imagination. Historians divide history into two parts - prehistory, which refers to the period before writing, and history, which refers to the period after the invention of writing. Source materials for historians fall into two main categories: archaeological sources, such as inscriptions, coins, monuments and artifacts; and literary sources, which include religious texts, plays, biographies and accounts from travelers that provide information about ancient societies and cultures.
This document discusses India's minerals and metals heritage over the past 10,000 years. It notes that until 1500 CE, India and China were the dominant civilizations in the world due to their mastery of minerals and metals. It provides background on literary sources that discuss ancient Indian metallurgy, including references in ancient texts like the Rig Veda and Arthashastra. The document also summarizes early evidence of metal use in India, including gold artifacts from the Indus Valley Civilization dating back to 3300 BCE and evidence that gold mining occurred in India as early as the 1st millennium BCE.
PREHISTORIC ERA (UNTIL C. 3300 BCE)
This Period has been categorized into 3 Stages
1: Stone Age
2: Bronze Age
3: Iron Age
1) The Stone Age:
Facts about the Stone Age:
Stone Age tools:
Food from the Stone Age:
Wars of the Stone Age:
Art of the Stone Age:
When did the Stone Age begin?
There are three significant historical eras in human civilization:
• Paleolithic Period
• Mesolithic Period
• Neolithic Period
2) The Bronze Age:
Bronze Age Tools:
Civilizations of the Bronze Age:
China's Bronze Age:
Greek Bronze Age:
The collapse of the Bronze Age:
3) The Iron Age:
When did the Iron Age begin?
Empire of Persia:
Iron Age in Europe:
Conclusion:
It is the most exciting thing to discover about a man and his history. How the earth originated and its life is no doubt a myth. However, the first step is always to explore our planet and earth as it has given life to multiple creatures. Hundreds of millions of years ago the earth was formed as a red hot ball. It was full of clouds of gases. The temperature was too hot and it took millions of trillions of years to cool it down. Mountains and seas became appeared. The first life originated in water as Algae. Algae multiplied and turned into countless lives in water. Many historians believe that life started with apes. But life started after the ice age. The ice age was experienced when the temperature of the earth cooled down enough and everything even every creature on the planet became frozen. The life disappeared. Our world observed four ice ages until now. After this age, the earliest man appeared as Java Man and Peking in Heidelberg. Also in the Neanderthal valley of Germany, the men appeared. And life started.
The old stone age is divided into Paleolithic and Neolithic man. The former was active in making different tools for living. They made a fist hatchet the spear. The man searched for their food in jungles and hunted animals for their food. Soon the Neanderthal man became disappeared and Cro magnon appeared as a new man. This man can be described as belonging to our species, homo sapiens.
New stone is known as a new era in the life of man. Instead of searching for food, the man learned the art of producing food. They were found in Switzerland, Italy, and France. All of them were settled on the banks of the river. Neolithic men were more creative in producing crafts. They knew the art of making things with wood, painting, decorating the pots, using different tools, and singing mad dancing. They also introduced the barter system which still prevailed in some parts of the world.
Simultaneously, Asian men found copper and some other metals. They discovered a hard metal which is called Bronze. The discovery spread all around the world. Afterward, the use of iron was also introduced by these men.
References:
This document discusses the importance of studying history and the various sources and time periods of history. It covers:
1) There are three main time periods in history - prehistory before writing, protohistory with few written records, and history with many written records.
2) Sources of history include archaeological sources like inscriptions, monuments, artifacts, and coins. Literary sources include religious texts and secular texts.
3) Dates in history are recorded using BC/BCE and AD/CE. Studying history is important to understand the present and how geography influenced events.
This document provides a historical overview of the region of Pragjyotisha, which later became known as Cooch Behar. It discusses the various dynasties and kingdoms that ruled the region from ancient times, including the Danava dynasty, Bhaumasura dynasty, Kachari, Sadiya, Pala, Ahom, Chutiya, and Muslim rulers. It also references the mythology and epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata to discuss dates related to Lord Rama and Lord Krishna. The document reviews the various eras of history in the region from the Copper Age to the Iron Age. It provides context on migration patterns of modern humans into the area approximately 22,000
This document provides an overview of prehistoric India, beginning with a definition of history and its division into prehistory, protohistory, and history based on the development of writing. It then discusses the Stone Ages (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and Chalcolithic periods in India based on tool technology. Key details include the types of tools and materials used in each period, as well as significant archaeological sites that provide information about prehistoric life and culture in India. Non-literary and literary sources that help reconstruct ancient Indian history are also summarized.
This document outlines the course objectives, units, and references for a course on archaeology. The course aims to help students understand the meaning and scope of archaeology as well as how it can be used as a source for history. It is divided into 4 units that will cover topics like exploration methods, prehistoric cultures in India, megalithic cultures, excavations of important Indus sites, and ware cultures. The course will also examine epigraphy, numismatics, and important archaeologists. The references section lists several books and papers that provide further information on topics like Indian and South Indian archaeology, epigraphy, and excavation methods.
1) The Ram Sethu area developed as a multi-centric freshwater lake and pathway between India and Sri Lanka during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene periods due to a drop in sea levels around 120,000 years ago.
2) Archaeological and geological evidence indicates the presence of ephemeral freshwater streams and islands that would have facilitated migration and cultural exchange between populations in India and Sri Lanka.
3) By the middle Holocene around 7,500 years ago, the freshwater streams and pathways in the Ram Sethu area transitioned to estuarine environments as sea levels rose, which would have required the use of rafts or boats to traverse.
1) Madhya Pradesh has a rich historical geography, including kingdoms like Avanti and Chedi. The Paramara dynasty originated from the fire pit and ruled Malwa from the 9th-13th centuries CE, known for temples built in the Bhumija style.
2) The Kalachuri dynasty, who took their name from their long moustaches, ruled parts of northern Maharashtra and Malwa from the 6th-12th centuries CE. They followed religions like Buddhism, Jainism, and Shaivism and built temples in circular, square and rectangular styles.
3) Madhya Pradesh made many contributions to Indian history as a cultural link between north and south, and
This document provides an overview of the history of India from prehistoric times to the ancient period. It discusses the Stone Age periods (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and the tools and sites dating to these periods. The Chalcolithic age which involved the use of both stone and copper is also mentioned. Key events of ancient Indian history discussed include the Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic period, rise of Mahajanapadas, Buddhism, Mauryan Empire, Gupta Empire. Periodization of Indian history into Ancient, Medieval and Modern periods is also briefly covered.
The document provides details about the Edicts of the Maurya Emperor Ashoka from the 3rd century BCE. It summarizes the different types of edicts, including Major and Minor Rock Edicts, Major and Minor Pillar Edicts, Separate Edicts, and Cave Inscriptions. It describes some of the key contents, such as Major Rock Edict II outlining Ashoka's definition of dharma and mentioning southern Indian kingdoms. Minor Rock Edict II details instructions for distributing copies of the edicts. Over 50 edicts from Ashoka have been found across India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nepal, written in various local languages of the time.
A.indian archaeology and heritage educationAnum Khan
This document provides an overview of maps and archaeological sites from the Indian peninsular region dating from the Stone Age to early historic periods. It summarizes key Stone Age sites from the Lower Paleolithic through Mesolithic eras across states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. Notably, it outlines sites providing evidence of Acheulian tool traditions as well as Mesolithic and Neolithic farming communities. The document also briefly outlines historic port sites along the eastern coast and Buddhist and megalithic sites in regions like Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and Orissa.
This document provides information about the Central India Journal of Historical and Archaeological Research (CIJHAR), including details about the editor, advisory council, editorial board, subscription rates, and contents of the January-March 2013 issue. It lists 27 articles on various topics related to North East Indian history, including nationalistic literature in early 20th century Assam, the indigo peasant movement, politics in Manipur, ancient cities in Eastern India, sea trade in Bengal, and more. It also provides background on the editor, Dr. Vinay Shrivastava, and his academic qualifications and research experience focusing on the history of Central India.
1. The document discusses several important aspects of Indian heritage including the Vedas, important sages like Vyasa and Yajnavalkya, the Yajur Veda, concepts of Yuga and Vedangas.
2. It also briefly outlines the Indus Valley civilization including aspects of urban planning, trade, and script.
3. Key concepts from Hindu mythology are summarized concisely such as the Dashavatars representing physical and social evolution, and references to embryology in ancient texts.
1. The document discusses several important aspects of Indian heritage including the Vedas, important sages like Vyasa and Yajnavalkya, the Yajur Veda, concepts of Yuga and Vedangas.
2. It also briefly outlines the Indus Valley civilization including aspects of urban planning, trade, and script.
3. Key concepts from Hindu mythology are summarized like the Dashavatars representing physical and social evolution, and embryology concepts found in ancient texts.
Similar to Ancient India History and Civilization (20)
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document repeatedly lists "SRS,S.P.College,Pune" with no other context or information provided. It mentions this phrase 10 times but gives no details about the topic.
The document discusses Ashoka and his Dhamma (teachings). It provides context on Brahmanical religion and its impact, including the rise of Buddhism in reaction to Brahmanical practices. It then outlines aspects of Ashoka's Dhamma based on his edicts, including his promotion of Dhamma Mahamatras to spread his message, emphasis on qualities like liberty and truthfulness, and policy of non-violence including prohibiting animal slaughter for religious purposes. The conclusion emphasizes how Buddhism reacted against Vedic religion and how Ashoka's Dhamma promoted morality and peace.
This document discusses the nature and approaches of history. It defines history as the study of past events and human progress according to different historians. It outlines important types of history like political, social, economic, and legal history. It also discusses theories of history such as teleological, cyclic, and Marxist theories. The document then covers the different approaches to studying history, from theological to postmodernist approaches. It notes historians have shifted to more secular, analytical studies of history over time.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
MIT College Pune held a lecture on February 26th, 2015 about the life and achievements of Subhashchandra Bose given by Dr. Sopan Shende, the HOD of the History Department at Sir Parashurambhau College, Pune. The lecture discussed Bose's family including his parents Jankinath Bose and Prabhabati Bose as well as his notable accomplishments. The lecture concluded with thanks and "Jai Hind".
This document summarizes a workshop on project writing for history students. It provides guidance on the requirements, process, format, and submission of the mandatory history project. Key details include that the project must be 3000 words or 10-15 pages on a topic from the syllabus, is worth 30 marks, and is due February 25th. The workshop covered selecting a problem, collecting and analyzing data, writing the project, and formatting requirements like font, spacing, chapters, bibliography and appendix. Students were instructed to submit two copies and a soft copy to the department by the due date.
This document summarizes a workshop on project writing for history students. It provides guidance on the requirements, process, format, and submission of the mandatory history project. Key details include that the project must be 3000 words or 10-15 pages on a topic from the syllabus, is worth 30 marks, and is due February 25th. The workshop covered selecting a problem, collecting and analyzing data, writing the project, and formatting requirements like font, spacing, chapters, bibliography and appendix.
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1. SHIKSHANA PRASARAKA MANDALI’S
Department of History
Sir Parshurambhau College Pune
SEM :- III (D.S.C. 1A)
Ancient India :history and CIVILIZATION
introductory lecture
Presented BY:- DR. SOPAN SHENDE.
Mob.NO. 8983370495 / e-mail :- dr.srshende@gmail.com
2. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
department of history
faculty of the department
Dr. Soapn Shende
(M.A.,M.Phil.,Ph.D.)
Associate Professor and Head Department of History
Mr. Akshaya Kakade
(M.A.,SET,)
Assistant Professor Department of History
3. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
department of history
S.Y.B.A. HISTORY SEMISTRE- III
SUBJECTS FOR STUDY
1- CC / S.E.C.-1A ( OLD-G-2) HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA (PART1) (1757-1857)
2- D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
3- D.S.C. 2A ( OLD -S-2) HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL INDIA(PART 1)( 1206-1526)
4- S.E.C. 2 A ( CREDIT – 2) UNDERSTANDING TEMPLE ARCHITURE ( SELF STUDY)
4. SEM :- III (D.S.C. 1A)
Ancient India : history and CIVILIZATION
introductory lecture
SYLLABOUS :
UNIT- I - UNDERSTANDING ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY :
1.1- Introduction to History.
1.2- Meaning and nature,
1.3- Sources of Ancient Indian History-
(Physical sources, Epigraphic Sources, Numismatics, Literary sources)
UNIT- II - DIVISON OF HISTORY ( Pre-History)
2.1- Stone Age
2.2- Development of human-being
UNIT-III - DIVISON OF HISTORY ( Proto-History)
3.1- Harappan Civilization - Sources of Study, Socio-economic and Cultural life
3.2- Introduction to Vedic Culture - Sources of Study, Socio-economic and Cultural life
UNIT- IV - RELIGIOUS TRANSFORMATIOM
4.1- Rise and development of Jain and Buddha Dharma
4.2- Atheist ( Lokayats)
5. SEM :- III (D.S.C. 1A)
Ancient India : history and CIVILIZATION
introductory lecture
BOOKS FOR STUDY
ENGLISH :
Kosambi, D.D., 1963,The Culture And Civilization of India in Historical Outline, Vikas Publication, New Delhi,
Mahajan ,V. D., 2019, A History of Ancient and Medieval India, New Delhi,(Rrpri.)
Pusalkar, K.M., 1959, Geographical Factors in Indian History, ,Bombay,.
Sankalia ,H.D., 1963,Prehistory and Protohistory of India and Pakistan, Bombay,
Singh Upender, 2012, H history of Ancient and Early Medieval India, Pearson, Longman, Second Impration,
Thapar, Romila, 2002,Early India: From the Origins to 1300 A.D., Penguin Books,
मराठी :
कोलारकर श. गो., प्राचीन भारताचा राजकीय, सामाजजक व संस्कृ ततक इततहास, आरंभापासून १२०६ पययन्त, श्री मंगेश प्रकाशन,
नागपूर,
गायधनी रं.ना., १९९७, प्राचीन भारताचा इततहास, अतनरुद्ध पजललके शन हाऊस, पुणे.
तांबे व. द., काटदरे मा. गो., १९४६, प्राचीन भारत, मंगलसाहहत्य प्रकाशन, पुणे , प्रथम आवृती,
थापर रोममला, (अनु), प्रा. रं.ना. गायधनी व वासंती फडके , २००६, अमलय इंडडया, के सागर प्रकाशन , पुणे
देगलूरकर, ढवळीकर, गाईकवड, १९७३, प्राचीन भारतीय इततहास आणण संस्कृ तत, पॉप्युलर प्रकाशन, मुंबई, पहहली आवृती,
शेंडे सो. रा., २०१९, प्राचीन भारताचा समग्र इततहास, सुतनधी प्रकाशन ,पुणे,
6. SHIKSHANA PRASARAKA MANDALI’S
Department of History
Sir Parshurambhau College, Pune30
(AUTONOMOUS)
SEM :- III (D.S.C. 1A)
Ancient India : history and CIVILIZATION
LECTURE NO. 2 :- UNDERSTANDING HISTORY
Presented BY:- DR. SOPAN SHENDE.
Mob.NO. 8983370495 / e-mail :- dr.srshende@gmail.com
7. SEM :- III (D.S.C. 1A)
Ancient India : history and CIVILIZATION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
To understand meaning and development of word ‘History’.
Difference between ‘ ITIHAS’ and ‘HISTORY’.
Understanding Pre- History.
Understanding Stone Age.
Types of Stone Age.
8. SEM :- III (D.S.C. 1A)
Ancient India :history and CIVILIZATION
UNDERSTANDING HISTORY
MEANING OF WORD ‘HISTORY’
‘ITIHAS’ : MEANING AND NATURE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ‘ITIHAS’AND ‘HISTORY’
TYPES OF HISTORY
9. SEM :- III (D.S.C. 1A)
Ancient India :history and CIVILIZATION
MEANING OF HISTORY
In the opinion of some scholars that, the word ‘History’ is derived from the
Greek word ‘Istria’.
The meaning of the word ‘Istria’ is enquiry, research, explanation or
information.
The word ‘ History’ was used by the British.
The word ‘History’ is generally known as ‘ITIHAS’.
Mob. No. 8983370495 dr.srshende@ gmail.com
10. SEM :- III (D.S.C. 1A)
Ancient India :history and CIVILIZATION
TYPES OF HISTORY
Pre History : Writing skill is the main characteristic of defining the history.
Per-history means , in those age writing skill or written sources
were not available.
Proto History: There is writing skill but just we are not able to deciphered it.
Age of History : There is skill of writing and we can read it. In this type there is
skill of writing and written sources are available.
11. SEM :- III (D.S.C. 1A)
Ancient India :history and CIVILIZATION
PRE-HISTORY
Understanding Pre-History
Charistics of Pre- History – Art of Writing
Impact of Writing on History.
HISTORICAL AGE WRITING SKILL READING SKILL
1 Pre - History NO NO
2 Proto History YES NO
3 Age of History YES YES
12. SEM :- III (D.S.C. 1A)
Ancient India :history and CIVILIZATION
PRE – HISTORY
STONE AGE:
CLASSIFYING STONE AGE : The three age – system- the idea that there was an age of stone tools ,
followed by one dominated by those of bronze and then of Iron. The term ‘STONEAGE’ first put forward
in the late 18th century and early 19th century, by the Danish scholars P.F. Shum and Christian Thomsen.
The Indian stone age is divided into there parts. a) Palaeolithic, b)Mesolithic and c)Neolithic on the
basis of geological age, the type and technology of stone tool, and substance base.
TYPES OF OLD STONE AGE :
• Old Stone Age or Palaeolithic Age is further divided into the lower, middle and upper Palaeolithic.
a) Lower Stone Age ( 5 lakh to 1.5 lakh )
b) Middle Stone Age ( 1,50,000 – 40,000 B.C.)
c) Upper Stone Age ( 9000 – 8000 B.C.)
• New Stone Age (Neolithic Age)
13. SEM :- III (D.S.C. 1A)
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN STONE AGE
Sr.
No.
AGE Characteristic Techniques Sites in India
1 Lower Stone Age (5 laks to 1.5 laks) Hunter Life, use of
stone as a tool,
Natural Shelter, Cloths
:- Leaves, Bark of Tree,
Skin of Animals
An Axe, Invasion of
Fire
Kashmir, Punjab,
Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Mhaisur,
Andhra, Madras etc.
2 Middle Stone Age ( 150,000 B.C. and
40,000 B.C.)
Change in Tools, small and medium-sized
hand-axes, cleavers, and
various kinds of
scrapers, borers, and
knives.
Central India, Deccan,
Rajasthan, Maharashtra,
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
and Orissa.
3 Upper Stone Age (9,000 and 8,000 B.C.) producing parallel sided
blades
Scrapers
Points
Awls
Burins
Borers
Knives etc.
Rajasthan,
Central and Western
India,
Parts of the Ganga
and Belan valleys,
Gujarat,
Andhra Pradesh, and
Karnataka.
14. SEM :- III (D.S.C. 1A) Ancient India : history and
CIVILIZATION
LOWER PALAEOLITHIC SITES : Kashmir,
Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Mhausur, Andhra, Madras etc.
MIDDLEPALAEOLITHIC SITES: Central
India, Deccan, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka, and Orissa.
UPPER PALAEOLITHIC SITES: Rajasthan,
Central and Western India,
Parts of the Ganga and Belan valleys,
Gujarat,
Andhra Pradesh, and
Karnataka.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com
15. SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
UNIT- II : STONE AGE AND HUMANDEVELOPMENT
divisions of stone age
Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age) Neolithic Age
I- Lower Palaeolithic,
II- Middle Palaeolithic ,
III-Mesolithic
अश्मयुग क िं वा पाषाणयुग
ववभागणी – १- पुरणाश्मयुग:
( १- पूवव पुरणाश्मयुग मध्य पुरणाश्मयुग उत्तर पुरणाश्मयुग )
२- नवाश्मयुग – तािंम्राश्म युग
16. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
STONE AGE AND HUMANDEVELOPMENT
DIVISION OF STONE AGE:
The Indian stone age is divided into the Palaeolithic and Neolithic. On the basis of geological age, the type of
technology of stone tools.
The Palaeolithic age is further divided into, the Lower, Middle, Mesolithic and Neolithic.
The Palaeolithic Age: Palaeophiid tools have been found in an almost all parts of the subcontinent
Excavated sites are comparatively few. And mostly the evidence comes from source. Early Palaeolithic tools
fairly large core tools made of quartzite or other hard rock. They include chopping tool, hand axes and cleavers.
The Palaeolithic Age sites:-
In Gujrat, Sabarmati valley;
In Maharashtra- Wainganga valley, Godavari, Pravara, Tapi valley;
In Utter Pradesh- Belan valley;
In Karnataka - Ismpur : located on Hunsig valley, in Gulbarga district,
In Jharkhand- Chhotanagpur plateau ;
In West Bengal, Orisha, Tamil Nadu
The sites offered some obvious advantages to prehistoric humans. Water and variety of wild animals and plants
food were available.
17. LOWER PALAEOLITHIC TOOLS
Early Palaeolithic tools fairly large core tools.
Made of quartzite or other hand rock.
They include chopping tool, hand axes and cleavers
( Picture from Upendra Singh,2012, p.69,72,73)
The Palaeolithic stone Age sites:- In Gujrat, Sabarmati valley;
Maharashtra, Wainganga valley, Godavari, Pravara, Tapi valley;
Utter Pradesh, Belan valley; In Jharkhand Chhotanagpur plateau,
West Bengal, Orisha, Tamil Nadu
karnatak- Isampur , located on Hunsig valley. Isampur in
Gulbarga district,
18. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
STONE AGE AND HUMANDEVELOPMENT
MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC SITE
Middle Palaeolithic Sites: Middle Palaeolithic tools have been found in many parts of Indian subcontinent.
Diwan In Rajasthan, Hiran Valley in Gurat, Potwar plateau between Indus and Jhelum river, Thar region, Luni
river valley,( Luni Industry), Newasa Industry ,Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra, (Discovered by H.D. Sankalia,
Deccan college Pune; ) plain of Ganga and Yamuna river
Upper Palaeolithic Site : The upper Palaeolithic site in Belan valley , son valley,
Stone tool activities, such as cutting , slicing , piercing , and chopping, food processing etc.
Mesolithic Age: The pleuston geological era made way for the Holocene during 10,000 years ago. Many environmental changes
took place during this transition.
There were certain changes in the stone tool kits of pre-historic people. People started making and using very small tools
referred as microliths.
This is generally seen as a result of an increase in population due to more favourable environmental conditions as well as
technological innovations.
The Mesolithic sites : Bhimbetka (6556-6177) ,Baghor, Bagor, There are 642 rock shelters nearly
400 of which have paintings, engravings and brushings. In eastern India over 55 rock shelters have been identified in the
western districts of Orisa; kerala.
19. MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC TOOLS
MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC SITES:
Middle Palaeolithic tools have been found in
many parts of Indian subcontinent.
Diwan in Rajasthan, Hiran Valley in Gurat,
Potwar plateau between Indus and Jhelum
river, Thar region, Luni river valley,( Luni
Industry), plain of Ganga and Yamuna river,
Newasa Industry ,Ahmednagar district in
Maharashtra, (discovered by H.D. Sankalia,
Deccan college Pune; )
( Picture from Upendra singh, 2012,P. .75)
21.
The Mesolihic ART
MESOLITIC SITES IN INDIA
Bhimbetka (6556-6177)
Baghor, Bagor
,, There are 642 rock shelters
nearly 400 of which have
paintings, engravings and
brushings.
Orisa, In eastern India over 55
rock shelters have been
identified.
in the western districts of kerala.
https://www.google.com/search?q=mesolithic+art+in+india
&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMyJqY_Mnr
AhVNIbcAHXfLCsIQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1600&bih=789
#imgrc=WS_6CDgCgQUbIM
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
22. SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
THE NEOLITHIC AGE
The food producing agricultural-pastoral communities of the subcontinent has been divided into
three overlapping phases:
DIVISIONS OF NEOLITHIC AGE:
Phase I - c. 7000 -3000 BCE;
Phase II – c. 3000 – 2000 BCE;
Phase III – c.2000- 1000 BCE onwards
23. SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C.1A( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
NEOLITHIC AGE
Man and nature relationship :
Increase in the number and size of human settlements:
The small and relatively self-sufficient village community:
innovations in stone tool technology:
Innovation of pottery:
Domestication of animal and plants:
The beginning of animal and plant domestication did not mean the end of hunting – gathering
way of life
V. Gordon Childe coined the phrase ‘ Neolithic Revolution ’ to highlight significance of these
changes.
24. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
STONE AGE AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT LN NEOLITHIC AGE
• Human life in Neolithic Age :- Food production required new tools and equipment. Early
experiments in agriculture were made by women. Pottery was connected to food
storage and cooking. Women and children may have been involved in other activities
including collecting and processing clay. Collecting fire wood and decorating the pots.
Hunting and fishing were an important parts of the lives of Neolithic people.
• Change in Belief Systems: The cultivation of crops and the domestication of animals
must have led to increased concerns with fertility and magico religious way of
controlling it. Terracotta female figurines found in Neolithic age have been given the
label of Mother Goddesses.
• The farming communities connected women with fertility. Relation of dead with respect
or fear or both. Patterns in the orientation and form of burials show the exitance of
funerary customs. Multiple burials may indicate simultaneous death or the strength of
kinship ties.
• The worship of fertility goddesses was an important part of all societies in all over the
world.
25. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
HARAPPA, INDUS OR SINDHU – SARASVATI CIVILIZATION
Harappan civilization : The first site of this civilization were discovered in the
valley of Indus and its tributaries. Hence is was given the name ‘ Indus valley
civilization. It also known as Sindhu- Sarasvati or Harappan civilization.
The statistics of Harappan sites has risen to about 1022.
( Sites in Pakistan are – 406, In India are- 616 and excavated sites are -97)
The area covered by the Harappan Culture zone is huge, ranging between
6,80,000 to 8,00,000 sq. km.
The sites of Harappan civilization have been found in Afghanistan, Baluchistan,
Pakistan; Punjab, Sindh, Jammu, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujrat, Western Uttar
Pradesh in India.
The vast geographical extent of the civilization should make the objection to the
term ‘Indus’ Valley . The term ‘Sindhu – Sarasvati’ used by scholars. Also
objected. The best option is to use the term ‘Harappan Civilization’.
26. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
Discovery of harappan
• History of excavation of Harappa and Mohenjodaro :
Long gurney of excavation and study of Harappan civilization; Charles Masson (
Army man of East India Company) (1826) To Dr. Vasant Shinde ( Deccan College , Pune )
2019-20 ( Excavation at Rakhighri)
• Many archaeologists, researchers, scholars worked on Harappan Civilization. Some of
them are – Charles Masson( 1826), Alexander Burnes ( A traveller), Alexander
Cunningham (Military engineer of EIC ),(1850),
• Role of Department of Archaeological Survey of India.
1872- Alexander Cunningham re-visited Harappa as director General of Archaeological
survey of India. He found some stone tools and ancient pottery.
• 1920 - Daya Ram Sahani started excavation at Harappa.
• 1921-Rakhaldas Banarji started excavation at Mohanjodaro
• 1924 – Sir Johan Marshal (Director General of ASI) Made formal announcement of the
discovery of the Indus or Harappan civilization.
27. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
Discovery of harappan civilization-2
• Archaeologists and Scholars :
Mortimom Wheeler, Madhav Swarup Vats(1920-30), V. Gordon Childe, George Deales (1964),
H.T. Lambrik (1967), S.C. Malik( 1968), P.V. Kane ( 1995), Stuart Piggott, B.B. Lal (1997), Keeth
A.R. Kennedy (1997), Dr. Bhandarkar,Ramprasad Chanda (1926), Macc Adam, Nayjoti lahiri, R.s.
Bhist, Amalanand Ghosh, M.R. Mughal, Vasant Shinde ,
28. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
INDIAN SITES OF HARAPPAN CULTURE
• Indian rivers where Harappan culture flourished : Indus, Jhulam, Chenab, Ravi,
Satlaj, Ghaggar-Hakra,( Indus and it’s tributary rivers) Ganga] Yamuna, mahi,
Sabsrmati, Narmada etc.
• The Harappan sites : Mohanjodaro, Kot Diji, Amri, Harappa, Vaniwal,
Ganwerwala, Kalibangan, Sothi, Roper, Bara, Siswal, Rakhigarhi, Barangon,
Krishani, Alamgirpure, Manpur, Kot Kori, Dholvira, Surkotda,Lothal,Rangpur,
• ( Map, Upendra Singh,p.136)
29. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
DIVISON OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
• Divisions :
A- Early Harappan Phase ( 3200 to 2600 BCE)
B-Mature Harappan phase (2600 to 1900 BCE)
C- Late Harappan phase ( 1900to 1300 BCE)
Amalanand Ghosh was the first archaeologist to identify similarities between pre-
Harappan culture and the mature Harappan culture. Ghosh focused on the pre-Harappan
Soti culture of Rajastan. He address that there were similarities between Soti pottery and
the pottery of – a) Zhob, Quetta and other Baluchi sites.
b) Pre-Harappan Kalibangan ,Kot Diji and Mohenjo-Daro
M. R. Mughal, the first comprehensive analysis of the evidences from pre- Harappan site
in the greater Indus valley and north Baluchistan
30. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
FEATURES OF HARAPPAN CULTURE
The Harappan civilization was an urban, dose not mean that all or most of it’s
settlements had an urban character.
A majority were in eact villeges. The cities depended on villages for food and perhaps
also labour and various kinds of goods products in cities found their way into the
village.
Roads in the Harappan cities were not always absolutely straight and did not always
cross another at right angles.
But the settlements were clearly planned.
Major difference between the buildings in large cities and those in smaller towns and
villages was in the type, and row material used. In village houses were mostly of mud-
brick. In rocky area there was extensive use of stone.
The great bath in Mohanjodaro closely associate with the Harappan civilization
31. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
SOURCES OF UNDERSTANDING HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
Building structure
Terracotta human figures, toys, fiancé bangles, ornaments, gold and silver
jewellery
Bronze statues , copper objects
Seal making was another Harappan craft
32. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
• Tools of cultural study :
a) The Harappan civilization is marked by the stone, terracotta and metal sculpture over
the modelling of both human and animal figures. Sculpture of the dancing girl. The filling
for a powerful form expressed in the bronze figure of the bafellow, elephant, and the
rhinoceros from Daimabad of the late Harappan phase.
b) More numerous than stone sculptures are terracotta figurines of female
(Goddesses), birds and beasts of various types. He modelling of the goddesses images
show a continuity from the early Harappan tradition, but now with greater degree of
ornamentation. The terracotta figure of the hump less bull strikes the onlooker with the
compactness and muscularity of the form, the elephant figure is delineated with the
sense of massiveness.
c) The Harappan civilization is remarkable for its conspicuous absence of a temple or a
large-scale religious shrine. Large number of terracotta female figurines have been found.
These are usually described as mother goddess figurines or linked to fertility rites in view
of their pronounced reasts and prominent hips.
Religious life of harappan culture -1
33. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
Religious life of harappan culture -2
c) Much attention has been paid to male figure seated cross-legged. The figure has a
prominent and is shown with at least three faces. The most frequent identification of this
figure is with a proto- Siva deity. The presence of animals around him attempting to link
the mail figure with ‘Shiva Pashupati’.
d) The Harappan belief system certainly includes the veneration for Pipal tree and the
leaf.
e) The Svastika –like cross symbol mark as an auspicious symbol also figures in some
seals.
f) The well-known mail figure from Mohanjodaro shows the bust with one shoulder
covered by a shawl. The half closed eyes, suggesting that person was meditating, are
taken to mean that the person was a priest or a priest- king.
g) Cementeries have been found at Harappa, Lothal and Kalibangan and other sites.
Grave goods, consisting of potteries and some times of ornaments were deposited.
34. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
social life of harappan culture
• Harappan society : The people who lived within the Harappan society comprised village
and city folk. Society included occupational groups such as farmer, herders, sailors,
rulers, administrative officials, ritual specialists ,architects, carpenters, brick masons,
well digger, boat makers, sculptor, shopkeepers, sweepers, garbage collector and so on.
The affluent social groups would have comprised rulers, land owners, and merchants
class. Kenoyer, suggests that the animal on the square stamp seals represent totemic
symbols standing for a specific clan, at least 10 clans or communities are represented by
these animals.
• Position of women: The social implications of the worship of female deities are
complex. Some of the female figurines of Harappan site may represent goddess, may
seem to represent ordinary, mortal women. Terracotta figurines of women at work are
few. Figurines depicting women grinding or kneading something(clay, food) have been
found at Harappa and Mohanjodaro, suggesting the association of women with food-
processing activities. Some of the fat female terracotta figurines may represent
pregnant women.
35. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
• Economic life of harappan culture
• Farming : Farming was the prime occupation of Harappan people. They grew a wide verity of
crops like wheat, barely, pulses, mustered, bajra, jowar, sesame and cotton. There were two
harvesting seasons. Rain, wells, floodwater of river, traditional system of bunding were used
for agriculture.
• Domestication of animal: Intimately linked with the agrarian economy was animal breeding.
Bones of cattle and ox have been found. Bones of sheep and goat point to their domestication.
• The Harappan craftsmen continued with the stone blade industiy. The discovery of factory site
in the limestone hill of Sukkur and Rohri. The khetri ( Rajasrhan) have been an important
source of copper. Major advancement in metallurgy. Bronze was mostly used for making better
knives, axes. The use of copper tools and weapons production and house-hold goods.
• Brick manufacturing a typical urban craft. The cultivation of cotton plant was conducive to the
textile industry during mature Harappan times. Bed-making was the major craft in the mature
Harappan time. The Harappan beds were made of gold, copper, shell, ivory etc. One such
workshop was found out by R.S. Bisht at Banawali.
• Trade and commerce: The extensive trade contacts of the Harappan civilization with other
areas such as Oman, Mesopotamia etc. Baluchistan, Sindh, Rajasthan, Cholistan were internal
trade routes.
36. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
HARAPPA, INDUS OR SINDHU – SARASVATI CIVILIZATION
Harappan civilization : The first site of this civilization was discovered in the
valley of Indus and its tributaries. Hence it was given the name ‘ Indus valley
civilization. It also known as Sindhu- Sarasvati or Harappan civilization.
The statistics of Harappan sites has risen to about 1022.
( Sites in Pakistan are – 406, In India are- 616 and excavated sites are -97)
The area covered by the Harappan Culture zone is huge, ranging between
6,80,000 to 8,00,000 sq. km.
The sites of Harappan civilization have been found in Afghanistan, Baluchistan,
Pakistan; Punjab, Sindh, Jammu, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujrat, Western Uttar
Pradesh in India.
The vast geographical extent of the civilization should make the objection to the
term ‘Indus’ Valley . The term ‘Sindhu – Sarasvati’ used by scholars. Also
objected. The best option is to use the term ‘Harappan Civilization’.
37. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
Discovery of harappan
• History of excavation of Harappa and Mohenjodaro :
Long gurney of excavation and study of Harappan civilization; Charles Masson
( Army man of East India Company) (1826) To Dr. Vasant Shinde ( Deccan College , Pune
) 2019-20 ( Excavation at Rakhighri)
• Many archaeologists, researchers, scholars worked on Harappan Civilization. Some of
them are – Charles Masson( 1826), Alexander Burnes ( A traveller), Alexander
Cunningham (Military engineer of EIC ),(1850),
• Role of Department of Archaeological Survey of India.
1872- Alexander Cunningham re-visited Harappa as Director General of Archaeological
survey of India. He found some stone tools and ancient pottery.
• 1920 - Daya Ram Sahani started excavation at Harappa.
• 1921-Rakhaldas Banarji started excavation at Mohanjodaro
• 1924 – Sir Johan Marshal (Director General of ASI) Made formal announcement of the
discovery of the Indus or Harappan civilization.
38. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
Discovery of harappan civilization-2
• ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND SCHOLARS :
Mortimom Wheeler, Madhav Swarup Vats(1920-30),
V. Gordon Childe, George Deales (1964), H.T. Lambrik (1967),
S.C. Malik( 1968), P.V. Kane ( 1995), Stuart Piggott, B.B. Lal (1997),
Keeth A.R. Kennedy (1997), Dr. Bhandarkar, Ramprasad Chanda (1926),
Macc Adam, Nayjoti lahiri, R.S. Bhist, Amalanand Ghosh,
M.R. Mughal, Vasant Shinde and others.
39. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
INDIAN SITES OF HARAPPAN CULTURE
• INDIAN RIVERS WHERE HARAPPAN CULTURE FLOURISHED :
Indus, Jhulam, Chenab, Ravi, Satlaj, Ghaggar-Hakra,( Indus and it’s tributary rivers) Ganga]
Yamuna, mahi, Sabsrmati, Narmada etc.
• THE HARAPPAN SITES : Mohanjodaro, Kot Diji, Amri, Harappa, Baniwal, Ganwerwala,
Kalibangan, Sothi, Roper, Bara, Siswal, Rakhigarhi, Barangon, Krishani, Alamgirpure, Manpur,
Kot Kori, Dholvira, Surkotda,Lothal,Rangpur,
41. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
DIVISON OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
• Divisions of Harappan Civilization :
A- Early Harappan Phase ( 3200 to 2600 BCE)
B-Mature Harappan phase (2600 to 1900 BCE)
C- Late Harappan phase ( 1900to 1300 BCE)
Amalanand Ghosh was the first archaeologist to identify similarities between pre-Harappan
culture and the mature Harappan culture. Ghosh focused on the pre-Harappan Sothi culture of
Rajasthan. He address that there were similarities between Sothi pottery and the pottery of –
a) Zhob, Quetta and other Baluchi sites.
b) Pre-Harappan Kalibangan ,Kot Diji and Mohenjo-Daro
M. R. Mughal, the first comprehensive analysis of the evidences from pre- Harappan site in the
greater Indus valley and north Baluchistan
42. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
FEATURES OF HARAPPAN CULTURE
The Harappan civilization was an urban, dose not mean that all or most of it’s
settlements had an urban character.
A majority act were in villages. The cities depended on villages for food and perhaps
also labour and various kinds of goods products in cities found their way into the
village.
Roads in the Harappan cities were not always absolutely straight and did not always
cross another at right angles.
But the settlements were clearly planned.
Major difference between the buildings in large cities and those in smaller towns and
villages was in the type, and row material used. In village houses were mostly of mud-
brick. In rocky area there was extensive use of stone.
The great bath in Mohanjodaro closely associate with the Harappan civilization
43. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
SOURCES OF UNDERSTANDING HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
Building structure
Terracotta human figures, toys, fiance bangles, ornaments, jewellery
Bronze statues , copper objects
Seal making was another Harappan craft
49. SHEELS OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
Y
2AZoAHAAeAGAAcwEiAHlJJIBDDAuMTUuNi4wLjIuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img
&ei=SPVzX-
iEIsGc8QPtpr2QCw&bih=754&biw=1536&rlz=1C1CHBF_enIN918IN918#imgrc=1OiK_7LjQV2sqM&imgdii=d
rHS09pEIK1fiM
50. SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
• TOOLS OF CULTURAL STUDY :
a) The Harappan civilization is marked by the stone, terracotta and metal sculpture
over the modelling of both human and animal figures. Sculpture of the dancing girl. The
filling for a powerful form expressed in the bronze figure of the bafellow, elephant, and
the rhinoceros from Daimabad of the late Harappan phase.
b) More numerous than stone sculptures are terracotta figurines of female
(Goddesses), birds and beasts of various types. He modelling of the goddesses images
show a continuity from the early Harappan tradition, but now with greater degree of
ornamentation. The terracotta figure of the hump less bull strikes the onlooker with the
compactness and muscularity of the form, the elephant figure is delineated with the
sense of massiveness.
c) The Harappan civilization is remarkable for its conspicuous absence of a temple or
a large-scale religious shrine. Large number of terracotta female figurines have been
found. These are usually described as mother goddess figurines or linked to fertility rites
in view of their pronounced reasts and prominent hips.
Religious life of harappan culture -1
51. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
Religious life of harappan culture -2
d) Much attention has been paid to male figure seated cross-legged. The figure has a
prominent and is shown with at least three faces. The most frequent identification of this
figure is with a proto- Siva deity. The presence of animals around him attempting to link
the mail figure with ‘Shiva Pashupati’.
e) The Harappan belief system certainly includes the veneration for Pipal tree and the
leaf.
f) The Svastika –like cross symbol mark as an auspicious symbol also figures in some
seals.
g) The well-known mail figure from Mohanjodaro shows the bust with one shoulder
covered by a shawl. The half closed eyes, suggesting that person was meditating, are
taken to mean that the person was a priest or a priest- king.
h) Cemeteries have been found at Harappa, Lothal and Kalibangan and other sites. Grave
goods, consisting of potteries and some times of ornaments were deposited.
52. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
social life of harappan culture
• Harappan Society : The people who lived within the Harappan society comprised village
and city folk. Society included occupational groups such as farmer, herders, sailors,
rulers, administrative officials, ritual specialists ,architects, carpenters, brick masons,
well digger, boat makers, sculptor, shopkeepers, sweepers, garbage collector and so on.
The affluent social groups would have comprised rulers, land owners, and merchants
class. Kenoyer, suggests that the animal on the square stamp seals represent totemic
symbols standing for a specific clan, at least 10 clans or communities are represented by
these animals.
• Position of Women: The social implications of the worship of female deities are
complex. Some of the female figurines of Harappan site may represent goddess, may
seem to represent ordinary, mortal women. Terracotta figurines of women at work are
few. Figurines depicting women grinding or kneading something(clay, food) have been
found at Harappa and Mohanjodaro, suggesting the association of women with food-
processing activities. Some of the fat female terracotta figurines may represent
pregnant women.
53. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
• ECONOMIC LIFE OF HARAPPAN CULTURE :
• Farming : Farming was the prime occupation of Harappan people. They grew a wide verity of
crops like wheat, barely, pulses, mustered, bajra, jowar, sesame and cotton. There were two
harvesting seasons. Rain, wells, floodwater of river, traditional system of bunding were used
for agriculture.
• Domestication of animal: Intimately linked with the agrarian economy was animal breeding.
Bones of cattle and ox have been found. Bones of sheep and goat point to their domestication.
• The Harappan craftsmen continued with the stone blade industiy. The discovery of factory site
in the limestone hill of Sukkur and Rohri. The khetri ( Rajasrhan) have been an important
source of copper. Major advancement in metallurgy. Bronze was mostly used for making better
knives, axes. The use of copper tools and weapons production and house-hold goods.
• Brick manufacturing a typical urban craft. The cultivation of cotton plant was conducive to the
textile industry during mature Harappan times. Bed-making was the major craft in the mature
Harappan time. The Harappan beds were made of gold, copper, shell, ivory etc. One such
workshop was found out by R.S. Bisht at Banawali.
• Trade and commerce: The extensive trade contacts of the Harappan civilization with other
areas such as Oman, Mesopotamia etc. Baluchistan, Sindh, Rajasthan, Cholistan were internal
trade routes.
54. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
department of history
S.Y.B.A. SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1)
ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
Vedic culture
55. S.Y.B.A. SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1)
ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
Introduction TO VEDAS
The word ‘Veda’ comes from the root ‘vid ’(to know) and it means knowledge.
The use of Vedic literature as a source of history is linked to a number of questions about the people to whom these
texts belonged.
Those are - 1- Who were the Indo-Aryans? 2- Where did they come from? 3- What was the relation between the
Vedic and the Harappans.
*The original homeland of the Indo-Aryans is the subject of continuing debate among philologists , linguists,
historians and archaeologists. That is Indo-Aryans were immigrants and they were indigenous.
* The Vedas reflected a close connection with Iran. But we do not know when, where and why the Indo- Iranians
and Indo- Aryans parted ways.
The composer of the Rigveda described themselves as ‘Aryan’ , which can be understood as a cultural or ethnic
term. The terms ‘ Indo-European’ and ‘ Indo-Aryans’, as used by linguists and historians, have nothing to do with
racial classifications.
The Indo – Aryans were superior, they had military technology and the use of the horse and chariot.
They established their political and cultural dominance.
56. S.Y.B.A. SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1)
ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
VEDIC CULTURE
ABOUT SOURCES -1
• Sources : Challenge is to incorporate both literary and archaeological evidence, wherever they are
available.
• However evidence from these two sources dose not always match. When dealing with material culture,
priority should be given to archaeological evidence.
• Vedic literature, on the other hand, is a Reacher source of information on the development of
philosophical concepts and religious ideas and practice.
• It has led to the sideling of substantial archaeological evidence from Neolithic – chalcolithic, chalcolithic
and early iron age cultures in various regions of the subcontinent during c2000 -500 BCE.
• Extracting history from a literature as ancient , vast and complex as the Vedas is not easy task. The
Vedic corpus was not a popular literature and therefore, dose not necessarily represent popular ideas
or practices.
… National historians extracted historical details from the texts but tended to idealised the Vedic age.
[ Altekar A.S. 1938, Majumdar R.C.,1951]
57. S.Y.B.A. SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1)
ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
VEDIC CULTURE
ABOUT SOURCES - 2
A) Sources of Vedic culture:
Vedic age is divided in to Vedic or Rig Vedic and later Vedic age.
• Vedic literature :
Veda :- Also known as Shruti. They were four in numbers I. e. Rigveda,
Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda.
• Four parts of the Veda:- 1- The Samhita 2- Brahmanas 3 – Aranyaka and
4- Upanishad
• Vedange (limbs of the Veda) :- A number of supplementary texts known as
Vedange. They are six in number.
They are – Shiksha, Chhanda , Vyakarana, Nirukta, Kalpa and Jyotisha
• The Smritis :- The category of Smriti texts includes the Vedange, Puranas ( 18+18), Epics (Ramayana and
Mahabharata), Dharmashastras (Shrautasutra and Grihyasutra) and The Smritis ( such as Narad, Manu, Parashar,
Yajanyavalyaka and other.)
58. s.Y.B.A. SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1)
ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
VEDIC CULTURE
SOCIAL LIFE- 1
• Social life : Anthropological studies have brought out the importance of gift exchange in simple societies and some
of their observations are useful for understanding the culture reflected in the Rigveda. It is not the individual but
group (family, class, tribes) who make the exchanges and are bound by their obligations.
• The offering and receiving gifts are acts that establishes cement social relationship and social hierarchies.
Gift (Bali) were received by rajan from the members of the clan. Priests received ‘dana’ (ritual gifts) and
‘dakshina’ ( sacrificial fees)
• Household was the basic unit of labour and there is no mention of wage labour.
‘Das’ and ‘Dasi’ were term used for male and female slaves.
Das and Dasyus, both these terms are used to describe certain enemies. The Rigveda talks of conflict between the
Aryas and the Dasyus.
59. S.Y.B.A. SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1)
ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
VEDIC CULTURE
SOCIAL LIFE- 2
• Position of women:
Nationalist historians and scholars in the early 20th century often presented Vedic age as a golden age for women.
The Rigveda contains hymns composed by women, there are references to women sages.
Women have to be understood in relation to men and their relationship in wider social economic and political
context.
Women had limited access to sacred learning. There are no women priest in the Rigveda.
The Vedic prayers are for sons, not daughters.
The Rigveda attaches importance of the marriage institution. There are references of various types of
marriages(monogamy, polygamy, polyandry) There are references to women choosing their husbands.
A women could remarry if her husband died or disappeared. There are also references to unmarried women.
60. S.Y.B.A. SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1)
ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
• VEDIC CULTURE
SOCIAL LIFE- 3
• VARNA SYSTEM : The Purushasukta of the Rigveda refers four social groups. They
were -1-Brahamana, 2- Rajayanya ( Kshatriya) 3- Vaishya and 4- shudra.
The first three varnas were known as ‘dvijia’. The Brahamanas had an exalted status in
the varna hierarchy. The position of the shudra at the bottom of the varna ladder. The
shudra were associated with serving the higher varnas.
The Dharmasutras explain the origin of jatis through mixture of varnas.
The word ‘caste’ comes from the Portugues word ‘ CASTAS’ which refers to animal and
plant species as well as to tribes, clan, race within human society.
• Ashram system : The early Dharmashastras contain the detailed reference to the four
ashramas. ( Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprashta and Sannyasa)
The Smritis put the ashrmas together as ideal package of four consecutive stages in the
life of a dvija male.
61. S.Y.B.A. SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1)
ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
VEDIC CULTURE
ECONOMIC LIFE- 3
• ECONOMY: The Rigveda repeatedly emphasizes the importance of cattle- wealth (go).
Agriculture known as secondary to cattle – keeping. The Rigveda new the chief of the clan as ‘
Gopati’ (loard of the cattle).
• The data on agricultural practice are significant. The word ‘Sita’ stands for the furrow marks left
on the fields a result of the plough being drown by oxen. The crop was general was known as
‘sasya’. One of the main crop was barly (yava ).
• There are references of professions like, carpenter ( takshaka) was wood cutter, making
chariots, furniture, wooden houses.
• The Rigvedic society was well acquaintance with leather –workers (charmamana). Cloth
makers, ornament and jeweller makers. ‘Iron’ was of course synonymous with the term
‘ayaas’ in classical Sanskrit.
• The Rigveda mentions food and drink, cloth and leisure-time pursuits of people.
There are references of the consumption of milk and milk products.
The drink known as Soma. People wore cloths of cotton, wool, and animal skin.
• There were references of singing, dancing and chariot racing. These were popular pastimes.
62. S.Y.B.A. SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1)
ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
• VEDIC CULTURE
RELIGIOUS LIFE:-
• The Rigveda indicates a diversity of religious practice.
• The Rigveda mention of people who did not worship Indra. And the Dasa and Dasyus are
described as non honouring the Vedic gods and not performing sacrifices.
• The Vedic hymns divided the universe into the sky (dyu),earth (prithsvi), and the middle realm
( antiriksha). The word ‘dev’ is frequently used for the gods.
The Rigveda asserts that there aer33 gods associated with the sky, earth, and intermediate
region.
Deities were worshipped through prayer and sacrificial rituals ( yajnas). Some sacrifices were
simple, domestic affairs performed by the householders.
Seven types of sacrificial priests are mention in the Rigveda. They are- Hotra , Adhvaryu ,
Agnidh , Brahamana ,Potri , Neshtri , Mitravaruna .
The priest were given a fee(dakshina). The Rigveda dose not mention temples or the worship of
images of deities.
The Rigveda reflects a naturalistic polytheism. A belief in many gods who personified natural
phenomena. The gods were conceived of as andromorphic, i. e. as having physical form similar
to that humans.
63. S.Y.B.A. SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1)
ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
VEDIC CULTURE
• RELIGION IN LATER VEDIC PERIOD :- Religion, Rituals and Philosophy
• The Brahamana texts reflect a situation where sacrifices had become longer, more elaborate, and expensive.
• The ‘agnihotra’ was a simple domestic sacrifice to be performed daily morning and evening by the head of a dvija
household.
• A number of complex sacrificial rituals were associated with kingship. The ‘Vajapeya’ sacrifice was connected to
power and prosperity. The ‘Ashvamedha’ was a sacrifice associated with claims to political permeants. The
‘Rajasuya’ was the royal consecration ceremony.
• Domination of priest in religious activities.
• Varna and jati system become more rigid. They were depend on birth.
• Sanyasa Ashram become more prominent. Swarg is become a gole of life.
• Philosophy of Brahmana and Upanishad were most popular.
64. Sir Parshurambhau College Pune
Department of History
SEM :- III (D.S.C. 1A)
Ancient India :history and CIVILIZATION
• UNIT- I- III- “SOURCES OF ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY ( EARLY INDIA)”
• PHSYCAL SOURCES :
Archaeological Sources: Archaeology - the study of the human past through material remains – is
closely connected with history.
Field archaeology deals with the exploration and excavation of site. Archaeologists generally work on
land, marine or underwater archaeology.
In India marine archaeology deals with the entire cities that have been submerged by the sea.
Marine archaeology involves many specialists such as oceanographers, geologists, geophysicists and
diver-photographers, geologists, geophysicists. In recent times , exciting underwater discoveries have
been made off the coast of Dwarka and Bet Dwarka in Gujrat.
Ethno- Archaeology : Ethnography is the study of living cultures and communities. Ethno- archaeology
studies the behaviour and practices of living communities in order to interpret the archaeological
evidences related to communities of the past. Ethno-archaeology can contribute towards filling the gaps
in history.
Material remains include different things such as structures, artefacts, bones, seeds, seals, coins,
sculpture and inscriptions.
Material evidence is a key to understanding human behaviour and experience.
Archaeological reconstruction depends on the amount and the kind of material that is preserved.
Inorganic materials like stone, clay, and metal objects are most likely to survive in the archaeological
record.
65. SEM :- III (D.S.C. 1A)
Ancient India :history and CIVILIZATION
EPIGRAPHICAL SOURCES
Inscriptions and Coins come under the general umbrella of archaeological sources.
INSCRIPTIONS AS A SOURCE OF HISTORY-
Inscriptions are a valuable source of information of political history.
The Royal inscriptions of later age had genealogical material, gives detail about the history of
dynasties and the reign of kings.
Inscriptions provide datable information on the history of religious sects, in situations, and practices.
Inscriptions reflect the history of languages and literature and few refer to the performing arts
.
Epigraphy : The Study of inscriptions is known as epigraphy. An inscription is an writing that is engraved on
something – stone , wood, metal, ivory, bronze statue, bricks clay, shells, pottery, etc.-It also includes palaeography,
the study of ancient writing.
There are three main three types of scripts. In logographic scripts, written symbols stand for word, in a syllable, and
in an alphabets. Both the Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts and midway between alphabetic and symbolic scripts, and
can be described as semi-syllabic or semi- alphabetic.
CLASSIFICATION OF INSCRIPTIONS : Inscriptions can be classified according to their content and purpose into types
such as donative, dedicative and commemorative inscriptions.
66. SEM :- III (D.S.C. 1A)
Ancient India :history and CIVILIZATION
MATERIAL REMAINS: Different things, such as tools, artefacts, bones, seeds, seals,
structures, sculpture and inscriptions , coins .
67. SEM :- III (D.S.C. 1A)
Ancient India :history and CIVILIZATION
• ROCK ART AS SOURCE OF EARLY ANCIENT INSDIAN HISTORY
The Mesolihic ART
MESOLITIC SITES IN INDIA
Bhimbetka (6556-6177)
Baghor, Bagor
,, There are 642 rock shelters nearly
400 of which have paintings,
engravings and brushings.
Orisa, In eastern India over 55 rock
shelters have been identified.
in the western districts of kerala.
https://www.google.com/search?q=mesolithic+art+in+india&sourc
e=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMyJqY_MnrAhVNIbcAHXf
LCsIQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1600&bih=789#imgrc=WS_6CDgCg
QUbIM
68. SEM :- III (D.S.C. 1A)
Ancient India :history and CIVILIZATION
NUMISMATICS AS A SOURCE OF HISTORY
COINS AS A SOURCE OF HISTORY : Numismatic evidence is an especially important source for the
political history. Of India between c. 200 BCE and 300 CE. Coins also offer information on the
Indo-Greek, Parthians, shakes, kshatraps , Kushans, and the Satvananas. The deption of deities
on coins provided information about the personal religious preferences of kings, royal religious
policy and the history of religious cults.
NUMISMATICS : Numismatics is the study of coins. Currency and coinage are more specific
terms. Currency is a medium of exchange backed by issuing authority. Coinage is metal currency.
In world context, the earliest, the earliest coins appear in Lydia in West Asia in c.700 BCE and
were made of electrum, a natural alloy of golf and silver.
69. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A
ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
rELIGIOUS TRANSITION
vedic religion
Athesim
Janism
buddhism
71. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A
ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
RELIGIOUS TRANSITION
• Background of religious transition
a) Religious life in later Vedic period
b) Social life in later Vedic period
c) Reaction against Socio- religious life in later Vedic
period
72. SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A
ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
PROCESS OF TRANSITION
Reaction against later Vedic Religion and society-1
• The renunciatory tradition : The renunciants were referred to by various terms
including, Parivrajaka ( wonderer), Sramana and Bhikshu.
These were people who had left their homes and lived as wonderers, dependent on
food and alms offered by sympathetic or generous house holders.
• According to Buddhist texts Purana Kassapa was a teacher who rejected the distinction
between moral and immoral and denied that actions had consequences. He Taught
that good actions did not led to the accumulation of any merit and the deeds like killing
, stealing and lying were not sinful.
Ajit Keshkambalin taught a materialist doctyine. According to him, actions earned to
the elements after death and there was no rebirth. The materialist aspect of his
doctrine connects him to the later Charvak school.
Pukudha Kachchayana taught that the elements such as earth, water, fire, and air, sky,
as well as happiness, sorrow and life are fixed and unchanging, and do not affect each
other. Sanjaya Belatthiputta is described as some one who wriggled about like an eel.
73. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
PROCESS OF TRANSITION
Reaction against later Vedic Religion and Society-2
• Formation of Sects :
• The Ajivika Sect : The Ajivikas sect seems to have quite old,as there areallusions to prececessors of
Makkhali Gosala, its most important leader. Central idea of Ajivika was,that of ‘niyati’( fate), the principae
that ultimately determined and controlled everything.
• Mkkhali Gosala: jain and Buddhist tradations give account of the birth and parentage of Gosala.
The Jaina Bhagavati Sutra tells that , his father was Mankha, named Mankhali. His mother was Bhadd.
He born in cowshd inSaravana village, so he wae calld by name Gosala.
• A central Ajivika idea was that of Nyati ( fate). They seems to have practised ahimsa, they practiced
• complete nudity. The Ajivika sect did not practice discrimination on the basis of caste or class andits
• ascects and laity come from various sections of Makkhali Gosala used theworkshop of a women potter
Halahla, as his headquarter at Shravasti.
74. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
PROCESS OF TRANSITION
Reaction against later Vedic Religion and society-3
• The Buddha Dharma:
• The early life of Buddha: Shiddhartha ,the son of Suddhodhana and Maya. From
SaKya clan, who ruled from Kapilvastu. His mother Maya gave birth him
atLumbini. Siddhartha married a young woman named Yashodhara and they had
a son named Rahul.
• Siddharth left his home and family and wondered around for six years,seeking
the truth. He realised that he must nourish his body and try to attain peace of
mind.
• Under the oioal tree at Gayaa, he had attained enlightment and became known
as Buddha.
• Buddha gave his first sermon on deliverance from near Benaras. This event
known as Dhammachakka – pavattan.
75. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
PROCESS OF TRANSITION
Reaction against later Vedic Religion and society-3
• The jain doctrine is much older than the Buddhist one. The word ‘Jina’ means follower of Jaina, which
means victor, a person who has attained infinite knowledge and teaches others how to attain
moksha,i.e. liberation from the cycle of rebirth.
Tirthankara is another word for Jaina. There were supposed to be 24 tirthankars. The first tirthankara
was Rishabhadev. Neminath,the 22nd one, may have belong to the Saurashtra regin of Gujarat. The 23rd
was Parshvanath,who lived in Benaras. Vardhaman was the 24th tirthankara and came to be known as
Mahavira (Great hero)
• Early life of Vardhamana : Vardhaman was born in 599 BCE, at, Kundangram, a city near Vaishali,capital
of Videha. Vardhaman had an srisrocratic kshtrya background. His father Siddhartha was chief of the
jnatri clan, his mother Trishala ,the Videh king’s sister.
76. Sir parashurambhau college
( autonomous )
SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
PROCESS OF TRANSITION
Reaction against later Vedic Religion and society-4
Cults of Jaina : - Digambera and Shevtambera trdations both describe Vardhaman as wondering about 12 years.
He supposed to have attained ‘Kevalajnana’ outside the town of Jrimbhikagrama , on the bank of the Rijupalika
river, in the field of a householder name Samaga.
Teachings of Vardhaman Mahavir , the Jania tirthankara:
a) The Triratna ( three gems) of Jainism :
1) Right faith ( Samyag-darshana),
2-) Right knowlwdge ( Samyakg- Jnana)
3) Right conduct ( Samyag- charitra)
b) The Pancha Mahavrata ( The five great vows) for Sravak. ( householder) :-
Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Aparigraha, Brahmacharya
And Dasha Mahavrata ( Ten great vows) for Srmana. ( Bhakshu)
77. SEMISTRE- III
D.S.C. 1A ( OLD -S-1) ANCIENT INDIA : HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
PROCESS OF TRANSITION
Reaction against later Vedic Religion and society-4
• Teaching of The Buddha :
• Four Noble Truths of Buddha : ( Four Arysattya)
1- Dukkha 2-Trushna 3- Nirodha and 4-Nibhana
• Eightfold Path : ( Ashtang Marg)
The Buddhist emphasis on ahimsa involved a critique of Brahmanical sacrifices.
• The Buddhist Sangha : The Buddhist Sangha became a core institution. Monks (Bhikku) and Nuns ( Bhikkuni) are
associated with sangha. Buddha’s folloers had a cholce to join the sangha or remain outside. The mail followers
known as Upsaka anf femail follorwer knownas Upasika.
The Upasaka and upasika was a person who had decleared that he or she had taken refuge in the Buddha, Dhamma
and Sangha. For the laity,good conduct consisted in sangha. They have take ten vowe i.e. Dasha sheel and For
Upasaka and Upasik had to take the five vowe ,i.e. Panchsheel.
• Buddha used Pali, the language of common people, for spread his teachings.