Title: Feeding standard (Comparative Type) By Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi What is feeding standard Feedings standards are the tables showing the quantities of nutrients to be fed to the various classes of livestock for different physiological functions like growth, maintenance, lactation, egg production and wool growth. Feeding standards may be expressed in quantities of nutrients or in dietary proportions. The nutrient requirements are generally expressed separately for each function or an overall figure for the combined functions. In case of dairy animal, nutrient requirements are generally expressed for the separate body functions but in case of poultry and pigs combined requirements of maintenance and other body functions are given. Objectives of Feeding Standards To Guide Farmers to selecting properly balanced  rations for their livestock. To classify different physiological functions like  growth , maintenance , lactation , egg production  and wool growth. Considering individual animal for preparation of  FS due to their ability to digest and utilize feed. Glossary of terms Nutrient requirement: A nutrient requirement is the average amount required for a particular function, Nutrient allowance: A nutrient allowance is greater than this by a safety margin designed primarily to allow for variations in the requirement between individual animals. Albuminoid ratio: Albuminoid ratio is the ratio of digestible protein to digestible carbohydrate used. The term was used in Wolff’s Feeding Standard. Nutritive ratio : Nutritive ratio is the sum of the digestible carbohydrate, digestible protein, and 2.25 × digestible fat, divided by digestible protein. Nutritive ratio: (Digestible carbohydrate + Digestible ether extract X 2.4) Digestible protein Physiological Fuel Value (PFV) : Physiological Fuel Value is "available fuel values" of the feeds, which is obtained by multiplying gross energy of the nutrients by digestibility coefficient. Physiological Fuel Values are 4.0 kcal/g for carbohydrates, 9.0 kcal/g for fat and 4.0 kcal/g for protein. Various units are used for feeding standards The energy requirements of ruminants may be stated in terms of Net energy (NE), Metabolisable energy (ME), Digestible energy (DE) or feed units Protein requirements in terms of crude protein (CP), Digestible crude protein (DCP) Metabolisable protein (MP) etc. COMPARATIVE TYPE FEEDING STANDARD 1. Hay standard In 1810 German scientist Albert Thaer gave a concept of “hay equivalent” as measures of relative value based on determining the materials in feed extractable with water or other solvents. He suggested that different feeds should be compared using meadow hay as a unit. Thaer, in selecting hay, states: "As hay is more known and more used than any of the other kinds of fodder, I shall make that article the standard by which all the others may be compared." He gave the

1. Title: Feeding standard
(Comparative Type)
By Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi

2. What is feeding standard
• Feedings standards are the tables showing the quantities of nutrients to be
fed to the various classes of livestock for different physiological functions
like growth, maintenance, lactation, egg production and wool growth.
• Feeding standards may be expressed in quantities of nutrients or in
dietary proportions. The nutrient requirements are generally expressed
separately for each function or an overall figure for the combined
functions. In case of dairy animal, nutrient requirements are generally
expressed for the separate body functions but in case of
poultry and pigs combined requirements of maintenance and other
body functions are given.
OR
Dr.
Rahul
Kumar
Dangi
Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi

3. Objectives of Feeding Standards
• To Guide Farmers to selecting properly balanced
rations for their livestock.
• To classify different physiological functions like
growth , maintenance , lactation , egg production
and wool growth.
• Considering individual animal for preparation of
FS due to their ability to digest and utilize feed.
Dr.
Rahul
Kumar
Dangi
Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi

4. Glossary of terms
• Nutrient requirement: A nutrient requirement is the average amount required for a particular
function,
• Nutrient allowance: A nutrient allowance is greater than this by a safety margin designed
primarily to allow for variations in the requirement between individual animals.
• Albuminoid ratio: Albuminoid ratio is the ratio of digestible protein to digestible
• carbohydrate used. The term was used in Wolff’s Feeding Standard.
• Nutritive ratio : Nutritive ratio is the sum of the digestible carbohydrate, digestible
• protein, and 2.25 × digestible fat, divided by digestible protein.
• Nutritive ratio: (Digestible carbohydrate + Digestible ether extract X 2.4)
• Digestible protein
• Physiological Fuel Value (PFV) : Physiological Fuel Value is "available fuel values" of the feeds,
which is obtained by multiplying gross energy of the nutrients by digestibility coefficient.
Physiological Fuel Values are 4.0 kcal/g for carbohydrates, 9.0 kcal/g for fat and 4.0 kcal/g for
protein.
Dr.
Rahul
Kumar
Dangi
Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi

5. Various units are used for feeding standards
• The energy requirements of ruminants may be stated in terms of
• Net energy (NE),
• Metabolisable energy (ME),
• Digestible energy (DE) or feed units
• Protein requirements in terms of crude protein (CP),
• Digestible crude protein (DCP)
• Metabolisable protein (MP) etc.
Dr.
Rahul
Kumar
Dangi
Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi

6. Classification of Feeding Standard
(a) Comparative type
(b) Digestible Nutrient system
(c) Production value type
Comparative type
•Hay standard
•Scandinavian
feed unit”
Standard
Digestible Nutrient System
•Grouven’s Feeding system
•Wolff’s feeding standard
•Wolff’s Lehmann feeding
standard
•Haeckers’s Feeding
standard
•Savage feeding standard
•Morrison standard
•National Research Council
standard
•Indian standard system
Production value
type
• Kellner-feeding
standard
•Armsby feeding
std
•Agricultural
Research
Council
Standard.
Dr.
Rahul
Kumar
Dangi
Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi

7. Classification according to history and
development of feeding standard
Old days feeding
standard
Middle days feeding standards
•Hay standard
•Grouven’s Feeding
system
•Wolff’s Feeding
Standard
•Kuhan’s Feeding
Standard
•Scandinavian feed
unit Standard
•Wolff’s Lehmann feeding
standard
•Haeckers’s Feeding
Standard
•Savage Feeding Standard
•Kellner’s Feeding Standard
•Armsby Feeding Standard
Present
dayfeedin
g
standards
•National
Research
Council
standard
•Morrison
standard
•Agricult
ural
Research
Council
Standard.
• Indian
standards
Dr.
Rahul
Kumar
Dangi
Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi

8. COMPARATIVE TYPE FEEDING
STANDARD
• 1. Hay standard
• In 1810 German scientist Albert Thaer gave a concept of “hay equivalent” as measures of relative
value based on determining the materials in feed extractable with water or other solvents.
• He suggested that different feeds should be compared using meadow hay as a unit.
• Thaer, in selecting hay, states: "As hay is more known and more used than any of the other kinds
of fodder, I shall make that article the standard by which all the others may be compared."
• He gave the value of 100 to hay and expressed all other feeds in terms of his famous hay
equivalents.
Dr.
Rahul
Kumar
Dangi
Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi

9. • Limitation of Hay Standard
• Thaer only compared the value of hay and potatoes for milking cow, but
did no analysis.
•
• Nothing was known of the chemical value of these feeds and the
physiological requirements of the animals.
• The only measure was the practical feeding experience.
Dr.
Rahul
Kumar
Dangi
Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi

10. 2. Scandinavian “feed unit” standard
In 1884, Professor Fjord formulated the Scandinavian feeding standard.
• In this system only one factor, namely, the feed unit was taken into
account.
• The value of one pound of common grain such as corn, barley or
wheat, is given as one unit value and the value of all other foods is
based upon this.
• According to this standard one feed unit is required for each 150 lbs.
of body weight and an additional feed unit for every three pounds of
milk production.
Dr.
Rahul
Kumar
Dangi
Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi

11. • This feeding standard was based upon the actual milk production record of
the farm animals.
• Further as per modification to this standard it was suggested that in
addition to feed unit, 0.065 lbs of digestible crude protein (DCP) per 100 lbs
body weight and 0.05 lbs of DCP per lbs of milk production should be given
to the animals.
• As the grains are of different types in different countries, the feed units
should also be different. Hence the Scandinavian units are not applicable in
our country unless experiments are conducted there with our own grains.
Dr.
Rahul
Kumar
Dangi
Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi

12. Thanks
By Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi
Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi