Organic amendments on plant pathogens

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Environment & Ecology 33 (4) : 1523—1526, October—December 2015
Website: environmentandecology.com ISSN 0970-0420
Influnce of OrganicAmendments and Fungicides on Population
Dymamics of Fungi in Chickpea Ecosystem
Shraddha Karcho, Ashok Krishna, Mahesh B. Ghuge
Received 30 September 2014;Accepted 29 November 2014; Published online 20 December 2014
Abstract Studies were carried out to see influence of
organic amendments and fungicides on population
dynamics of fungi in chickpea out in the fied and in
vitro condition, its management using organic amend-
ment such as FYM, neem cake and kranj cake and
bio-agents like Trichoderma. Evaluation of antago-
nistic potential of Trichoderma against the pathogen
was also carried out. It is known to be infected by
pathogens the world over and 32 in India. Many soil-
borne pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum, F.
solerotium rolfsii, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoc-
tonia solani, R. Bataticola, and Pythium sp. reduce
the plant stand and these large numbers of patho-
gens affect the yields. Among 20 treatments, treat-
ment comprising vermicompost with Trichoderma
shows better result against growth of F. oxysporum
and S. rolsii in field as well as in vitro condition. Treat-
ment in which varmicompost 2.5 q/ha with Tricho-
derma supplied shows minimum population of with
(13.33),collarrot(11.67)onfieldrespectively, whereas
on Fusarium selective media, population of Fusarium
recorded minimum (64.33) over rest of the treatments.
Trichoderma shows its maximum growth under treat-
ment vermicompost 2.5 q/ha with Trichoderma which
exhibits antagonistic effect against F. oxysporum and
S. rolfsii.The population of F. oxysporum and S. rolfsii
recorded maximum in the controlled treatment on field
and in vitro respectively. Soil pH, moisture, tempera-
ture and organic matter exhibit their indirect as well as
direct effect on population of F. oxysporum and S.
rolfsii.
Keywords Organic amendments, Fungi, Chickpea,
Trichoderma, Fusarium.
Introduction
Chickpea or Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum L.) with its
origin from the Middle East subsequently, spread to
45 countries with and / semi-arid and subtropical en-
vironments. Two main types are recognized as desi
type-with small and brown seed accounts for nearly
90% and – kabuli with bold and cream-coloured seed
is grown in around 10% area. Nearly 90% of the crop
is cultivated rain-fed mostly on receding soil mois-
ture and on marginal lands. Kabuli type is grown in
temperature regions while the desi type chickpea is
grown in the semi-arid tropics.
High quality of protein (25.3–28.9%) categorized
S. Karcho*, A. Krishna
Department of Plant Pathology College of Agriculture,
Indore, R.V.S.K.V.V, Gwalior, India
M. B. Ghuge
Department of Horticulture,
Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi, India
e-mail : shraddha.karcho @ gmail.com
*Correspondence

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it as a helpful diet in developing as well as developed
countries. Green leaves/twigs are used as nutritious
vegetable in South Asian countries. These are also
used as high protein fodder mixed with cereal leaves.
Chickpea Stover is fed to the cattle / goats as a nutri-
ent rich supplement as major cereal fodder in lean
season.
Major biotic constraints in high productivity of
chickpea are the damage to the crop by diseases, pests
and weeds. It is known to be infected by 52 patho-
gens the world over and 32 in India. Many soil-borne
pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum, F.
solerotium rolfsii, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoc-
tonia solani, R. Bataticola, and Pythium sp. reduce
the plant stand and these large numbers of patho-
gens affect the yields.
Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. and Fusarium oxysporum
f. sp. ciceri is an important soil-borne pathogen, which
causes severe damage to chickpea seedlings. More
than 500 plant species including apple, peanut, po-
tato, tomato, wheat, chickpea, soybean, vegetables,
ornamental and horticultural crops are affected by
this pathogen.
MaterialsandMethods
The present experiment consisting of seven treatment
combinations was carried out in field. The experimen-
talmaterialwasplantedinrandomizedblockwiththree
replications. The treatments are T1
Trichoderma
harzianum @ 107
cfu/g, T2
Trichoderma koningi @
107
cfu/g, T3
Meem cake 2.5 q/ha, T4
Neem cake 2.5 q/
ha. + Trichoderma harzianum @ 107
cfu/g, T5
Vermi
compost 2.5 q/ha, T6
Vermi compost 2.5 q/ha + Tri-
choderma harzinum @ 107
cfu/g, T7
Kranj cake 2.5 q/
ha, T8
Kranj cake 2.5 q/ha + Trichoderma harzianum
@ 107
cfu/g, T9
Insignia @ 2 g/kg seed, T10
Insignia
@ 1.5 g/kg seed + Trichoderma harzinum @ 107
cfu/
g,T11
Insignia @ 1.5 g/kg seed + Trichoderma koningi
@ 107
cfu/g, T12
Carboxin fungicides @ 1 g/kg. Seed,
T13
Carboxin fungicides @ 2 g/kg seed, T14
Carboxin
@ 1.5 g/kg seed + Trichoderma harzianum @ 107
cfu/g, T15
Carboxin @ 1.5 g/kg Seed + Trichoderma
koningi @ 107
cfu/g, T16
Acrobat @ 2 g/kg seed, T17
Acrobat @ 1.5 g/kg seed + Trichoderma harzinum @
10 cfu/g, T15
Acrobat @ 1.5 g/kg seed + Trichoderma
koningi @ 107
cfu/g, T19
Carbendazim + Thiram 1 g/
kg seed, T20
Control. Observations recorded were,
progress of disease development will be taken in dif-
ferent treatments at 15 days intervals, CFU/of patho-
gens/g soil will be quantified on Fusarium selective
medium (FSM) at 15 days intervals by following stan-
dard methodology, similar observation will be made
on Trichoderma selective medium for quantification
of Trichoderma population in defferent treatment at
15 days intervals and temperature, moisture, pH and
organic matter will also be recorded. The materials
used included soil samples, isolates of Trichoderma
and Fusarium, ingredients of culture media, glass
waters, equipments, chemicals and a few miscella-
neous articles. Two culture media, namely, potato
dextrose agar andTrichoderma selective mediumTSM
were used during the course of investigation. Ran-
domized block design (RBD) and CRD (for in vitro
experiments) were employed to analyse the data. The
critical differences were worked out at 1% probability
level.
Results and Discussion
The effect of different organic amendments and fun-
gicide on population of S. rolfsii in chickpea shows
that,After 75 DAS, treatmentT6
(11.67)recordedmini-
mum incidence of S. rolfsii followed by treatment T4
and T8
. Maximum effect of S. rolfsii was observed
under treatment T20
(40.67).After application of vari-
ous fungicides, treatment T10
showed minimum popu-
lation of fungicides. Treatment T6
was significantly
superior and best over rest of treatments.
Vermicompost along with Trichoderma had antago-
nistic effect on growth of S. rolfsii as compared to
control [1].
Minimum incidence of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri in
chickpea at 75 DAS was under treatment T6
(13.33)
which were found at par with treatment T4
(15.00).
Maximum incidence of F. oxysporum was recorded
under treatment T20
(43.00).Among fungicidal treat-
ments, treatment T10
(17.00) was least affected by F.
oxysporum. Overall treatment T6
was found superior
over rest by treatments. It might be due to combine
impact of vermin compost and Trichoderma suppress

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Table 1. Effect of different organic amendments and fungicides. *A: on population of S. rolfsii in chickpea, B: on population
of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri in chickpea, C: on formation of F. oxysporum on fusarium selective mediain vitro, D: on formation
of Trichoderma on Trichoderma selective mediain vitro, E: Moisture (%), F: Temperature (o
C), G: pH, H: Organic matter.
Treat-
ments Treatments A B C D E F G H
T1
Trichoderma harzianum @ 107
cfu/g 19.00 19.67 78.33 30.00 14.31 21.73 6.50 75.33
T2
Trichoderma koningi @ 107
cfu/g 19.33 20.00 77.67 28.33 13.49 20.70 6.27 71.00
T3
Neem cake 2.5 q/ha 20.00 18.33 76.67 23.67 15.85 21.30 6.37 71.00
T4
Neem cake 2.5 q/ha + Trichoderma harzianum @ 14.67 15.00 65.33 33.33 11.33 21.83 6.73 64.67
107
cfu/g
T5
Vermi compost 2.5 q/ha 17.67 18.33 76.00 24.00 12.05 19.97 6.47 70.67
T6
Vermi compost 2.5 q/ha + Trichoderma harzianum 11.67 13.33 64.33 35.67 16.91 22.60 7.00 62.67
@ 107
cfu/g
T7
Kranj cake 2.5 q/ha 19.33 19.00 76.00 23.67 14.30 22.13 6.17 71.33
T8
Rranj cake 2.5 q/ha + Trichoderma harzianum @ 15.00 16.67 66.33 30.33 13.67 20.57 6.23 70.33
107
cfu/g
T9
Insignia @ 2 g/kg seed 20.67 18.33 68.00 22.33 13.98 21.60 6.37 71.00
T10
Insignia @ 1.5 g/kg seed Trichoderma harzianum @ 16.67 18.00 75.00 25.33 13.55 21.13 6.33 69.67
107
cfu/g
T11
Insignia @ 1.5 g/kg seed + Trichoderma koningi@ 17.67 17.67 77.67 25.33 13.41 21.73 5.87 66.00
107
cfu/g
T12
Carboxin fungicides @ 1 g/kg seed 17.00 18.33 68.33 20.33 14.89 21.57 6.10 68.67
T13
Carboxin fungicides @ 2 g/kg seed 18.00 17.33 68.67 20.67 13.16 21.43 5.60 69.00
T14
Carboxin @ 1.5 g/kg seed + Trichoderma harzianum 16.67 19.67 77.33 20.67 12.15 21.83 6.13 68.33
@ 107
cfu/g
T15
Carboxin @ 1.5 g/kg seed + Trichoderma koningi 17.67 18.33 76.33 24.33 15.58 21.53 6.33 74.67
@ 107
cfu/g
T16
Acrobat @ 2 g/kg seed 17.33 17.67 68.00 19.67 14.80 21.50 5.73 74.00
T17
Acrobat @ 1.5 g/kg seed + Trichoderma harzianum 18.00 18.67 76.67 24.67 13.13 20.47 5.67 69.67
@ 107
cfu/g
T18
Acrobat @ 1.5 g/kg seed + Trichoderma koningi 18.00 18.67 75.00 24.33 13.71 21.93 5.80 80.67
@ 107
cfu/g
T19
Carbendazim + Thiram 1 g/kg seed 16.67 17.00 67.33 15.00 13.52 22.20 5.87 77.00
T20
Control 40.67 43.00 86.33 12.00 10.97 19.83 5.13 81.67
SE (m) 2.85 3.08 2.98 1.95 2.04 0.59 0.58 4.27
CD 8.20 8.84 8.55 5.58 NS NS NS NS
the growth of F. oxysporum, also fungicide like
carbendazim have impact on growth of F. oxysporum
[2].
Organic amendments and fungicides on forma-
tion of F. oxysporum on fusarium selective media in
vitro at stage of 90 DAS, treatment T6
(64.33) showed
minimum growth of Fusarium oxysporum which was
at par with treatment T4
(65.33) and T8
(66.33) respec-
tively. Maximum growth was observed under treat-
ment T20
(86.33). Treatment T10
shows minimum
growth of F. oxysporum on media among all fungi-
cidal treatments. This might be due to antigonastic
properly of Trichoderma harzianum towards F.
oxysporum which reduce colony of related pathogen
[2].
Twenty treatments were assessed in vitro to find
out their effect on induction of Trichoderma. To re-
sult obtained shows that treatment T8
(40.00) showed
Maximum growth of Trichoderma which was found
at par with treatment T4
(38.33). Minimum population
of Trichoderma was observed under treatment T20
(17.00).Among all fungicidal treatment, treatment T10
showed Maximum population of Trichoderma. In-
crease in population of Trichoderma must be due to
the encouragement to active Trichoderma within soil
due to vermin compost which relatively increase popu-

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lation of Trichoderma within in vitro condition [3].
Moisture from various treatments was recorded
fr4om field shows maximum moisture (16.91) was re-
corded under treatment T3
which was followed by
treatmentT20
(14.89).Minimumvalueformoisturewas
recorded from treatment T12
(10.97).At the stage of 90
DAS, treatment T6
(16.91) showed Maximum mois-
ture level which was followed by treatment T3
Mini-
mum moisture level was recorded from treatment T20
(10.97). The soil moisture indirebtly affects the growth
of the Trichoderma which inhibit the growth of patho-
gens, as it found that minimum moisture contain more
incidence of pathogen.
Temperature was evaluated from different twenty
treatments. During 90 DAS maximum soil temperature
(22.60) were recorded from treatment T6
which was
followed by treatment T19
. However, minimum tem-
perature was recorded under treatment T20
(19.83).
Temperature must influence the growth of S. rolfsii
and F. oxysporum at the field of condition.
Influence of organic amendments and fungicides
on soil pH was evaluated which show that treatment
T6
(7.00) which was followed by treatment T4
(6.7).
However, minimum pH was recorded under treatment
T20
(5.13). The pH ranges from 6.0–7.0 mainly support
for growth of S. rolfsii.
Maximum amount of organic matter was recorded
under treatment T20
(81.67) which was followed by
treatment T18
. Minimum amount of organic matter was
recorded under treatment T6
(62-67). It was found that
nitrogen increased growth of S. rolfsii whereas am-
monia released from urea and ammonium chloride re-
duced the disease incidence on Crop [4].
Conclusion
Trichoderma along with vermi compost 2.5 q/ha gives
better result to control over the population of S. rolfsii
and F. oxysporum in field condition. Trichoderma
grows well on Trichoderma selective media, collected
from treatment comprises vermicompost along with
Trichoderma harzianum @ 107
cfu/g in vitro condi-
tion. The climatic factors such as temperature and
moisture have inverse effect on growth of pathogens
like S. rolfsii and F. oxysporum. In the controlled con-
dition the growth of S. rolfsii and F. oxysporum found
more than rest of the treatment in field and in vitro
condition. Organic matter enhances growth of Tri-
choderma at natural pH while at lower pH range it
enhances growth of S. rolfsii and F. oxysporum.
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