Integrated disease management of soil borne disease in south gujarat _Thesiya mayur (2010117116 ) The significant problems caused by soilborne pathogens in crop production worldwide include reduced crop performance, decreased yield, and higher production costs. In many parts of the world, methyl bromide was extensively used to control these pathogens before the implementation of the Montreal Protocol—a global agreement to protect the ozone layer. The threats of soilborne disease epidemics in crop production, high cost of chemical fungicides and development of fungicide resistance, climate change, new disease outbreaks and increasing concerns regarding environmental as well as soil health are becoming increasingly evident. These necessitate the use of integrated soilborne disease management strategies for crop production. This article summarizes methods for management of soilborne diseases in crop production which includes the use of sanitation, legal methods, resistant cultivars/varieties and grafting, cropping system, soil solarization, biofumigants, soil amendments, anaerobic soil disinfestation, soil steam sterilization, soil fertility and plant nutrients, soilless culture, chemical control and biological control in a system-based approach. Different methods with their strengths and weaknesses, mode of action and interactions are discussed, concluding with a brief outline of future directions which might lead to the integration of described methods in a system-based approach for more effective management of soilborne diseases.

1. Welcome to the Seminar
Series 2018-19

2. : Speaker :
Thesiya Mayur R.
M.Sc. (Agri.) 3rd Semester
Plant Pathology
Reg. No.:- 2010117116
Co-Guide :
Dr. G. B. Kalariya
Training Associate (P.P.)
Training & Visit Scheme
Directorate of Extn. Edu.
Navsari Agricultural University
Navsari- 396 450
: Major Advisor :
Dr. K. B. Rakholiya
Associate Professor
Dept. of Plant Pathology
N.M. College Of Agriculture
Navsari Agricultural University
Navsari- 396 450

3. CONTENTS:
Introduction
Major crop grow in south Gujarat- An overview
Major soil borne diseases of crops
Management
 Biological management
Physical method
Resistance cultivar
Cultural method
Organic manure / Amendments
 Chemical approach
 Integrated disease management
Conclusion

4.  Soil borne pathogens cause significant economic losses in agricultural production all over
the world.
 In south Gujarat, plant diseases caused by Rhizoctonia spp., Fusarium spp., Verticillium
spp., Sclerotium sp., Pythium spp., and Phytophthora spp. affect number of important
crops, including paddy, cotton, sugarcane, banana, vegetables and spice crops from their
initial stages to until harvest.
 The symptoms of soil borne disease include root rot, wilting, yellowing, stunting or
seedling damping-off, dieback. These are difficult to control because pathogens survive for
long periods in the absence of the normal crop host, often have a wide host range including
weeds, chemical control often does not work well, is not practical or is too expensive and
it is difficult to develop resistant varieties of crop.
 Integrated plant disease management involving coordinated use of multiple tactics
including: crop rotation, steam soil disinfection, soil amendments, soil solarization,
biological control and use of natural compounds, and chemical control for optimizing the
control of soil borne disease in an ecologically and economically.
4

5. 45734
10077 21725 44321 12610 6498 18875
450895.62
278179.07
779552.52
602332 614938.48
38728.48
992261.29
Valsad Tapi Surat Navsari Narmada Dang Bharuch
DISTRICT WISE AREA AND PRODUCTION OF Fruit Crops In South Gujarat
During YEAR 2016-17
Area In Ha., Production In M.T.
area production
Source - Director Of Horticulture, Government of Gujarat5

6. 12215 22330 36411 23052 7400 5186 14494
217283.89
339282.1
594669.62
363521.51
99057.94 92749.36
221267.15
Valsad Tapi Surat Navsari Narmada Dang Bharuch
DISTRICT WISE AREA AND PRODUCTION OF vegetable Crops In South Gujarat
During YEAR 2016-17
Area In Ha., Production In M.T.
area production
6 Source - Director Of Horticulture, Government of Gujarat

7. 1001
160217.4
8705 3108 8160 25 12571
57077.02
93000
610220.5
160217.4
563040
1025
895055.2
Valsad Tapi Surat Navsari Narmada Dang Bharuch
DISTRICT WISE AREA AND PRODUCTION OF Banana Crop In South Gujarat
During YEAR 2016-17
Area In Ha., Production In M.T.
area production
Source - Director Of Horticulture, Government of Gujarat7

8. Navsari District highest
in Guj. Total
10619 86832
186151.07
1389027.8
area (ha.)
Cucurbits production in Gujarat (2016-17)
8
Navsari District
highest in Guj. Total
854 3711
19300.4
73148.5
3
area (ha.)
Turmeric production in Gujarat (2016-17)

9. Soil borne pathogens
Soil borne pathogens:
Pathogens which persist (survive) in the soil matrix
and in residues on the soil surface and cause diseases to the
crop are known as soil borne pathogens.
Soil borne diseases:
Diseases which caused by the soil borne pathogen are
known as soil borne diseases.
9

10. Rhizoctonia sp.
Fusarium sp.
Pythium sp. Sclerotium sp.Phytophthora sp.
Common Soil Borne Fungal Pathogen
10

11. Xanthomonas sp. Pseudomonas sp.
Common Soil Borne Bacterial and Nematode Pathogen
11 Root knot nematode

12. Yield loss due to soil borne diseases
 Crop losses due to soil borne pathogens worldwide - Rice 7–16 % , Cotton - 5–13 %, Maize 4-14% ( Oerke,
E. C.)
 Damping-off in tomato - Maximum incidence was recorded in local (13.15 %), GT-2 (18.50 %) as compared
to rest, Marutham (Av. 13.06 %), Vaishali (9.18 %) and Rupali S-49 (12.01 %). Overall, the damping-off
incidence was more in Navsari district (16.54 %) than Tapi district (15.39 %), Surat (14.02 %) and Valsad
district (9.39 %). - Shinde, M. S. and Rakholiya, K. B.(2016).
 The bacterial blight disease incidence (%) was found in the range of 0.0 to 5.5 %, 0.0 to 3.0 % and 0.0 to
24.0 % in Surat, Bharuch and Narmada districts, respectively on cotton fields in Ajeet BG II & RCH-2 BG II
G. Cot. Hy.12 (MCRS -Surat )
 Yield losses due to false smut of paddy - India 7-75% Singh, (2009) and Gujarat 10-12% Patel et al.
(1992).
 Rice bacterial blight, which results in the loss of up to 50% of rice plants.
 Sugarcane red rot caused 29% loss in cane weight and 31% loss in sugar recovery (Alvi et al., 2008).
 Kumar and Anandam (2006) assessed rhizome rot (P. aphanidermatum) incidence (41-52 % )
 Root knot nematode (M.incognita) - up to 28% yield loss in tomato (Devika, G.S.), Okra : 10-29%
12

13. 1. Soil temperature
2. Soil moisture
3. Percent organic matter present in soil
4. Cropping pattern
5. Soil pH and soil structure
6. Effect of host plant nutrient
7. Agricultural implements
Factors affecting the activity of soil-borne pathogens
13
1. Autoecology of pathogens
 Inoculum sources, survival and dissemination
pathways
 Relationship between inoculum density and
disease severity
 Mechanisms of infection
 Genetic variability
 Diagnosis and detection methods
2. Interactions between microorganisms,
organisms and pathogens
3. Interactions between plants and pathogens

14. Sugarcane Wilt- Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans
14
Smut: Ustilago scitaminea

15. Red rot of sugarcane - Colletotrichum falcatum
15
Fusarium wilt of cotton - Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum

16. Bacterial blight - Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum
16
Bacterial Wilt: Pseudomonas solanacearum

17. Root Rot of Cotton - Rhizoctonia Solani
17
Dry root of Chickpea - Macrophomina phaseolina

18. RICE SHEATH BLIGHT - Rhizoctonia solani
18
Stem rot of rice - Sclerotium oryzae

19. Rice False Smut - Ustilaginoidea virens
19
RICE BACTERIAL BLIGHT - Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

20. Sclerotinia rot of Bean - Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
20
Stem rot: Sclerotium rolfsii

21. Tomato wilt - F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici
Wilt of Chickpea - Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris
Fusarium wilt of cucurbits - Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum
, luffae , melonis , momordicae ,niveum
Pigeon pea wilt - Fusarium udum

22. Damping off vegetables: Pythium aphanidermatum
22
Phytophthora fruit rot of tomato/ chilli - Phytophthora capsici , Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica

23. Root knot nematode - Meloidogyne incognita , M. javanica
23
Rice Root-knot Nematode - Meloidogyne graminicola

24. Sugary disease/ Ergot -: Claviceps sorghi , C. africana
24
Downy Mildew - Peronosclerospora sorghi , Sclerophthora
macrospora

25. Banana Wilt - Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense
25

26. Moko disease of banana – Ralstonia solanacearum
26

27. Stem rot/ Foot rot of Papaya - Pythium aphanidermatum
27

28. Plant Disease management
Disease initial inoculum
Decrease rate or Duration of
infection
Pathogen Host Environment
Exclusion Eradication Therapy Resistance Protection Avoidance
Dispersal Survival Disease Infection Penetration
Inoculation/
penetration
Quarantine
Certification
Pathogen
free stock
Crop
rotation
Fumigation
Rouging
Burning
Heat
treatment
Chemother-
apy
Race specific
Nonrace-
specific
Pathogen
drived
Host
nutrition
Chemical
agent
Biological
agent
Cross
protection
Forecasting
Time of
sowing
Seed depth
Irrigation
Site
Plant
density
Epidemiological
control
Disease triangle
concept
Principles
of mana-
gement
Disease
cycle
targets
Control
tactic
R.P. Singh(2018)
28

29. Integrated Disease Management
Integrated plant disease management can be defined as a
decision-based process involving coordinated use of multiple tactics
for optimizing the control of pathogen in an ecologically and
economically.
The implications are:
 Simultaneous management of multiple pathogens
 Regular monitoring of pathogen effects, and their natural enemies
and antagonists as well
 Use of economic or treatment thresholds when applying chemicals
 Integrated use of multiple, suppressive tactics.
http://tnau.ac.in/eagri/eagri50/PATH171
29

30. Biological control
Biological control is the reduction of inoculum density or disease producing
activities of a pathogen or parasite in its active or dormant state by one or more
organism accomplished naturally or through manipulation of the environment, host
or antagonist or by mass introduction of one or more antagonist.
Baker and Cook’s (1974)
30

31. 31

32. Paecilomyces lilacinusPochonia chlamydosporia
32 Pseudomonas fluorescens Bacillus subtilis
Bacterial Bio-agent

33. Source : Singh (2015)33

34. BCA Product Target disease/organism
Trichoderma viride
Anubhav
Sclerotium rolfsii, Pythium spp.
Bacillus coagulans PBA 16 Rhizoctonia salani and Fusarium
Pseudomonas fluorescens Rhizoctonia and Pythium
34
BCA Product Target disease/organism
Bacillus subtilis GB03
Sawaj
Rhizoctonia salani and Fusarium
Pseudomonas fluorescens Rhizoctonia and Pythium
Trichoderma harzianum Rhizoctonia , Fusarium, Pythium
BCA Product Target disease/organism
Trichoderma viride
Nauroji
Sclerotium rolfsii, Pythium spp.
Pseudomonas fluorescens Rhizoctonia and Pythium
Source - Gujarat agricultural university

35. Commercial bio-agents
BCA Product Target disease/organism
Paecilomyces lilacinus Yorker All plant parasitic Root Knot Nematodes
Trichoderma viride Monitor Sclerotium rolfsii
Pochonia chlamydosporia Bioshield All plant parasitic Root Knot Nematodes
Bacillus subtilis GB03 Kodiak Rhizoctonia salani and Fusarium
Pseudomonas fluorescens Sudozone Rhizoctonia and Pythium
Trichoderma harzianum F-stop Rhizoctonia , Fusarium, Pythium
Gliocladium virens GL-21 Soilgard Rhizoctonia and phytophthora Agriland Biotech Limited
35
1. Seed treatment- 10g/kg seeds (Sharma et al., 2016).
2. Soil treatment- 2.5kg with 50kg well rotted FYM at 15 days incubated for one hectare.
(Sharma et al., 2016).
3. Seedling treatment- 10g /liter water and dip the seedling for 10 minutes before planting.
4. Nursery treatment- 10-25g/100 sq. m of nursery bed.
Methods of Application

36. Soil solarization technique
Physical Method

37. Temperatures (in °C ° F) at which various types
of pathogens, insects and weed seeds are
eliminated from soil, seeds and other
propagative organs following exposure for
30mins
Plant Pathology 5th edition. G.N AGRIOS
Soil solarization: Inactivates (kills)
many soil-borne pathogens (Pythium,
Verticillium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium etc.
and nematodes in small areas like
nurseries near the soil surface.
37

38. Crop Protection (2000) -Israel
Soil Sterilization :
Steam Sterilization - Steam is passed
through perforated pipes at a depth of 15
cm to sterilize the upper layers of soil. It is
mostly practiced under glass house and
green house conditions.
Hot air Sterilization - Hot air is also
passed through pipelines to sterilize the
soils in the nursery areas.
38

39. Cultural Methods

40. Resistant variety
I. Brinjal bacterial wilt--Arka Keshav , Arka Nidhi , Surya, Swetha And Haritha
II. Tomato bacterial wilt - Anagha
III. Banana panama wilt – Poovan and Moongil
IV. Red rot sugarcane - Co 86032 , Co 0403
V. Sugarcane wilt - Co 99004, Co 8448
VI. Red rot and wilt of Sugarcane - Co 0232 , Co 0233 (both)
VII. Rhizome rot resistant turmeric - GN Turmeric 1
VIII.Cotton wilt - G.Cot 12 and G.Cot 16
IX. Chickpea wilt - Avrodhi
X. Red gran wilt - Mukta
XI. bacterial blight cotton - Varalaxmi
XII. bacterial blight paddy - Nauroji -1 , TKM-6 , IR 28
Source - IIHR BANGALORE , IIVR VARANASI , N.R.C.B. – TAMILNADU , C.C.R.I. – NAGPUR , G.A.U,Gujarat
40

41. Sanitation
 Remove and destroy infected plants
 Mechanical removal of residues,
 Controlling alternate hosts (weeds, volunteer plants), roguing (removing diseased
plants from host populations), pruning.
 Movement of people/machinery should also be limited.
Crop varieties resistant to plant parasitic nematodes
i. Tomato - PNR-7, NT-3, NT-12, Hisar Lalit (Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica
ii. Chili - Pusa Jwala, Mohini - (Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica)
iii. Brinjal - Black beauty, Pant Rituraj, Banaras Giant,
iv. Cotton - Bikereni nerma, Sharda, - (Meloidogyne incognita)
v. Paddy - TMK 9 - (M. graminicola)
41

42. Crop rotation
Preceding crop
(host)
Pathogen reduced Succeeding crop
Cotton Verticillium dahliae Rice
Banana Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense Rice
Sugarcane Colletotrichum falcatum Green Manures
Cotton Meloidogyne incognita Barley
Pulse Crops. Macrophomina sp. Finger Millet Or Fox-tail Millet
All Vegetables R. solanacearum Maize, Mungbean, Rice Sorghum,
Garlic, Onion, Spring Onion, Cabbage
Or Green Manure - Sesbania, Sun
Hemp.
R.S. Singh, 201842

43. Fertilizer application
 Application of fertilizers along with irrigation improves the
overall plant health and thereby reduces the impact of severity
of diseases.
Application of ammonium bicarbonate reduce the viability of
sclerotial bodies of S. rolfsii
Application of phosphatic fertilizers also influences the host
resistance by increasing the production of phytoalexins.
 Management of Pythium and Phytophthora by application of
phosphoric acid.
Application of gypsum reduces the incidence of
Macrophomina.
43

44. Providing good soil drainage and Irrigation management
Management of irrigation to minimize water dispersal of soil
borne pathogens and monitoring disease incidence by avoid
spread to other areas.
Good soil drainage reduces the number and activity of certain
oomycetes pathogens (E.g. Pythium, Phytophthora)
Pseudomonas sp. , Xanthomonas sp. and nematodes.
44

45. Tillage practices
 Soil preparation before sowing helps in reducing pathogen population by either
burial of inoculums deep into the soil or its drying in the top exposed layers.
 Deep ploughing of crop residues which harbor the pathogen is more effective in
reducing this important source of infection.
45
Flooding
 The harmful effect of flooding on soil-borne pathogens may be related to a lack of
oxygen, increased CO2 or various microbial interactions, e.g. production of
substances that are toxic to the pathogen upon anaerobic processes.
 Flooding practice are effective against diseases as Fusarium wilt of Banana,
Bacterial wilt of banana, Pseudomonas solanacearum, Root knot nematode and
other soil borne pathogens.

46. Earthing up
Earthing up - The problem of Pythium damping off in
nurseries of brinjal and tomato is overcome by earthing up
the soil.
Hilling, earthing up or ridging is the technique in
agriculture and horticulture of piling soil up around the
base of a plant. It can be done by hand (usually using a
hoe), or with powered machinery, typically a tractor
attachment.
Hilling may also be used to stabilize the stems of crops
which are easily disturbed by wind.
46

47. Mixed cropping
 Increased availability of nitrogen for crops mixed with legumes
 More efficient use of solar radiation due to better interception of
light by foliage
 Shading effect
 Better use of soil moisture at various depths
 Suppression of weeds
 Examples-
1.Pigeonpea+sorghum=suppress the growth of Fusarium udum
2.Cotton+mothbean=suppress the growth of Rhizoctonia bataticola.
47

48. Fallowing –
 Dry fallowing starves the pathogen and helps in reduction of the inoculum -
Macrophomina root rot on different crop plants.
 Flood fallowing is to a depth of 0.6 to 1.5 m for 3 to 4 months markedly reduced
Fusarium spp.and nematodes Xanthomonas sp.
 Wet fallowing makes the pathogenic propagule in the soil to germinate, spent them, is
become susceptible attack of saprophytes. Example Sclerotium spp.
Soil amendments –
 Application of organic amendments like saw dust, straw, FYM oil cake, etc., will
effectively manage the diseases caused by Pythium, Phytophthora, Verticillium,
Macrophomina, etc. by increase activity of beneficial microorganisms in soil and helps
in suppression of pathogenic microbes.
George Agrios ,200548

49. Chemical approach

50. i. Effectively reduce soil borne pathogens of some crops by soil and plant applications of fungicides
belong to Dicarboximide, Benzimidazole and Triazole groups (Vatchev & Maneva, 2012).
ii. Strobilurins, especially Azoxystrobin, were very effective in reducing the severity of R. solani
(Sundravadana et al., 2007).
iii. An effective disease measure against vascular pathogens could also be the application of
Benzimidazoles and Triazoles to soil (Everts et al., 2014).
iv. Fungicides based on Cyprodinil and Fludioxonil (Switch 62.5 WG) are recomended against S.
sclerotiorum (Benigni & Bompeix, 2010).
v. Fosetyl-Al and Metalaxyl are fungicides that are commonly used to control Pythium spp. and
Phytophthora spp. of many crops. (Mihajlovic et al. 2013).
Review
50

51. Brief Review of research
work

52. Tr. No
Treatment details Mean % germination % wilt incidence.
30 DAS 45 DAS
T1
Carbendazim + Iprodine @ 2g/kg seed 80.00 (63.50) 0.30(3.14) 16.70(24.13)
T2
Captan @ 2g/kg seed 80.00 (63.50) 23.30 (30.01) 37.50 (37.80)
T3
Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 8g/kg seed 89.00 (70.86) 0.30 (3.14) 14.30 (22.30)
T4
Trichoderma harzianum @ 8g/kg seed 60.00 (51.00) 0.30 (3.14) 16.70 (24.13)
T5
Garlic @10% 60.00 (51.00) 0.30 (3.14) 33.30 (35.30)
T6
Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 8g/kg seed + Vermiculite@ 10g/kg 80.00 (63.50) 0.30 (3.14) 12.53 (21.00)
T7
Trichoderma harzianum @ 8g/kg seed + Vermiculite@ 10g/kg 80.00 (63.50) 0.30 (3.14) 15.08 (22.82)
T8
Carbendazim + Iprodine @ 2g/kg seed + Garlic @10% 75.00 (60.08) 0.30 (3.14) 16.70 (24.13)
T9
Carbendazim + Iprodine @ 2g/kg seed + Pseudomonas
fluorescens @ 8g/kg seed
90.00 (72.00) 0.30 (3.14) 13.0 (20.96)
T10
Control 60.00 (51.00) 33.30 (35.30) 66.66 (55.00)
Mean 75.40 (61.00) 5.90 (9.04) 24.24 (28.75)
S.Em ± 0.93 0.41 0.50
C.D at 1% 3.70 1.61 1.96
Table 1: Effect of different seed treatments on wilt of pigeon pea under field condition
Navsari Desai (1886)Figures in parenthesis are square root transformed values.
52

53. Table.2 – Effect of bio agent, organic amendment and mulching on rhizome rot of ginger
Tr.
No.
Treatment details Germination
%
Disease
incidence %
Disease
control %
Yield
(q/ha)
T1
Rhizome treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @ 6gm/lit. 75.83(60.60) 28.33(32.03) 37.04 78.02
T2
Soil amendment with Pongamia glabra oilcake @20q/ha 70.83(57.40) 32.50(34.66) 27.78 76.17
T3
Mulching with Eucalyptus citriodora leaves @2.5kg/m2 69.17(56.34) 41.67(40.19) 7.40 72.82
T4
Rhizome treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @6gm/lit. +
soil amendment with Pongamia glabra oilcake @ 20q/ha
76.67(61.25) 20.00(36.45) 55.56 88.35
T5
Rhizome treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @6gm/lit. +
mulching with Eucalyptus citriodora leaves @2.5kg/m2
74.17(59.49) 26.67(31.07) 40.73 80.92
T6
Soil amendment with Pongamia glabra oilcake @20q/ha +
mulching with Eucalyptus citriodora leaves @2.5kg/m2
71.67(57.87) 39.17(38.71) 12.96 76.39
T7
Rhizome treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @ 6gm/lit. +
soil amendment with Pongamia glabra oilcake@20q/ha +
mulching with Eucalyptus citriopra leaves @ 2.5 kg /m2
80.83(64.11) 17.50(24.63) 61.11 98.82
T8 Control 65.83(54.25) 45.00(42.11) - 70.90
53

54. Navsari (Gujarat) Patel (1988)
Conti..
S.Em± 1.85 1.98 3.28
C.D. at 5% 5.67 6.07 - 10.06
C.V.% 5.44 9.78 - 7.08
 Average of three replications
 Figures in parenthesis are arcsine transformed
54

55. Treatment Treatment details
Wilt incidence %
at 30 DAP
Wilt Incidence % at
45 DAP
T1 Coco peat 0.70 0.80
T2 Vermicompost 0.77 0.80
T3
Cocopeat 75% + Vermicompost 25% 0.67 0.73
T4
Cocopeat 75% + Vermicompost 25% +
Trichoderma viride soil application
0.73 0.77
T5
Cocopeat 75% + Vermicompost25% +
Trichoderma viride sett application
0.70 0.73
T6
Cocopeat 75% + Vermicompost 25% +
Trichoderma viride soil application +
Trichoderma viride sett application
0.43 0.47
T7 T6 + Biofertilizer soil application 0.37 0.43
Table No. 3 : Effect of biofertilizer and biological agent on incidence of wilt of
sugarcane
Cont…
55
Bio fertilizer and Acetobactor (2.5 ml/lit of water), biocontrol agent Trichoderma viride (5 g/lit of water) and fungicides
Bavistin and Blitox.(2 g/lit of water (0.1%), Trichoderma viride soil application at 10gm/kg soil

56. T8 T6 + Biofertilizer sett application 0.47 0.53
T9
T6 + Biofertilizer soil application + Biofertilizer sett
application
0.23 0.30
T10 T3 + Bavistin sett treatment 0.27 0.33
T11 T3 + Blitox soil application 0.57 0.60
GM
0.49 0.54
S.Em (±)
0.03 0.03
CD (at 5% level)
0.11 0.11
56
Cont…
Navsari Patel (1989)

57. Table No. 4 : Effect of fungicides, bio-agents, botanicals and organic amendments on pre-emergence seed rot and post-
emergence seedling mortality in brinjal
Sr.
No.
Treatment
Rate
Germinati
on
(%)
Rot/mortality(%) Average
mortality
(%)
Reduction over control
(%)
Average
reduction
(%)PESR PESM PESR PESM
T1
Vitavax ST @ 3 g/kg
seed
68.00
(55.55)
32.00
(34.45)
37.00
(37.46)
34.15
(35.76)
51.99
(46.14)
46.71
(43.71)
49.35
(44.63)
T2
Penconazole ST @1
ml/kg seed
63.33
(52.73)
36.66
(37.26)
44.61
(41.91)
40.63
(39.60)
45.00
(42.13)
35.75
(36.72)
40.37
(39.45)
T3
Thiram ST @3 g/kg
seed
60.00
(50.77)
40.00
(39.23)
41.23
(39.98)
40.64
(39.61)
39.93
(39.19)
40.55
(39.55)
40.24
(39.45)
T4
captan ST @3 g/kg
seed
70.00
(56.79)
30.00
(33.21)
40.65
(39.61)
35.32
(36.46)
54.99
(47.85)
41.46
(40.03)
48.22
(43.98)
T5
P. fluorescens ST @10
g/kg seed
58.00
(49.60)
42.00
(40.40)
41.11
(39.88)
41.55
(40.14)
36.99
(37.46)
40.79
(39.69)
38.89
(38.98)
T6
T. viride ST @10
g/kg seed
60.66
(51.15)
39.34
(38.85)
43.33
(41.17)
41.33
(40.01)
40.98
(39.80)
37.60
(37.82)
39.29
(38.82)
T7
Mustard
leaves
SA 50 g/kg
soil
56.66
(48.83)
43.33
(41.17)
46.66
(43.08)
44.99
(42.12)
34.99
(36.27)
32.80
(34.94)
33.89
(35.60)
Cont…57

58. T8
Neem seed cake
(NSC)
SA 50 g/kg
soil
50.00
(45.00)
50.00
(45.00)
43.49
(41.26)
46.74
(43.13)
24.99
(29.99)
37.37
(37.68)
31.18
(30.94)
T9
Neem leaf extract
(20%)
SD @ 20
ml/kg soil
50.00
(45.00)
50.00
(45.00)
49.99
(44.99)
49.99
(44.99)
24.99
(29.99)
28.00
(31.95)
26.94
(30.98)
T10
parthenium leaf
extract (20%)
SD @20 ml/kg
soil
43.33
(41.17)
56.67
(48.83)
48.45
(44.11)
52.56
(46.47)
14.98
(22.77)
30.22
(33.35)
22.62
(28.39)
T11
vitavax + Thiram ST each @
1.5g/kg seed
70.00
(56.79)
30.00
(33.21)
40.10
(39.29)
35.05
(36.30)
54.99
(47.86)
42.25
(40.54)
48.62
(44.21)
T12
vitavax + Thiram
+ NSC
ST @ 1.5 g+
ST@ 1.5 g +
SA@ 50 g/kg
soil
76.66
(61.11)
23.34
(28.89)
36.18
(36.98)
29.76
(33. 06)
64.98
(53.72)
47.89
(43.79)
56.43
(48.69)
T13
vitavax + Thiram
+
P. fluorescens+
NSC
St @ 1.5g +
1.5g + 10 g/kg
seed + SA
50g/kg soil
80.00
(63.43)
20.00
(26.57)
31.18
(33.94)
25.60
(30.40)
69.96
(56.76)
55.19
(47.98)
62.37
(52.16)
T14
control
untreated
33.33
(35.26)
66.66
(54.73)
69.44
(56.44)
68.05
(55.58)
- - -
SEm± 4.08 2.08 2.09 2.08 4.81 5.72 5.26
CD (at 5% level) 12.30 6.30 6.31 6.16 14.48 17.24 15.86
58
Cont…
Navsari Patel (2001)
*Means of three replications , Figures in parentheses are angular transformed values, Dia. = Diameter (mm), PESR = Post emergence seed rot
PESM = Pre emergence seedling mortality, ST = Seed treatment, SD = soil drenching, SA = soil application

59. Table.5 – Integrated management of red rot in pot culture (artificially inoculated setts
of CoC 671)
Tr.
No.
Treatment details Germination %
Per cent increase
germination over
check (inoculated)
Red rot incidence
on cane basis (%)
Per cent
Disease
control over
check
(inoculated)
T1 Lantana camera @ 5% W/V 67.11*(84.87)** 28.33(32.03) 61.69*(76.64)** 1.37
T2 Datura stramoneum @ 5%W/V 74.25 (92.63) 32.50(34.66) 61.10 (76.64) 2.31
T3 Prosopis juliflora @ 5%W/V 81.39(97.76) 41.67(40.19) 50.32 (59.23) 19.55
T4
Trichoderma harzianum (10gm/lit. water set dip
treatment)
74.25(92.93) 20.00(36.45) 26.39 (19.75) 57.80
T5 Carbendazim (Bavistin 50 % WP) 88.53(99.93) 26.67(31.07) 18.39 (09.95) 70.60
T6 Methoxy ethyl mercury chloride (Emisan 6 % WP ) 88.53(99.93) 39.17(38.71) 12.68 (04.82) 79.72
T7 Check (inoculated) 52.49(62.92) 17.50(24.63) 62.55 (77.36) -
T8
Check (healthy) 88.53(99.93) 45.00(42.11) 01.28(00.04) 97.95
59

60. Navsari (Gujarat) Bhatt (2001)
Conti…
S.Em± 05.93 03.58
C.D. at 5% 17.44 10.52
C.V.% 15.43 19.46
 sett-dip treatment - Carbendazim @0.1% (2 g/lit.) and MEMC @0.1 (2 g/lit) for 10 minutes
 * Indicates Arcsine transformed values
 ** Figures in the parenthesis are transformed values
60

61. Table.6– Effect of soil application of various bio agents and bactericide on the per cent
incidence of rhizome rot of banana var.Basrai
Tr.no. Treatments
% rotten rhizomes
2003-2004
T1 Application of Trichoderma viride preparation 50g/plant 29.99* (24.98)**
T2
Application of Trichoderma harzianum preparation 50g/plant
20.47(12.23)
T3
Application of Pseudomonas 50g/plant applied
29.99(24.98)
T4 Application of Paecilomyces lilacinus preparation 10g/plant 20.47(12.23)
T5 Application of Chaetomium globosum 50g/plant 15.95
T6 Application of Bacillus subtilis having 108 viable cells 50g/plant 20.47(12.23)
T7 Application of press mud alone 50g/plant
20.47(12.23)
61

62. Navsari (Gujarat) Anonymous (2004)
* Indicates Arcsine transformed values
** Figures in the parenthesis are transformed values
Conti…
T8 Treatment combination of T1 + T3 + T4 10.95(3.61)
T9 Aureofungin solution 200ml/plant 20.47(12.23)
T10 Control 54.98
S.Em± 8.09
C.V.% 57.38
62

63. Treatment
2004 2005
Number of
infected
plants/plot*
Reduction of
infection (%)**
over control
Number of
infected
plants/plot*
Reduction of
infection (%)**
over control
T1 - Solarized plots 2 71.42±3.50 1 83.33±4.08
T2 - Solarized plots + Trichoderma harzianum + Bavistin +Neem
extracts
0 100 ±0 0 100± 0
T3 - Solarized plots + Trichoderma viride + Bavistin + Neem extracts 0 100 ± 0 0 100 ± 0
T4 - Non-solarized plots + T. harzianum + Bavistin + Neem extracts 2 71.42±3.50 1 83.33±4.08
T5 - Non-solarized plots + T. viridi + Bavistin + Neem extracts 3 57.14±3.50 2 66.66±5.27
T6 - Non-solarized plots 7 6
Table No. 7 - Effect of soil solarization and Integrated disease management (IDM) schedule on
reduction of wilt of eggplant caused by Fusarium solani
 2004, Reduction of infection: SEM± 3.19, CD at 5%: 6.7947 2005, Reduction of infection: SEM± 3.21. CD at 5%: 6.8373
 In each plots, 15 plant were sown. Plot size was 5x5 m with 5 replications. ** Data are the mean values of five replicates.
 Neem extracts - 500 ml/ plot, Bavistin at 0.01% concentration,
 Trichoderma spp. - 500gm per plot
West Bengal, India Chakraborty et al. (2009)
63

64. Table 8 - Integrated management of stem rot of chili in Pot culture
Tr.
No. Treatment Details
Stem rot
Incidence on
plant (%)
Per cent
disease
control over
check
T1 Seed treatment with Sixer 75%WP@ 3g/kg seed 69.67** (56.63)* 22.58
T2 Soil drenching with Sixer 75%WP@ 2000ppm
3.83(11.29) 95.74
T3 Addition of Pseudomonas fluorescens @10ml
45.67 (42.51) 49.25
T4 Drenching with Naffatia 10% 56.67 (48.83) 37.03
T5 Drenching of Butter milk 5% 25.33 (30.18)
71.85
T6
Application of Sixer @3g/kg seed + Pseudomonas
Fluorescens @10ml+ Naffatia 10%+ Butter milk 5%
0.00 (0.00) 100
T7 Control (Inoculated) 99.94 (88.99) -
(Sixer 75%WP) carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63%
63

65. * Figures indicate square root + 0.5 transformed values. ** Figures in parentheses are original values.
Mehta (2014)Navsari (Gujarat)
Conti..
T8
Control (Uninoculated) 0.00 (0.00) -
S.Em ± 0.98
C.D at 5% 2.93
C.V. % 4.87
64

66. Table.9- Efficacy of fungicides and bio agents against Sclerotium rolfsii under pot condition
Tr.
No.
Treatments Details
Total number of
plants
Infected
plants/pot*
Per cent disease
incidence
T1
Mancozeb (0.25%) @3.3 g/kg
Seed
20 6 30
T2 Thiram (0.25%) @3.3 g/kg Seed 20 7 35
T3
Propiconazole (0.025%) @1 ml/lit.
Drenching
20 5 25
T4 Carboxin (0.025%) @0.33 g/kg Drenching 20 6 30
T5
Metalaxyl 8% + Mencozeb 64% (0.2%) @
2.78 g/lit Drenching
20 8 40
T6
Tebuconazole 50 + Trifloxystrobin 25
(0.2%) 2.67 g/lit Drenching 20 3 15
T7 Trichoderma harzianum (10g/kg seed) 20 4 20
T8 Trichoderma viride (10g/kgseed) 20 9 45
5

67. Navsari (Gujarat)
Conti…
T10
Trichoderma viride (10g/kgseed) 20 9 45
T11
Control 20 16 80
S.Em± 2.88
C.D. at 5% 8.57
7
C.V.% 14.0
6
Patel (2015)
*Average of three replications
66

68. Table.10 - Testing of bio agents and fungicides in pot conditions against Fusarium wilt of cluster bean
Tr.
no.
Fungicides and bioagents Concentration / Dose
Wilt
incidence
on plant
(%)
Disease
control over
check (%)
T1 Mancozeb 75WP 0.30% 30.00 60.87
T2 Thiram 75WP 26.67 0.30% 26.67 65.22
T3 Propiconazole 25EC 0.025% 16.67
78.26
T4 Hexaconozole 5EC 0.005% 20.00
73.91
T5
Pyraclostrobin 5% +
Mitiram 55%
0.20% 10.00
86.96
T6
Captan 50% +
Hexaconazole 5%
0.20% 40.00 47.83)
T7
Trichoderma harzianum
Navsari isolate
10g/kgseed
23.33 69.56
67

69. Conti…
T8
Trichoderma viride
Navsari isolate
10g/kgseed 13.33 82.61
T9 Control - 76.67 0.00
S. Em. ±
2.48 -
C.D. at 5%
9.19 -
Navsari (Gujarat) Singh (2016)
68
*Average of three replications
All fungicide applied as Soil drenching

70. Table.11 - Integrated management of root rot disease [Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid] of chickpea
through bioagents, oil cakes and chemicals under field conditions.
Tr.
No.
Treatment Details Per cent
germination
Yield
(kg/ha)
Disease***
incidence (%)
Per cent
disease over
control
T1
Seed treatment with T. viride (TVNI)@ 30 gm/kg seed at the time of
sowing
63.27* (79.79)** 1204 16.34* (9.07)** 41.10
T2
Seed treatment with T. harzianum (THNI) @ 30 gm/kg seed at the time
of sowing
68.06 (86.04) 1142 16.34 (8.94) 41.95
T3
Soil application of T. viride (TVNI)@ 5 kg/ha in 500 kg FYM/ha in the
furrow 5 days prior to sowing
67.44 (85.21) 1184 13.90 (7.00) 54.55
T4
Soil application of T. viride (TVNI) @ 5 kg/ha in 500 kg neem cake/ha in
furrow 5 days prior to sowing
70.47 (88.75) 1324 15.74 (8.17) 46.95
T5
Soil application of T. viride (TVNI) @ 5 kg/ha in 500 kg castor cake/ha in
furrow 5 days prior to sowing
65.42 (82.71) 1267 14.92 (7.54) 51.04
T6
Soil application of T. harzianum (THNI) @ 5 kg/ha in 500 kg FYM
cake/ha in furrow 5 days prior to sowing
72.39 (90.84) 1533 11.81 (5.56) 63.90
T7
Soil application of T. harzianum (THNI) @ 5 kg/ha in 500 kg Neem
cake/ha in furrow 5 days prior to sowing
74.90 (93.13) 1489 12.21 (5.60) 63.63
T8
Soil application of T. harzianum (THNI) @ 5 kg/ha in 500 kg castor
cake/ha in furrow 5 days prior to sowing
67.68 (85.42) 1378 13.34 (6.29) 59.16
T9 Seed treatment with carbendazim @ 3 gm/kg Seed at the time of sowing 66.38 (83.75) 1084 14.60 (7.24) 52.99
69

71. Conti..
T10 Control (Untreated) 60.25 (75.37) 778 22.55 (15.40)
S. Em. ± 1.51 116 0.61
C.D. at 5% 4.48 344 1.72
C.V. % 3.86 16 14.41
* Figures are arcsine transformed values.
** Figures in parenthesis are retransformed values.
*** Disease incidence data are pooled data of 40,55,70,85 days after date of sowing
Navsari (Gujarat) Dhingani and Solanky (2016)
70

72. Table.12- Integrated disease management of damping-off of tomato during 2014 in field condition
Tr.
No.
Treatment details Percent Disease Incidence(%)
Pre emergence
damping-off
Post
emergence
damping-off
Percent
disease
over
control
T1
FYM (@ 5 q/ha + Trichoderma harzianum seed treatment (6 gm/kg
seed) + Pseudomonas fluorescens seed treatment (6 gm/kg seed)
22.56*(15.00)** 13.53*(5.49)*
*
74.65
T2
Castor cake (@ 5 q/ha) + T. harzianum seed treatment (6 gm/kg seed) +
Pseudomonas fluorescens seed treatment (6 gm/kg seed)
34.44(32.00) 22.15(14.22) 58.51
T3
Pseudomonas fluorescence seed treatment (6 gm/kg seed) + T. harzianum
seed treatment (6 gm/kg seed)
26.47(20.00) 19.60(11.25) 63.29
T4
Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% (Ridomil 72 MZ) seed treatment (2 gm/kg
seed) + drenching of ridomil 72 MZ @1.75 gm/10 litre water
25.06(18.00) 17.79(9.35) 66.67
T5
Thiram 75 WP seed treatment (2 gm/kg seed) + drenching of thirum 75
WP@ 3 gm/litre water
37.42(37.00) 19.94(11.64) 62.65
T6
Chlorothalonil seed treatment (3 gm/kg seed) + drenching of chlorothalonil
@2 gm/litre water
35.05(33.00) 20.19(11.93) 62.19
T7
Fosetyl AL seed treatment (2 gm/kg seed) + drenching of fosetyl AL@2
gm/litre water
25.77(19.00) 17.10(8.64) 67.98
71

73. Conti..
T8
Propiconazole (25 EC) seed treatment (1 ml/100 gm seed) + drenching with propiconazole
@1.25 ml/litre water
28.63(23.00) 19.60(11.26) 63.29
T9
Cabendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% (Sixer 75 WP) seed treatment (2 gm/kg seed) +
drenching of sixer @2 gm/litre water
30.65(26.00) 20.41(12.16) 61.77
T10
Pyraclostrobin 5% + Mitram 55% (Cabriotop 60 G) seed treatment with 2 gm/kg seed +
drenching with cabriotop 60 G @2 gm/litre water
27.27(21.00) 17.73(9.29) 66.78
T10
Azoxystrobin(23 SC) seed treatment (1 ml/100 gm seed) + drenching with azoxystrobin
@1.75 ml/10 litre water
30.65(26.00) 21.57(13.52) 59.60
T11 Copper oxychloride (2 gm/kg seed) + drenching with copper oxychloride @3 gm/litre
water
25.84(19.00) 14.78(7.00) 72.32
T12
Control (without treatment) 41.53(44.00) 53.39(64.28)
S.Em ± 1.51 1.33 -
C. D. at 5% 4.39 3.89 -
C.V. % 8.66 10.79 -
*Figures outside parenthesis are arcsine (angular) transformed values ** Figures indicate original values
Shinde (2016)Navsari (Gujarat)
72

74. Table.13- Testing of effective chemicals and bio-agents for management of bacterial wilt (Ralstonia
solanacearum) of brinjal in pot condition
Tr.
No.
Treatments
Concentrati
on ( % or
ml/ lit)
Total
number
of plants
Infected
plants
Per cent
disease
incidence (%)
T1 Streptocycline (0.1 g/lit Drenching) 0.025% 6 1 16.66
T2 Plantomycin (0.33 g/lit Drenching) 0.025% 6 1 16.66
T3
Copper oxychloride (50WP) (3 g/lit
Drenching)
0.1% 6 3 50.00
T4
Copper hydroxide (53.8WP) (3.71g/lit
Drenching)
0.2% 6 3 50.00
T5 Copper oxychloride (50 WP) (4g/lit Drenching) 0.2% 6 3 50.00
T6 Pseudomonas fluorescens (5 ml/lit Drenching) 5 ml/lit 6 2 33.33
73

75. Navsari (Gujarat) Vihol (2017)
*Average of three replications
Conti…
T7 Trichoderma viride Navsari isolate (5 ml/lit Drenching) 5 gm/lit 6 3 50.00
T8 Control - 6 4 66.66
S.Em± 0.058
C.D. at 5% 0.17
C.V.% 10.56
74

76. Conclusion
From the foregoing discussion it can be concluded that cultural, biological, physical
and chemical management practices are promising techniques to reduces the soil borne
diseases but, it possesses limited scope when apply as single. Hence, Integrated disease
management (IDM) strategies proved to be best for the management of these diseases
together and reduce the problems of health hazards and environmental pollution.
The integrated application of
 Soil solarization,
 Bio-agents (T. viride, T. harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudononas fluorescens,
Paecilomyces lilacinus etc.);
 Botanicals (Naffatia and neem extract );
 Fertilizers and organics (Neem seed cake, Pongamia glabra, NPK, PSB); green leaf
manures like Neem, Eucalyptus citriopra etc.);
 Fungicides (carbendazim, vitavax, pyraclostrobin, copper oxychloride etc.) and
 Bactericide (streptocycline, plantomycin) by the different methods like seed treatment, soil
application, seedling dip and drenching not only manage the soil borne diseases but also
enhance growth and production of crops.

77. Thankyou