This document provides information about grapes (Vitis vinifera), including their botanical details, origin, varieties grown in different regions of India, propagation methods, training and pruning practices, yield, and common pests and diseases. It discusses the introduction of grapes to northern India in 1300 AD and lists the main uses of grapes in India, with 85% consumed fresh, 120,000 tonnes dried for raisins, and 20,000 and 10,000 tonnes used for juice and wine production respectively. Key propagation methods include hardwood cuttings, grafting, and tissue culture. Major varieties grown include Thompson Seedless, Anab-e-Shahi, Bangalore Blue, and Gulabi. Average yields range from

1. Dr. Mahesh B. Ghuge
Assistant Professor
School of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India

2. Botanical name : Vitis vinifera
Family : Vitaceae
Origin : Black to Caspian Sea

3.  Introduced into the north of India by the
Persian invaders in 1300 AD Daulatabad
(King Mohammed-bin-Tughlak)
 85 % consumed fresh
 120,000 dried for raisins
 20,000 tonnes make juice
 10,000 tonnes process into wine

4.  V. vinifera, V. labrusca, V. riparia and V. rupestris
with the haploid chromosome number 19.
 Muscadinia, the haploid chromosome number is 20.
 Hardwood stem cuttings.
 grafts on standard rootstocks, Tissue culture / in vitro
techniques through shoot tip culture, nodal segments.
 Hermaphrodite (perfect), Pollination occurs mostly
through wind
 Sternospermocarpy

6.  Grape is a semi arid subtropical crop
 warm and dry summer and cool winter.
 Humid weather is not congenial for sweetness
of the fruit, causes cracking of fruits and
encourages fungal diseases. Frost does great
damage if it occurs during its growing period.
 Light soils ,well drained soil, Water table
should be deeper than 2 meters.
 Relatively tolerant to salinity and alkalinity but
excessive lime is harmful.

7. Region Varieties
Maharashtra,
Northern Karnataka
and Hyderabad
Thompson Seedless and its mutants like Tas – A –
Ganesh, Sonaka and Manik Chaman and A 17/3 found
promising, however, yet to be released; colored
seedless varieties like Fantasy Seedless, Sharad
Seedless and Crimson Seedless; seeded varieties like
Red Globe (found promising but yet to be
recommended).
South Interior
Karnataka
Thompson Seedless, Sonaka, Flame Seedless, Sharad
Seedless, Crimson Seedless and Red Globe
Tamil Nadu Thompson Seedless (for Table Purpose), Gulabi,
Bangalore Blue (Juice purpose)
North India Flame Seedless, Perlette and Beauty Seedless

8. Table grapes: Thompson seedless, Pusa seedless, Perlette, Beauty
seedless, New perlette, Anab-e Shahi, Bhokri, Cardinal, Black
Muscat, Early Muscat, Fakhri, Kandhari, and Kale-Sahebi etc.
Raisin grapes: Thompson seedless, Pusa seedless, Kishmish, Black
Corinth and Sultana, Muscat, Alexandria etc.
Wine grapes: Table wines and desert wines.
Table wines : high sugar content and of moderate or high
acidity.
The desert wines: high sugar content and low acid content.
Gross Column, Red Prince, Black Champa, Beauty seedless,
Cheema Sahebi etc.
Sweet juice grapes: Bangalore Purple, Bangalore Blue, Gulabi,
Concord, and Pearl of Csaba.

9.  Arkavati: Black Champa X Thompson Seedless
 Arka Kanchan: Anab-E-Shahi X Queen of Vineyard
 Arka Hans: Bangalore Blue X Anab-e- Shahi
 Arka Shyam: Bangalore Blue X Black Champa
 Arka Neelmani: Black Champa X Thompson Seedless
 Arka Shweta: Anab-e-Shahi X Thompson Seedless
 Arka krishna: Bangalore Blue X Convent large Black
 Arka Urvashi: Hur X Beauty seedless
 Pusa Navarang: Madeleine Angavine X Ruby Red

10.  Sexual and asexual methods
 Vegetative propagation in grape is practiced
through cuttings, grafting, layering and budding
 Hardwood cuttings: Cuttings made from well
matured one season canes from productive vines
which are of medium in thickness (0.7 to 0.8 cm),
with an intermodal length of 8-10cm and 25-30cm in
length with at least 3-4 buds and dormant should be
selected preferably from the October pruning's.
 lower cut should be given immediately below the bud
and the upper cut should be about ½‖ above the bud.
 Flat beds, leaving two nodes above the soil

12.  Phylloxera (Aphid) resistant root stocks - St. George and Riparia.
 Nematode and soil salinity- Salt creek
 Resistant to nematode- Harmony and Dog ridge
Sr. No. Situation/problem Rootstock
1.
Water shortage
1103 P, 140 RU, 110 R, 420 A, SO 4,
99 R, St. George, Dogridge
2. Soil EC more than 2 m mohs/cm and
water EC more than 1 m mohs/cm
Ramsey, Dogridge, 140 RU, 99 R,
110 R.
3. Soil ESP more than 15 per cent and/or
water SAR more than 8.
140 RU, 1613, Ramsey, Dogridge.
4. Free calcium content of soil is more than
12%
140 RU, SO 4, 420 A.
5. Chloride content of water is more than 4
meq/litre
Ramsey, Dogridge B, 140 RU. Teleki 5-
C
6. Poor vigour of the variety without any
soil/water problem
Dogridge, St. George, SO 4, 140 RU.
7. For increased nitrogen, potassium
uptake.
Dogridge, St. George, 34 EM, Ramsey.

13.  Land Preparation and Vine Establishment:
plots of 120 m x 180 m separated by 3 m wide
roads
 Planting Season:
Rooted cuttings:: September-October
Rootstocks :: February-March.
 Spacing:
6 m x 3 m or 4 m x 3 m and 3 m x 3 m or 3 m
x 2 m

14. Manure and Fertilizers
 500:500:1000 kg of N, P2O5 and K2O per
hectare is followed in light sandy soils
 660:880:660 kg N, P2O5 and K2O per hectare
are applied for heavy clay soils
 100kg of FYM, 2-3kg of castor cake or neem
cake
Irrigation
 8-10 irrigations may be given at 7-10 days
interval after October pruning till March

15.  Bower System: for vigorous varieties like
Anab-e-Shahi, Bangalore Blue and Gulabi
 Telephone System: for moderately vigorous
varieties like Thompson Seedless and other
seedless cultivars
 Flat Roof Gable System: Combining the
advantage of bower and the extended Y
systems, for vigorous vines (vines grafted on
rootstocks)
 Head System, Kniffin System

16.  Done only once in North India during the month
of January to make the fruitful buds to sprout
 South India, pruning is done twice in a year,
once in summer and again in winter.
 Pruning in April (summer) the vines are forced
to have a rest period
 Bleeding

17. Summer pruning / back pruning or growth
pruning.
 March-April
 In this pruning the canes are cut back to one
or two bud level for building up the fresh
vegetative growth.
Winter pruning / forward pruning
 Second and third weeks of October
 mature canes (about 6 months old) are pruned
 Entire foliage and immature shoots are removed
 Spur pruned : 4-5 buds from basal part
 Cane pruned: 10-12 buds from shoot part

18.  fruit set: thoroughly 4-6 days after full bloom
with 100 ppm Gibberellic acid or 20ppm
Parachloro phenoxy acetic acid (PCPA)
 berry size: GA3 was applied at 40ppm at bud
and flower stages
 cluster size: Use of GA, TIBA and PCPA
 maturity: Benzothiozal A-Oxyacetic acid (BOA)
Maturity can be delayed by 15 days

19.  Anab-e-shahi is harvested when it records
a brix of 15O-16O and Thompson seedless
21O-22O
 lower most berry of the bunch is soft and
sweet.
 Bangalore blue and Patcha draksha--5000
kg/ha, Bhokri - 4500 – 9,000kg/ha, Anab-
e-shahi-1000--15000kg/ha and Bangalore
blue -30,000kg/ha.

20. Variety Average (t/ha)
Potential
(t/ha)
Period of Harvest
Anab-e-Shahi 45 90
February-May,
July, November-
December
Bangalore Blue 40 60
January-March,
June-December
Bhokri 30 50
November-
December, June-
July
Gulabi 30 50
January-March,
June-December
Perlette 40 50 June
Thompson Seedless and other
seedless varieties
25 50 January-April

21.  Pests: Flea beetles, Thrips, Mealy Bugs, Leaf hoppers
 Diseases: Anthracnose, Downy mildew, Powdery
mildew
Physiological Disorders
 Millerandage/Coulure: Bo Deficiency
 Blossom drop: Improper pollination and
fertilization
 Calyx end rot: Ca Deficiency
 Pink Berry : High temperature