Two greenhouse experiments were conducted on eggplant to assess the impact of compost tea derived from plant residues namely rice hull (RHC), rice straw (RSC), tomato (TC), potato (PC), citrus (CC), and guava(GC) as well as city waste (CWC) compost on eggplant biomass and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis. Screened composts were introduced to plants as drenching application. Results indicated that percentage of increase in total plant fresh weight of eggplant infected with such nematodeswere more pronounced (P<0.05) with compost teas of RSW. Drenching the soil with RHC (Rf=0.7) and PC (Rf=0.9) were also effective in suppressing densities of M. incognita as well as number of galls, and eggs/ root. However, population densities and fecundity of R. reniformis were significantly reduced following the introduction of GC. Only, total phenol showed remarkable increment in plants treated with PC, GC and RSC compared to untreated inoculated plants.

1. Potentials of Compost Tea of Certain Botanicals for Minimizing Root- Knot and Reniform Nematodes Infection and Altering Chemical Constituents in Eggplant
IJEN
Potentials of Compost Tea of Certain Botanicals for
Minimizing Root- Knot and Reniform Nematodes
Infection and Altering Chemical Constituents in
Eggplant
Fatma A. M. Mostafa1*, Hassan A. Taha2 and Doaa, A. Abou El-Atta3
1
Agricultural Zoology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
2,3
Plant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Two greenhouse experiments were conducted on eggplant to assess the impact of compost tea
derived from plant residues namely rice hull (RHC), rice straw (RSC), tomato (TC), potato (PC),
citrus (CC), and guava(GC) as well as city waste (CWC) compost on eggplant biomass and
reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis. Screened composts were
introduced to plants as drenching application. Results indicated that percentage of increase in
total plant fresh weight of eggplant infected with such nematodeswere more pronounced (P<0.05)
with compost teas of RSW. Drenching the soil with RHC (Rf=0.7) and PC (Rf=0.9) were also
effective in suppressing densities of M. incognita as well as number of galls, and eggs/ root.
However, population densities and fecundity of R. reniformis were significantly reduced following
the introduction of GC. Only, total phenol showed remarkable increment in plants treated with PC,
GC and RSC compared to untreated inoculated plants.
Key words: Compost tea, chemical components, eggplant, Meloidogyne incognita, Rotylenchulus reniformis
INTRODUCTION
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important tropical
and subtropical vegetable crop for its high consumption
and nutritional constituents with world production
exceeding 30 million tonnes. Egypt(1MT) ranked the third
among the top producing nations after China (28 MT) and
India (13 MT) in 2013(World Atlas, 2017). Root-knot
nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White)
Chitwood, and reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus
reniformis, Linford and Oliveira are important pests of
eggplant. Severe infestation with Meloidogyne spp. and
R. reniformis leads to reduction of plant growth, chemical
constituents and yield losses (Abassi et al.,2010; Farahat
et al.,2013 and Ibrahim et al.,2016). Because of adverse
impact of nematicides on beneficial soil borne
microorganism, to carcinogenic effects on human beings
and high cost as well, a number of alternative approaches
are practiced through safe and eco-friendly means.
Greater attention has been devoted to methods which
improve plant health for the purpose of increasing
tolerance to existing nematode populations. Compost teas
could be a promising alternative method of chemical
control for management of nematodes on various crops.
Several studies on compost and vermiform compost teas
showed improving plant nutrition and crop yield (Selvaraj,
2011). Compost teas are fermented watery extracts of
composted materials that are used for improving plant
nutrition and crop yield including antimicrobial activities
(Litterick et al., 2004; Selvaraj, 2011).
*Corresponding author: Fatma Mostafa, Agricultural
Zoology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura
University, Mansoura, Egypt. E-mail:
mohsenfatma@hotmail.com, Tel: 20(50)22002254, Fax:
20(50)22002253
International Journal of Entomology and Nematology
XXXX-XXXX:ISSN© www.premierpublishers.org..7, 201September,906-206), pp.Vol. 3(2
Research Article

2. Potentials of Compost Tea of Certain Botanicals for Minimizing Root- Knot and Reniform Nematodes Infection and Altering Chemical Constituents in Eggplant
Mostafa et al. 063
Numerous reports (Scheuerell, Scheuerell and Mahaffee,
2002 and 2004; Haggag and Saber 2007; Dionne et al.,
2012 and Martin St and Brathwaite, 2012) demonstrated
the potential of compost teas to stimulate plant growth and
suppress soil-borne diseases. However, little attention
(Edwards et al., 2007; Zhang and Zhang, 2009; Selvaraj,
2011; Xu et al., 2012; Esmaeil, 2015) has been given to
the use of compost or vermiform compost tea for the
control of plant parasitic nematodes The effects of
vermicompost tea on nematodes in the laboratory and in
the greenhouse in soil that had been artificially infested
with root-knot nematodes are reported by Edwards et al.
(2007). The differences in growth between treatments in
response to the vermicompost tea were significant and the
reduction in number of root-knot galls on tomato was
considerable. Therefore, the present study was carried out
in order to study the impact of compost tea of different
botanicals as well as city waste compost on the
reproduction of M. incognita and R. reniformis and
eggplant growth, under greenhouse conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two experiments were carried out at the Nematological
Research Unit (NERU), Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura
(Egypt) in order to determine the effectiveness of liquid
botanicals and city waste compost on the reproduction of
M. incognita and R. reniformis and their effect on eggplant
growth response under greenhouse conditions at 25±7C.
Preparation of nematode inoculum
Pure cultures of M. incognita previously initiated from a
single egg mass were collected from infested roots of
coleus (Coleus blumei L.). Eggs of M. incognita were
extracted from infected roots with sodium hypochlorite
(NaOCl) solution (Hussey and Barker, 1973). The
inoculum consisted of 2000 viable eggs/ plant. Inocula of
R. reniformis (2000 immature females/plant) were
obtained from a pure nematode population propagated on
mountain thyme,Plectranthusamboinicus(Lour) Spreng,
under greenhouse conditions.
Source of plant residues and city waste
Foliage plants of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and
tomato (S. lycopersicum L.); rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw,
guava (Psidium guajava L.) and citrus (Citrus spp.) leaves
were collected from farms and orchards of the Faculty of
Agriculture, Mansoura, Egypt. Rice hull was obtained from
Rice Peeling, Mansoura. Solid city waste compost was
obtained from Bishla City Waste Management Factory,
Mansoura, Egypt.
Preparation of compost tea
Tested plant residues (5kg) were chopped into segments
of 2-5 cm and put into heaps. Potato or tomato residues
were mixed with 125g ammonium sulfate, 30g calcium
super-phosphate and 100g animal manure (ripe).
However, rice straw, rice hull, citrus and guava leaves
were mixed with 75g ammonium sulfate, 15g calcium
super-phosphate and 100g animal manure (ripe) as
activation mixing (Abo-El-Fadl, 1970) and moistened to
reach about 60% of its water holding capacity; covered
with plastic sheet and left to decay for 90 days .
Table 1: Chemical composition of compost tea of certain botanicals and
city waste as well
Treatments O.M% C% N% C/N P% K%
Rice hull compost
(RHC)
65.7 38.2 1.41 27.1 0.13 0.38
Rice straw
compost(RSC)
67.8 39.5 1.37 28.8 0.11 0.32
Potato compost (PC) 59.2 34.4 1.82 18.9 0.27 0.63
Tomato compost (TC) 67.9 39.5 1.77 22.3 0.23 0.52
Guava compost (GC) 68.6 39.9 1.54 25.9 0.16 0.56
Citrus compost (CC) 73.8 42.9 1.69 25.4 0.18 0.49
City waste
compost(CWC)
66.9 38.9 1.48 26.3 0.14 0.41
Throughout the decay each product was turned every 15
days and sprayed with water to keep it moist. Compost
was supplemented with bacterial inoculum
(actinomycetes) obtained from Microbiology Department,
Mansoura, Egypt to facilitate organic matter
decomposition. Following decaying process, liquid
compost preparation was then carried out at three stages
according to Brinton et al. (1996) as follows: 1-Preparation:
Botanical and city waste composts were separately
blended with water in a dilution ratio 1:5 (w ∕ v); 2-
Extraction: A mixture of compost with water was turned on
aquarium pump, soaked over 24 hours and stirred 2 hours
during the day until the water turned into brown in color
and had no smell and 3- Filtration: Following brewing, the
mixture compost tea was strained by the help of cheese
cloth into another bucket. Compost teas were kept into
open plastic and analyzed for chemical composition (Table
1).
Greenhouse Experiment
EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPOST TEA ON EGGPLANT
GROWTH AND M.incognita REPRODUCTION.
Twenty-five-days old seedlings of eggplant cv. Black
Beauty, a highly susceptible cultivar to M. incognita, were
transplanted in 40 plastic pots (15cm- d) filled with 1000 g
sterilized loamy soil (2.65% coarse sand; 19.26% fine
sand; 32.19% silt). Two days after transplanting, six
compost teas (rice straw: RSC, rice hull: RHC, tomato: TC,
potato: PC, guava: GC and citrus: CC) and city waste
(CWC) compost were separately introduced to 28 pots at
the rate of 20ml /pot (3 pots/treatment). Simultaneously,
eggs inocula (2000 eggs/plant ) of M. incognita were
introduced into three holes around the roots of the plants.
The uninoculated control did not receive nematodes or
nematicide or compost (3 pots) and the inoculated control
received only nematode eggs (3 pots). The conventional
nematicide oxamyl (Vydate 24L) was applied at the rate of

3. Potentials of Compost Tea of Certain Botanicals for Minimizing Root- Knot and Reniform Nematodes Infection and Altering Chemical Constituents in Eggplant
Int. J. Entomol. Nematol. 064
Table 2: Impact of compost tea of certain botanicals and city waste on growth of eggplant cv. Black Beauty infected with M. incognita
under greenhouse conditions.
Treatments
Plant growth parameters
Length (cm) Fresh weight (g) Total plant fresh
weight
Inc./Dec.
(%)
Shoot dry w.
(g)
Inc./Dec.
(%)Shoot Root Shoot Root
RHC 8.3 c 16.6 c 3.2 c 2.9 de 6.2 e -21.8 0.8 c -2.4
RSC 9.6 bc 20.0 bc 5.5 b 6.1 b 11.6 b 48.7 1.0 bc 20.5
PC 8.3 c 18.0 bc 4.4 bc 2.7 de 7.2 de -7.7 0.7 c -19.3
TC 10.6 bc 20.6 bc 5.3 b 5.3 bc 10.6 bc 35.9 1.3 b 56.6
GC 9.6 bc 16.3 c 5.5 b 3.6 d 9.1 cd 16.7 2.9 bc 20.5
CC 9.0 c 19.6 bc 5.0 b 3.9 cd 8.9 cd 14.1 0.8 c 0.0
CWC 9.0 c 18.0 bc 4.5 bc 3.6 d 8.2 de 5.1 0.7 c -15.7
Oxamyl 10 bc 22.0 b 5.6 b 2.4 e 8.0 e 2.3 0.9 c 2.5
Nematode alone 11.6 b 16.6 bc 5.1 b 2.7 de 7.8 de ------- 0.8 c ------
Plant free of nematode 17.3 a 26.6 a 16.1 a 14.9 a 31.1 a 298.7 4.6 a 457.8
LSD 2.54 4.41 1.66 1.63 2.1 0.6
Each value presented the mean of three replicates. Means in each column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different
( P<0.05) by Duncan's multiple range test.
0.03 ml /pot (3 pots) two days after nematode inoculation.
Pots were arranged in a completely randomized design
with three replicates for each treatment and watered as
needed throughout the experimental period. Plants were
harvested 55 days after nematode inoculation. Data
dealing with fresh shoot and root weight, dry shoot weight,
shoot and root length, were recorded. Nematodes were
extracted from 200g soil using sieving and modified
Baermann technique (Goodey, 1957) and number of
juveniles were recorded. Roots were stained with acid
fuchsin in lactic acid (Byrd et al., 1983) and counted for
developmental stages, females and egg masses. Galls
(RGI) and egg masses (EI) indices were measured on 0-5
scale : 0= no galls/ egg masses; 1= 1or 2; 3= 11-30; 4=
31-100; and 5= >100 galls or egg masses per root system
(Taylor and Sasser, 1978). Number of eggs/g root was
recorded. Biochemical tests were performed at the end of
the experiment. Total phenols (TP) were estimated in 1g
leaf sample according to Malick and Singh (1980); Crude
proteins (CP) were estimated according to Robinson
(1973). Total carbohydrates (TC) were measured using
the method of Hedge and Hofreiter (1962). The
percentage of nitrogen (%N) was estimated
(A.O.A.C.,1980). Data were subjected to analysis of
variance (ANOVA) Gómez and Gómez (1984) followed by
Duncan، multiple range tests (DMRT) to compare means
(Duncan, 1955).
EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPOST TEA ON EGGPLANT
GROWTH AND R. reniformis REPRODUCTION.
The same methodology as outlined in the previous
experiment was applied with R. reniformis and eggplant
seedlings that were inoculated with 2000 vermiform
immature females/plant at 29±7 ºC under greenhouse
conditions. Plants were harvested 55 days after nematode
inoculation. Plant growth parameters were recorded.
Roots were stained in 0.01 acid fuchsin in lactic acid (Byrd
et al., 1983) and examined for the number of immature and
mature females and egg masses. Number of eggs/g root
was recorded. Soil of each pot was processed for
nematode extraction (Goodey, 1957). Leaves were
subjected to chemical analysis to evaluate total nitrogen,
crude protein, total carbohydrate and total phenol
according to the methods previously mentioned.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPOST TEA ON EGGPLANT
GROWTH AND M. incognita REPRODUCTION.
Inoculation with M. incognita caused significant reduction
in eggplant length (32.9%) and total fresh weight (74.9%)
in comparison to the uninoculated control (Table 2).
Compost is known to comprise of a large and diverse
community of microorganisms, humic acids and other
chemical nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen that
support soil and by healthy plant growth (Dearborn, 2011).
The use of compost tea as soil drench directly supplies
soluble plant nutrients, beneficial metabolites and
biostimulants released by microorganisms to the soil
(Selvaraj, 2011). The present results revealed that RSC
applied as soil drench had maximum and significant
increase in total plant fresh and shoot dry weights of
eggplant infected with M. incognita compared to
nematode alone followed by TC that increased the total
plant fresh and shoot dry weights. On the other hand,
compost tea of CWC (5.1%) showed the least increase in
total plant fresh weight. Some of compost teas (RHC and
PC) showed low phytotoxicity on eggplant.
Introduction of compost tea to soil resulted in a significant
reduction in M. incognita populations whose reproduction
factor ranged from 0.7 to 7.8 (Table 3). The greatest
suppression in total nematode population was recorded

4. Potentials of Compost Tea of Certain Botanicals for Minimizing Root- Knot and Reniform Nematodes Infection and Altering Chemical Constituents in Eggplant
Mostafa et al. 065
Table 3: Impact of compost tea of certain botanicals and city waste on reproduction of M. incognita infecting eggplant cv. Black Beauty under
greenhouse conditions.
Treatments
Nematode population in Eggs/
root
system
Total
nematode
population
Rf Galls RGI*
Egg
masses EI*Soil/ pot Root
Develop. S. Females
RHC 87 bc 0 c 23 ab 1335 d 1445 0.7 23 ab 3.0 9 bc 2.0
RSC 213 bc 4 ab 98 a 2338 d 2653 1.3 98 a 4.0 51 abc 4.0
PC 80 bc 0 c 28 ab 1658 d 1766 0.9 24 ab 3.0 21 abc 3.0
TC 88 bc 0 c 50 ab 5030 c 5168 2.6 50 ab 4.0 48 abc 4.0
GC 170 bc 5 a 95 a 4429 c 4699 2.3 94 ab 4.0 48 abc 4.0
CC 107 bc 1 bc 87 ab 15450 b 15645 7.8 87 ab 4.0 61 abc 4.0
CWC 373 b 0 c 39 ab 1914 d 2326 1.2 36 ab 4.0 11 bc 2.0
Oxamyl 0 c 0 c 0 b 0. e 0.0 0.0 0 b 0.0 0 c 0.0
N alone 5720 a 2 abc 99 a 18993 a 24814 12.4 99 a 5.0 70 ab 4.0
LSD 322.1 3.9 88.7 5098 95.19 63.5
Each value presented the mean of three replicates. Rf (Reproduction factor) =Final Population (Pf) /Initial Population (Pi), Pi = 2000 eggs of M. incognita,
Pf = number of juveniles/pot+ n. of developmental stages + n.of females + n. of eggs/root system). Means in each column followed by the same letter(s)
are not significantly different (P<0.05) by Duncan's multiple range test.. * Root gall index (RGI) or egg masses index (EI) was determined according to
Taylor & Sasser (1978)
Table 4: Impact of compost tea of certain botanicals and city waste on growth of eggplant cv. Black Beauty infected with R. reniformis under
greenhouse conditions .
Treatments
Plant growth parameters
Length (cm) Fresh weight (g) Total plant
fresh weight
Inc./
Dec. %()
Shoot dry
weight (g)
Inc./Dec.
%))Shoot Root Shoot Root
RHC 8.3 bc 16.0 bc 3.6 cd 2.3 b 5.9 cd -7.2 0.7 c 1.4
RSC 9.6 b 22.0 b 4.9 c 3.4 b 8.3 c 32.2 0.8 c 15.9
PC 7.3 c 16.3 cd 2.9 d 1.8 b 4.7 d -25.2 0.5 c -27.5
TC 9.0 bc 19.0 bc 3.5 cd 1.8 b 5.3 d -15.1 0.7 c 1.4
GC 10.3 b 19.3 bc 4.1 cd 2.7 b 6.8 cd 8.8 0.8 c 15.9
CC 9.0 bc 20.3 b 3.5 cd 2.7b 6.2 cd 0.8 0.7 c 1.4
CWC 8.3 bc 15.0 c 2.5 d 2.0 b 4.5 d -27.9 0.5 c --27.5
Oxamyl 8.5 bc 22.0 b 8.7 b 2.3 b 11.0 b 75.8 2.2 b 218.8
Nematode alone 9.7bc 19.0 bc 3.7 cd 2.6 b 6.3 cd - 0.7 c -
Plant free of nematode 16.1 a 26.0 a 16.1 a 14.9 a 31.0 a 392.1 4.0 a 479.7
LSD 2.07 4.35 1.6 1.61 2.53 - 0.51 -
Each value presented the mean of three replicates.Means in each column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different (P<0.05) by
Duncan's multiple range test.
with RHC (C/N= 27.1, N%= 1.41) and PC (C/N = 18.9,
N%= 1.82) with reproduction factor amounted to 0.7 and
0.9 respectively confirming the findings ofXu et al. (2012)
in respect to RHC. The suppression of M. incognita due to
the application of RHC could be possibly attributed to tricin
produced in rice hull. Soil amended with tricin-rich hull was
associated with reduced risk of developing seedling rot
disease and greatly suppressed soil-borne pathogenic
fungi like Fusariumoxysporum and Rhizoctoniasolani
(Kong et al., 2010). A similar trend was noticed for gall
formation and egg masses numbers. Conversely, CC
(C/N = 25.4, N% = 1.69) sustained the greater nematode
population in comparison with untreated inoculated plant.
The nematode management potential of soil amendment
could be related to N, C content and inversely related to C/
N ratio (Mian and Rodriguez-Kabana, 1982; Renčo et al.,
2009). At C / N ratio less than 20, N will be mineralized in
the form of NH4+-NO3- for absorbance and uptake by
plant roots (Jones, 1982). The availability of more nitrogen
enhances the ability of amendment to control nematode
(Miller et al., 1973).
EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPOST TEA ON EGGPLANT
GROWTH AND R. reniformis REPRODUCTION.
Inoculation with R. reniformis caused significant
reductions in plant length (40.32%) and total plant fresh
weight (79.81%) in comparison to untreated inoculated
control (Table 4). Among all treatments of compost tea,
rice straw compost( RSC) was the most effective in
improving plant growth parameters with remarkable
improvement in total plant fresh and dry shoot weights.
However, a slight increase in total plant fresh weight was
recorded with compost tea of guava (GC) and citrus (CC).
Rashad et al. (2011) reported that all the five types of rice
straw compost showed a high fertilizer value when applied
at the rate of 5% (w/w) to sandy soil as indicated by
ameliorating the soil microbial population, some chemical

5. Potentials of Compost Tea of Certain Botanicals for Minimizing Root- Knot and Reniform Nematodes Infection and Altering Chemical Constituents in Eggplant
Int. J. Entomol. Nematol. 066
Table 5: Impact of compost tea of certain botanicals and city waste on reproduction of R. reniformis infecting eggplant cv. Black Beauty under greenhouse
conditions.
Treatments Nematode population in Total nematode
population
Rf Eggs/
g root
N. of egg
massesSoil/ pot Root (Females)
RHC 649 de 4.7 cd 654 de 0.33 86 b 4.7 cd
RSC 8293 a 6.4 c 8299 a 4.10 440 b 6.4 c
PC 1960 c 3.0 cd 1963 c 0.98 373 b 3.0 cd
TC 639 de 6.0 d 645 de 0.31 300 b 6.0 d
GC 77.3 e 2.8 cd 80 e 0.04 234 b 2.8 cd
CC 1396 cd 18.1 b 1414 cd 0.70 426 b 18.1 b
CWC 149 e 7.0 c 156 e 0.08 480 b 7.0 d
Oxamyl 53 e 0.3 d 53 e 0.02 11.3 b 0.3 d
Nematode alone 6584 b 51.6 a 6636 b 3.32 3168 a 51.6 a
LSD 104.9 6.36 1049.51 770.5 6.36
Each value presented the mean of three replicates. Rf (Reproduction factor) = Final Population (Pf) /Initial Population (Pi), Pi = 2000 immature females
of R. reniformis, Pf= number of juveniles and immature females in soil + number of immature and mature females in root. Means in each column followed
by the same
A B
Fig (1): Chemical constituents in leaves of eggplant infected with M. incognita as influenced by the addition of compost teas. A= Total carbohydrates
and Total phenol; B= Nitrogen and crude protein.
properties, plant growth response and subsequent
productivity compared to mineral fertilizer. Herein,
compost teas of potato, tomato and city waste showed
more phytotoxicity against eggplant than RHC. Unless
RSC, the R. reniformis population density in soil or root as
well as the number of eggs/g root were significantly
suppressed with all treatments of compost tea with
reproduction factors <1(Table 5). Among the screened
compost teas, the highest and significant reduction in total
nematode population was achieved with GC followed by
CWC then TC which is in par with RHC. The current
evidence supported the findings of Wang and Radovich
(2012). The number of eggs/g root and egg masses/ root
system were significantly suppressed by the application of
RHC.
Although CWC proved to have nematicidal properties, it
could not be recommended as it may contain toxic
materials i.e. heavy metals that can be absorbed by the
cultivated crops and cause health problems. The impact of
compost tea of certain botanicals and city waste on growth
response of eggplant parasitized by M. incognita or R.
reniformisindicated thatoxamyl was superior to other
treatments and showed maximum and significant increase
in fresh shoot and dry weights and greatest reduction in
nematode population as well. Chemical constituents viz.
total carbohydrates, crude protein and nitrogen in leaves
of eggplant infected with M. incognita or R. reniformis were
significantly decreased as compared with untreated
inoculated plants in agreement with Ahmed et al.(2009)
and Pavaraj et al. (2010). Lower levels of proteins during
the later stages of infection suggest that developing
nematodes continuously withdraw large amount of
nutrients from the giant cells (Dorhout et al., 1993)
imported into the roots via the vascular system as reported
for cyst nematodes (Hoth et al., 2005). Oxamyl was the
superior and showed maximum induction in chemical
constituents i.e. total phenol, total carbohydrates, crude
protein and nitrogen in leaves of eggplant infected with
either M. incognita or R. reniformis (Figs. 1 and 2) as
compared to nematode alone. The presence of phenolic
compounds in plants or their synthesis in response to
infection has often been associated with resistance
(Ingham, 1972). It is well known that nematode resistant
plants sustain more phenols or produce polyphenols more
rapidly than susceptible ones (Pitcher et al.1960; Brueske
and Dropkin, 1973) suggesting a possible role of compost
teas in plant defense responses. However, the present
investigation indicated that compost tea treatments i.e.
PC, GC and RSC had obviously impact on total phenol
compared to untreated inoculated plants ( Figs.1 and 2 A).
Neverthless, percentages of carbohydrates, nitrogen and
crude proteins were not influenced in response to
screened compost teas (Figs 1 and 2 : A,B).

6. Potentials of Compost Tea of Certain Botanicals for Minimizing Root- Knot and Reniform Nematodes Infection and Altering Chemical Constituents in Eggplant
Mostafa et al. 067
A B
Fig (2): Chemical constituents in leaves of eggplant infected with R. reniformis as influenced by the addition of compost teas. A= Total carbohydrates
and Total phenol; B= Nitrogen and crude protein.
CONCLUSION
Most of the evaluated compost teas showed nematicidal
activity against M. incognita and R. reniformis and plant
growth promotion as well. Improving the efficacy and
reliability of disease control depend on compost tea
production method, age, water ratio, presence of specific
microbial antagonists, added nutrients, temperature and
pH (Scheuerell and Mahaffee, 2002; Martin and
Brathwaite, 2012). The physicochemical properties of the
compost teas, namely plant nutrients and organic
molecules such as humic or phenolic compounds (Hoitink
et al., 1997; Siddiqui et al., 2008), may protect the plant
against nematode infection through improved nutritional
status, direct toxicity toward the pathogen and/or induced
systemic resistance. Therefore, the use of compost tea as
a part of an integrated nematode management strategy
may require additional research under greenhouse and
field conditions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by Faculty of Agriculture,
Mansoura University, Egypt.
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Accepted 22 August 2017
Citation: Mostafa FAM, Taha HA, Abou El-Atta DA (2017).
Potentials of Compost Tea of Certain Botanicals for
Minimizing Root- Knot and Reniform Nematodes Infection
and Altering Chemical Constituents in Eggplant.
International Journal of Entomology and Nematology 3(2):
062-069.
Copyright: © 2017 Mostafa et al. This is an open-access
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