3. Its is a four sided pyramid
with its apex at the optic
foramina
Paired bony cavities, housing
and protecting globe.
Orbital Growth
By 5 yrs - 85% by
Puberty - 100%
Volume - 30ML
12. ACTION OF VARIOUS MUSCLE
Muscl
e
Primar
y
Action
Secondary
Action
Tertiary
Action
LR
Abductio
n
None None
MR Adduction None None
SR
Elevatio
n
Intortion Adduction
IR Depressio
n Extortion Adduction
IO
Extortio
n
Elevation Abduction
23. Fractures produced by the limited to the anterior
part of
Buckling mechanism the orbital floor
Hydraulic-type fractures Involving Anterior &
Posterior were much larger parts of the
Floor as well as
the Medial Wall of the Orbit
The Average Energy required to fracture the orbital floor
BUCKLING MECHANISM - 1.54 J
HYDRAULIC MECHANISM - 1.22 J
Ahmad, Fateh; et al..
Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 17(3):438-441, May 2006.
2006 Muntaz B. Habal, MD
24. Tomohisa Nagasao, M.D. et. Al
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery,
TOKYO
PRS• June 2006
25. The Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Trauma
1999;5(l):41-46
Mark S. Brown, MD, Willy Ky, MDf, Richard D. Lisman, MD|
33. ANT & POST ETHMOIDAL
FORAMINA
ORBITAL PART
OF FRONTAL BONE
LACRIMAL BONE
ETHMOID BONE
ORBITAL PART
OF MAXILLARY BONE
LESSER WING
OF SPHENOID
34. Floor is concave
and then convex
Floor slopes into
medial wall.
Maximum vertical
dimension 1.5 cm
behind rim
35. A 3-mm downward
displacement of the
entire floor
Orbital volume that is
increased by 1.5 cm3
a
5% increase
Producing 1-1.5 mm of
Enophthalmos
1957 by Smith & Regan
36. CHILDREN UP TO
AGE 7
ORBITAL ROOF FRACTURE
- larger cranium
- lack of frontal sinus
pneumatization
ORBITAL FLOOR FRACTURE
Occurs primarily in older
Children
Complete growth &
37. CHILDREN BEFORE
PUBERTY
Risk of muscle or soft
tissue entrapment
Immature bone
greater elasticity of
the orbital bone
Kyung-Chul Yoon, Man-Seong Seo,
Dept. Ophthalmology, Chonnam National
University Hospital, KOREA
J Korean Med Sci 2003; 18: 881-5
TRAPDOOR
FRACTURE
41. Injury to iris and pupil
Injury to lens
Injury to ciliary body
Retinal and choroidal injury
Perforating eye injuries
42.
43. Superior rim
Lateral 3rd
( lacrimal
recess)
Central 3rd
(supraorbital
nerve)
Medial 3rd
(frontal sinus)
Inferior rim
Central 3rd
(infraorbital
nerve)
Medial 3rd
(inferior oblique
origin)
Rowe and Wiliams
Medial rim
Medial canthal ligament
Lacrimal passage
Lateral rim
Lateral canthal ligament
Suspensory ligament
44. Roof
Anterior cranial fossa, superior rectus, frontal sinus.
Floor
Antrum, inferior rectus/inferior oblque, infraorbital
nerves and vessels.
Medial wall
Ethmoidal sinus, medial rectus, suspensory ligament.
Lateral wall
Superior orbital fissure and associated structures
45. CLASSIFICATION OF ORBITAL WALL DEFECTSCLASSIFICATION OF ORBITAL WALL DEFECTS
C. Jaquiery et al.,C. Jaquiery et al.,
Maxillofacial unit , University Hospital, Basel, SwitzerlandMaxillofacial unit , University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
IJOMS ‘07 :36;193-199IJOMS ‘07 :36;193-199
51. 1. No treatment
2. Indirect reduction with
a. no fixation
b. temporary support
3. Direct reduction and fixation
4. Immediate reconstruction by grafting
5. Delayed reconstruction by osteotomy or grafting
6. Late restoration of contour by onlay grafts
63. History
Complete General Physical Examination
Palpation of the Bony walls of the orbit
and other associated structures
64. Pupilary reflexes
Visual acuity
Ocular movements
Presence of Diplopia,
Exopthalmos or
Enopthalmos
Opthalmic injuries
Ligaments
Inter pupilary distance
Oedema
Circumorbital Ecchymosis
Subconjunctival
Haemorrhage
Orbital Emphysema
The Periorbital tissues.Ey
e
66. Surgery should be performed within 2 weeks after
the edema around the eye has decreased.
In children, callus is formed on the bone
fracture in 7 days, which makes it difficult to
reduce fractures accurately.
Hence, facial bone fractures should be operated
on earlier in children than in adults.
73. Persistent Diplopia.
Cosmetically significant and clinically apparent
Enophthalmos.
Physical and radiographic signs of exophthalmus
Radiological evidence of significant comminution of
orbital rim, the floor or the zygoma.
Combination of the floor and the medial wall defects
with soft tissue displacement.
Arch otolaryngology head and neck surgery
1997;123:378-84.
74. Defect < 1cm2
Localized anteriorly to the
equator of the eye ball can
be surgically exposed &
revised but not repaired.
Defects of the Resorbable membranes like
orbital floor and PDS sheeting
the medial wall of
limited size
75. Larger defects requires a stable material in order
to support the orbital content and to prevent
the risk of secondary Enopthalmos & Diplopia
(JOMS ‘04 : 62 :1280-1297)
76. Complex orbital fractures required more than one
material for reconstruction.
PDS sheeting, or Ti meshes or larger autologous
bone grafts can be used to provide stability,
additional bone chips can be introduced to fill up
the gaps and to tune projection by comparing the
reconstruction with unaffected orbit.
77. As demonstrated by Ellis and
Tan.
With correct use of the materials,
complications of the orbital reconstruction are
not material related
( JOMS ‘03 : 61 :442-453)
78. In terms of anatomic accuracy , Ti meshes are
preferred –over autologous bones grafts, but in
terms of functional autologous bones grafts are
preffered
In case of larger defects (IV, V) is often restricted by
limited access to the internal orbit and bears the
risk of iatrogenic damage to the periorbital tissue.
CAS may be a helpful tool in the context of orbital
reconstruction.
79.
80. Retrobulbar Haemorrhage
Superior orbital fissure syndrome
Orbital apex syndrome
Carotico cavernous fistula
Canalicular injuries
81. Loss of vision as a complication
of Maxillo- facial trauma
occurs in 3-12%
The blindness due to
Retrobulbar Haemorrhage
48- 50%
82. Proptosis
Subconjunctival edema
& ecchymosis
Dialating pupil
Loss of direct light reflex
Preservation of
consentual reflex
Opthalmoplegia
Increased intraoccular
pressure
Constriction of retinal
arterioles
Pallor of the optic disc
Cherry red macular spot
Globe hard on palpation
83. Diagnosis and treatment of Retrobulbar Haematomas following blunt orbit
trauma
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005
Mar;34(2):127-31
84. Immediate action
Remove any sutures in the area, for pressure relief
Surgical decompression….
Medication
Mannitol 1g/Kg as 20% infusion
Osmotic diuretic
Contra-indicated in congestive
cardiac Failure.
Acetazolamide 500mg IV
Dexamethasone 8mg
Papaverine 40mg smooth muscle relaxant
Dextran 40 500mls IV improves perfusion
IF NO RESPONSE TILL 48 HRS STEROIDS TO BE DISCONTINUED…
Consider Surgical decompression….
85.
86. Fracture types can be evaluated and repaired
endoscopically without the need for an extensive
eyelid incision.
It offers improved visualization, anatomic fracture
repair, no risk of postoperative eyelid complications,
and good clinical results.
Facial Plast Surg 2004;
87. STEREOLITHOGRAPHY
Stereolithography is an
industrial process
which uses data
generated from
computer-assisted
design (CAD) to
generate three-
dimensional models.
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Volume 63, Issue 2, February 2005, Pages 200-208
89. Accuracy of reconstruction is a prerequisite for
anatomical positioning of the eye ball in order to
prevent functional disorders.
The management of orbital fractures and their
complications will be benefited from a
multidisciplinary approach.
Hence the continued relationship between Cranio
-Maxillofacial Surgeons, Plastic Surgeons 7 the
Ophthalmic Surgeons, will contribute to the
progression of orbital reconstruction techniques.