2. Botany: Study of plants
Zoology deals with the study of animals.
Invertebrates
Animals are classified into 2 groups, namely Invertebrate & Chordate.
The invertebrates constitute the main bulk of the animal kingdom.
Protozoa
Objectives
Keywords
Overview
Dr. BGR
Biology
Botany
Zoology
3. Salient feathers of Invertebrates
Vertebral column is absent.
Lack of notochord.
Nerve cord is solid in nature.
Vertebral column, also called spinal column / spine / backbone.
Note
Vertebral Column Notochord
Flexible
Extending from neck to tail
Cartilaginous
Skeletal rod
Supporting the body in all embryonic & some adult chordate
Occurs: adult higher Chordates Occurs: adult lower Chordates
Made up of Bones Made up of Cartilages
Difference Between Notochord and Vertebral Column
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4. Phyla
• The Invertebrates are grouped into about 30 phyla.
Phyla
Major Phyla Minor Phyla
Phylum is a level of classification or taxonomic rank
Note
5. Binomial Nomenclature
It is defined as the system of naming of plants, animals & other objects.
It was proposed by Carl Linnaeus.
In the world, every organism is given a name which consists of two segments, a
generic name & a specific name.
Carl Linnaeus: “Father of Modern Taxonomy"
Note
1st edition of Systema Naturae, Netherlands, 1735.
10th edition in 1758
Systema Naturae
6. Rules of nomenclature
• In 1898, the International Congress of Zoology organized an International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature to formulate a set of rules.
1. The name of the genus is a single word & must begin with a capital letter.
2.The names are usually printed in italic type.
• Scientific names of animals & plants must be different.
9. Protozoans: two forms of life
free-living
freshwater seawater
parasitic
ectoparasites endoparasites
10. Key characters of Protozoa
• Unicellular
Note
Unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism
11. General characters of Protozoa
• Small
• Simplest
• Simple body organization
• Primitive
• Microscopic
• Parasitic
• Body Shape:
Variable (Spherical / oval / elongated / flattened)
Respiration: Diffusion
12. Pseudopodia (A pseudopod or pseudopodium is a temporary arm-like projection)
Flagella (hairlike appendage)
Cilia (microtubule-based hair-like organelles)
Locomotory Organs of Protozoa
Fingers like Pseudopodia
Whip-like flagella
Hair like cilia
Note
Locomotory Organs
The organs that help
living organisms to
move / create motion.
13. holozoic (animal like)
holophytic (plant like)
parasitic
Nutrition of Protozoa
Nutrition: Biochemical & physiological process by which an living organism uses food to support its life.
Note
14. Contractile Vacuoles (CV) of Protozoa
Osmoregulatory organelle
Osmoregulation: Active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body
fluids
Note
15. Asexual (binary / multiple fission / budding / sporulation)
Sexual (conjugation / hologamy / syngamy)
Reproduction of Protozoa
Reproduction:
Biological process
Offspring: produced from their "parent".
Asexual reproduction: type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes.
Note
16. Example
1. Entamoeba
pseudopod-forming
protozoan parasites
phylum Amoebozoa, class Archamoebae
Genus Entamoeba consists of at least 7 different species (E. histolytica, Entamoeba coli, etc.,)
17. Example
• Plasmodium
parasitic protozoans
Plasmodium, which infects RBC (red blood cells) in mammals (including humans), birds, and
reptiles, occurs worldwide, especially in tropical and temperate zones.
The organism is transmitted by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito.
19. Economic importance of Protozoa
• Beneficial protozoa
Helpful in sanitation:
Keeping water safe for drinking purpose.
Planktonic protozoa as food:
Source of food to fish.
Commensal protozoa:
Live in/on body of other animal (host) and derive some benefit from the relationship.
Scientific Study:
20. • Harmful Protozoa
Water pollution:
Some free living protozoa pollute water by producing aromatic &
oily secretions with objectionable odours.
Economic importance of Protozoa