Access to WASH Services in Kaduna State was compared to those in the North West Zone of the country and the national averages.

1. Dogara Bashir
Kaduna State Water Services Regulatory
Commission
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE
OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA IN
WASH SERVICES DELIVERY
Discussion Paper presented at the Internal Seminar of Kaduna State Water
Services Regulatory Commission held in Kaduna, Nigeria on 12th January,
2022

2. 1. Introduction
2. Access to Water Supply Services in Kaduna State
3. Access to Sanitation Services in Kaduna State
4. Open Defecation (OD) in Kaduna State
5. Access to Water Supply Services Across States
6. Access to Sanitation Services Across States
7. Access to WASH Services Across States
8. Access to Water Supply Services in Educ. Institutions
9. Access to Sanitation Services in Educ. Institutions
10. Access to Water Supply Services in Health Facilities
11. Access to Sanitation Services in Health Facilities
Outline of Presentation
2

3. 3
 This discussion paper presents a synthesis of the
findings of two assessment studies
 One study was carried out by the Kaduna State
Bureau of Statistics in 2015 and covered Kaduna
State
 The second study was carried out in 2019 by
National Bureau of Statistics in collaboration with
Federal Ministry of Water Resources and UNICEF
and covered the whole country
 The aim is to situate the performance of Kaduna
State in comparison with performances of the other
6 States in North-west zone in particular and the rest
of the country in general
Introduction

4. Based on WHO/UNICEF JMP definitions:
1. Basic water services are improved drinking water sources in which collection time is not more than 30
minutes for a round trip, including queuing.
2. Safely managed water services are improved drinking water sources within premises, available when
needed and free from fecal coliform.
3. Limited water services are improved drinking water sources for which collection time exceeds 30
minutes for a round trip, including queuing.
4. Unimproved water services are drinking water sources from an unprotected well or unprotected
spring.
5. Surface water are drinking water sources from a river, lake, pond, stream, or irrigation canal.
6. Basic sanitation services are improved facilities which are not shared with other households.
7. Safely managed sanitation services are improved facilities which are not shared with other
households and where excreta are safely emptied and treated.
8. Limited sanitation services are improved facilities shared by two or more households.
9. Unimproved sanitation services are pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines or bucket
latrines.
10. Open defecation is disposal of human faeces in fields, forests, bushes, open bodies of water, beaches
and other open space.
11. Basic hygiene services: where handwashing facility is available on premises and with soap and water.
12. Limited hygiene services: where handwashing facility is available on premises but without soap and
water.
13. No hygiene facility: where there is no handwashing facility on premises.
Definition of Terms (WASH NORM Survey 2019)
4

5. Definition of Terms (WASH NORM Survey 2019)
5
1. Snapped water facilities refers to systems that not contributing to per capita share due to non-
functionality.
2. Stressed water facilities are systems that are serving more than 3 times the population they
should serve and providing less than 5 liters per capita share.
3. Stretched water facilities are systems that are serving about twice the population they should
serve and providing between 5 and 12 liters in per capita share.
4. Suitable water facilities are systems that meet the prescribed per capita share in line with
National Standards and providing between 12 and 16 liters in per capita share.
5. Sufficient water facilities are systems meeting the per capita share of 16 liters and above.
Based on WHO/UNICEF JMP definitions:
1. Basic hygiene services: where handwashing facility is available on premises and with soap and
water.
2. Limited hygiene services: where handwashing facility is available on premises but without soap
and water.
3. No hygiene facility: where there is no handwashing facility on premises.

6. Access to Improved Sources of
Drinking Water (% Households) in Kaduna State
Source: Kaduna State General Household Report 2015
89
84
78 78
72
64
61 61 60 59
52
49 48
41
38 37 36 34 34 33 33
26
23
66
49
52
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
K/South
Jema'a
Chikun
Kaura
Kachia
K/North
Z/Kataf
Kajuru
S/Gari
Jaba
Zaria
Kagarko
Sanga
Lere
Igabi
Makarfi
Giwa
Ikara
B/Gwari
Kudan
Soba
Kubau
Kauru
Urban
Rural
State
6

7. Access to Pipe borne Water
(% Households) in Kaduna State
Source: Kaduna State General Household Report 2015
7
50 50
34
33
26
18
13
10 9
6 5 5
3 3 2
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
31
8
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
K/North
K/South
Kaura
Jaba
Chikun
S/Gari
Jema'a
Ikara
Kachia
Zaria
Z/Kataf
Kudan
Kubau
Lere
B/Gwari
Kagarko
Giwa
Igabi
Kajuru
Kauru
Makarfi
Sanga
Soba
Urban
Rural
State

8. Access to Improved Sanitation
(% Households) in Kaduna State
Source: Kaduna State General Household Report 2015
8
89
86 85
76 75 72
67 66
60
58 57 57 55 54 53 50 50 50
45
37
31
26
11
79
55
59
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Chikun
K/North
K/South
Zaria
Jaba
Kaura
S/Gari
Jema'a
Kachia
B/Gwari
Igabi
Kubau
Makarfi
Sanga
Kudan
Ikara
Lere
Z/Kataf
Giwa
Soba
Kauru
Kagarko
Kajuru
Urban
Rural
State

9. No Toilet/Latrine, Open Defecation
(% Households) in Kaduna State
Source: Kaduna State General Household Report 2015
9
38
32
24
21
15
13
10
8 8 7
3 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10
8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Kauru
Z/Kataf
Kachia
Jema'a
Sanga
Kajuru
Makarfi
Soba
Lere
Kagarko
Kaura
Giwa
Chikun
K/South
S/Gari
Igabi
K/North
Zaria
Jaba
B/Gwari
Kubau
Kudan
Ikara
Urban
Rural
State

10. Access to Water Supply Services (2019)
Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 10
91.7
56.4
67.1
77.0
39.1 38.0
86.1
70.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara National
Access to Basic Water Supply Services (%)
14.8
6.3
5.4
3.0
2.4 2.1
0.6
13.6
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
Kaduna Kano Sokoto Zamfara Jigawa Katsina Kebbi National
Access to Safely Managed Water Supply Services (%)
Kaduna State recorded
average access to basic
water supply services in the
NW Zone; but lower than
the national average.
Kaduna State recorded
the highest access to
safely managed water
supply services in the
NW Zone; but only
slightly higher than the
national average.

11. Access to Water Supply Services (2019)
Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 11
12.6 12.0
3.9 2.2
14.8
6.3
26.2
17.6
27.3
22.2
61.5
18.3
13.6
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Access to Safely Managed Water Supply Services (%)
Access to Basic Water Supply Services (%)
82.8
79.2
76.4
67.1
91.7
86.1
56.4
90.2
87.0
79.5
74.1
96.2
84.9
70.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
Kaduna State recorded
relatively low access to
basic water supply services;
lower than the national
average.
Lagos State recorded the
highest access to safely
managed water supply
services in the country.
Rivers State was a
distant second.

12. Access to Water Supply Services (%)
Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 12
22.3 22.3 21.9
20.2
18.5
14.9
0.6
28.6
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
Kaduna Kano Zamfara Katsina Sokoto Jigawa Kebbi National
29.9
23.7
35.9
13.4
22.3 22.3
45.4
35.7
51.7
43.2
71.1
40.6
28.6
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Access to Basic Water Supply Services, Free from Faecal Contamination, with
Collection Time of Not More than 30 Minutes for a Round Trip, Including Queuing (%)
Kaduna State recorded the
highest access to safely
managed water supply
services among the States
in the NW Zone but lower
than the national average.
Lagos State recorded the
highest access to safely
managed water supply
services in the country.
Rivers State was a
distant second.

13. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 13
Major Improved Drinking Water Sources (%
Access in Kaduna State & National Average)
1.8 1.4
19.8
26.6
6.5
1.6
5.6
38.7
12.9
10.2
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Piped Water Inside dwelling Piped Water in Public
tap/standpipe
Tube well/ borehole Protected dug well Sachet water
Kaduna National
Kaduna State recorded less than the national average except for piped water inside
dwelling and protected dug well.

14. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 14
7.8
6.4
3.8
3.5
3.2 3.0
2.7
1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6
1.3 1.3
1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.6
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
FCT
Abuja
Rivers
Delta
Plateau
Lagos
Borno
Jigawa
Akwa
Ibom
Adamawa
Kaduna
Cross
River
Osun
Anambra
Kebbi
Edo
Kano
Bayelsa
Niger
Ekiti
Nasarawa
Ondo
Kogi
Taraba
Imo
Ogun
Kwara
Katsina
Yobe
Oyo
Sokoto
Ebonyi
Benue
Bauchi
Gombe
Zamfara
Abia
Enugu
National
Piped Water Into Dwelling
24.0
17.6
16.1
13.5 13.2
11.9
11.0
9.1 9.0
8.0 7.6 7.5 7.4
6.1
4.8 4.4 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
5.6
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Jigawa
Borno
Kebbi
Katsina
Ekiti
Zamfara
Cross
River
Rivers
Delta
FCT
Abuja
Yobe
Bauchi
Edo
Enugu
Adamawa
Osun
Bayelsa
Plateau
Kogi
Gombe
Sokoto
Kano
Taraba
Ondo
Akwa
Ibom
Anambra
Benue
Kaduna
Ogun
Lagos
Niger
Imo
Abia
Ebonyi
Nasarawa
Kwara
Oyo
National
Piped Water - Public tap/standpipe
Major Improved Drinking Water
Sources (% Access in Nigeria)

15. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 15
83.9
74.0
65.1
64.1
64.1
63.9 62.0
56.7
55.6 55.0
54.4
53.5
45.9
45.6 42.4
38.6
38.5 38.1
38.0
33.2 32.5
31.4 30.3
30.0
29.5
28.9 28.0
22.3
22.2
21.7
20.0
19.8
19.0 18.3
18.3
9.9
8.7
38.7
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Imo
Abia
Anambra
FCT
Abuja
Yobe
Niger
Zamfara
Jigawa
Nasarawa
Borno
Bauchi
Akwa…
Ogun
Ebonyi
Kano
Delta
Adamawa
Kwara
Gombe
Rivers
Katsina
Kogi
Edo
Plateau
Sokoto
Oyo
Enugu
Taraba
Osun
Ondo
Ekiti
Kaduna
Bayelsa
Cross…
Lagos
Kebbi
Benue
National
Tube well/borehole
38.7
33.0
29.7 29.4 28.4
27.1 26.6 26.2
21.8
19.8
14.8 13.9 13.6
12.2 12.1
10.0 9.9 9.0 8.9 8.5 8.3 7.8 7.8 7.4 6.5 6.1 5.6 5.1 4.9
3.0 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.5
12.9
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Ekiti
Ondo
Benue
Oyo
Osun
Katsina
Kaduna
Kwara
Nasarawa
Plateau
Niger
Kano
Zamfara
Kogi
Kebbi
Cross
River
Bauchi
Jigawa
Ogun
Delta
Ebonyi
Borno
Edo
Adamawa
FCT
Abuja
Taraba
Rivers
Lagos
Gombe
Enugu
Anambra
Sokoto
Imo
Bayelsa
Abia
Akwa
Ibom
Yobe
National
Protected dug well
Major Improved Drinking Water
Sources (% Access in Nigeria)

16. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 16
60.5
23.9
21.6
18.6 17.2 17.0 16.2
12.2
10.4 9.0 8.8
6.9 6.5 6.2 5.7 5.6 5.3 4.9 4.9 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.7
2.1 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
10.2
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Lagos
Edo
Oyo
Ogun
Anambra
Osun
Enugu
Bayelsa
Rivers
Ondo
Delta
Ekiti
Kaduna
Niger
Kogi
Imo
Kano
Benue
FCT
Abuja
Adamawa
Plateau
Akwa
Ibom
Kwara
Abia
Cross
River
Ebonyi
Taraba
Nasarawa
Sokoto
Jigawa
Katsina
Gombe
Yobe
Zamfara
Kebbi
Bauchi
Borno
National
Sachet water
Major Improved Drinking Water
Sources (% Access in Nigeria)

17. Major Unimproved Drinking Water
Sources (% utilization in Nigeria)
Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 17
58.4
50.2
36.2
29.8 28.5 28.2
22.8
19.2 18.0
14.4 14.2 13.8
11.1 9.5 9.3 9.0 7.8 6.3 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.2 4.5 4.4 2.8 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0
11.8
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Sokoto
Kebbi
Kaduna
Taraba
Gombe
Adamawa
Kano
Bauchi
Yobe
Katsina
Plateau
Delta
Ebonyi
Nasarawa
Rivers
Benue
Edo
Kwara
Bayelsa
Kogi
Jigawa
Ogun
Zamfara
Ekiti
Borno
Lagos
Ondo
Oyo
Niger
Cross
River
Enugu
Akwa
Ibom
Anambra
Osun
FCT
Abuja
Abia
Imo
National
Unprotected Dug Well
44.3 43.4
35.7 34.6
26.0
20.2
19.8 19.5
19.2 18.4 18.2 18.1
15.2
14.8
14.6
14.3 12.7
11.4 9.1 9.1 8.9
8.4 8.0 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.2
4.4 3.9 2.8 2.2 1.8 1.4 1.2 0.2 0.0 0.0
11.2
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
Benue
Bayelsa
Kogi
Cross
River
Taraba
Akwa
Ibom
Enugu
Ondo
Ebonyi
Plateau
Ogun
Kwara
Gombe
Edo
Delta
Osun
Ekiti
Oyo
Adamawa
Kebbi
Rivers
Niger
Abia
Bauchi
Zamfara
Nasarawa
Borno
Yobe
Katsina
Kaduna
FCT
Abuja
Kano
Sokoto
Anambra
Lagos
Imo
Jigawa
National
Surface water

18. Percent of Water Supply Facility Based on
Availability of Management Committee
(North-West Zone)
Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 18
68.6
45.5 39.4
82.5
50.0
31.2
53.7
33.3
26.7
39.4 55.3
17.5
47.4
68.8
44.4
59.1
4.7
15.2
5.3 0.0 2.6 0.0 1.9 7.6
JIGAWA KADUNA KANO KATSINA KEBBI SOKOTO ZAMFARA NATIONAL
In place Not in place Don't know
Katsina State has the best performance followed by Jigawa, Zamfara and Kebbi States.
Kaduna State’s performance is below 50% but above national average.

19. Percent of Water Supply Facility Based on
Availability of Management Committee
(% Zonal and National Averages)
Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 19
State
Water Point Mgt Committee
Estimated
No
of
water
facilities
that
are
publicly
used
Membership of
Mgt Committee
Estimated
Number
of
management
committee
members
In
place
Not
in
place
Don't
know
Total
Male
Female
Total
Kaduna State 45.5 39.4 15.2 100 76,007 98 2 100 145,103
North-Central 23.3 71.6 5.1 100 179,915 70.9 29.1 100 210,527
North-East 39.3 49.5 11.2 100 186,051 76.3 23.7 100 316,270
North-West 51.9 41.9 6.1 100 295,646 89.7 10.3 100 727,901
South-East 22.1 71.4 6.5 100 42,544 71.3 28.7 100 36,281
South-South 19.2 64.7 16.1 100 67,424 75.2 24.8 100 47,773
South-West 16.7 77.2 6.1 100 204,402 70.3 29.7 100 160,538
National Average 33.3 59.1 7.6 100 975,983 81.2 18.8 100 1,499,289

20. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 20
Access to Drinking Water Free from
Contamination at Collection Points
(North-West Zone)
70.5
58.3
79.1
14.3
0.0
66.7
47.2
54.9
75.0
35.3
66.7
6.3
0.0
58.6
46.2
51.2
0.0
10.5
15.6
12.5
2.6
13.2
26.7
14.6
0.0
33.3
44.4
0.0 0.0 0.0
37.5
45.4
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara National
Handpump Borehole Motorised Borehole Improved Dug Well Public Water Utility
Jigawa, Kano and Sokoto are the States with the highest access; while Zamfara, Katsina
and Kebbi performed poorly, below national average. In fact Kebbi’s performance was very
poor, recording 0% for handpump borehole, motorized borehole and public water utility.
Kaduna State’s performance is below national average except for handpump borehole that
is a little bit above national average.

21. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 21
Access to Drinking Water Free from
Contamination at Collection Points
(Comparisons with Zonal & National Averages)
Zone
Handpump
Borehole
Motorised
Borehole
Improved
Dug
Well
Public
Water
Utility
Kaduna State 58.3 35.3 10.5 33.3
North Central 46.2 60.3 19.1 45.0
North East 46.2 43.7 23.3 66.7
North West 67.3 46.9 11.7 68.0
South East 37.3 49.2 23.8 76.2
South South 58.8 51.0 33.3 43.5
South West 57.1 57.1 7.9 37.5
National 54.9 51.2 14.6 54.6
South-East Zone has the
highest access. North-west
and North-east performed
well above national
average; while North-
central, South-south and
South-west performed
below national average.
The performance of
Kaduna State is very poor;
well below all the zones
and the national average.

22. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 22
Functionality & Sources of Water of
Water Works
132
106
238
62
35
97
176
52
228
87
24
111
265
14
279
169
117
286
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Total No. of Water Works with
Ground Water Sources
Total No. of Water Works with
Surface Water Sources
Total No. of Water Works
NC NE NW SE SS SW
138
2
140
0
13 13
7
17
24
2
8 10
14
4
18
11
3
14
4 5 9
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Total No. of Water Works with
Ground Water Sources
Total No. of Water Works with
Surface Water Sources
Total No. of Water Works
Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara
The South-West Zone
has the highest
number of water
works (279); though
most of them (265)
source their raw water
from groundwater.
In the North-West Zone,
Jigawa State has the
highest number of water
works (140); though most
of them (138) source their
raw water from
groundwater.
It is only Kaduna State that
does not have a single
water work with ground
water as its water source

23. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019
23
Functionality & Sources of Water of
Water Works (%)
State
Functionality
Source of
Water
Total
No.
of
Water
Works
Ground
Water
Total
No.
of
Water
Works
with
Ground
Water
Sources
Surface
Water
Total
No.
of
Water
Works
with
Surface
Water
Sources
Functional
Non-Functional
Ground
Water
Surface
Water
Functional
Non-Functional
Functional
Non-Functional
Jigawa 96.4 3.6 98.6 1.4 140 96.4 3.6 138 100.0 0.0 2
Kaduna 92.3 7.7 0.0 100.0 13 0.0 0.0 0 92.3 7.7 13
Kano 79.2 20.8 29.2 70.8 24 71.4 28.6 7 82.4 17.6 17
Katsina 100.0 0.0 20.0 80.0 10 100.0 0.0 2 100.0 0.0 8
Kebbi 100.0 0.0 77.8 22.2 18 100.0 0.0 14 100.0 0.0 4
Sokoto 100.0 0.0 78.6 21.4 14 100.0 0.0 11 100.0 0.0 3
Zamfara 44.4 55.6 44.4 55.6 9 25.0 75.0 4 60.0 40.0 5
National 42.3 57.7 71.9 28.1 1,239 40.1 59.9 891 48.0 52.0 348
With the
exception of
Zamfara State,
all the States
in the North-
West Zone
have most of
their water
works
functional

24. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019
24
Distribution of Water Works by Total
installed & current capacity (m3/day)
1,695,298
749,464
540,438
222,135
1,505,612
746,819
637,931
42,264
539,362
59,027
2,804,742
874,299
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
Total Installed Capacity (m3/day) Total Current Capacity (m3/day)
NC NE NW SE SS SW
65,457
531,310
562,490
108,500
54,286
137,869
45,700
42,682
420,454
115,927
73,676
16,783
54,672
22,625
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara
Total Installed Capacity (m3/day) Total Current Capacity (m3/day)
The South-West Zone
has the largest capacity
for water production;
both in terms of
installed and current
capacities.
In the North-West
Zone, Kano and
Kaduna have the
largest installed
capacity for water
production. But in
terms of current
capacity, Kaduna
State, by far, has the
largest.

25. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019
25
Average Capacity Utilization (%) of
Water Works Across the States
79.1
74.6
67.9
65.2
64.162.761.6
54.9
54.353.1
49.5
40.3
39.738.3
36.035.4
30.9
27.8
21.6
20.6
20.5
17.6
16.5
16.3
15.3
15.1
11.2
10.1 6.2 4.8 3.5 2.3 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
34.9
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Kaduna
Kogi
Katsina
Jigawa
Gombe
Nasarawa
Borno
Plateau
FCT
Lagos
Zamfara
Oyo
Sokoto
Osun
Bauchi
Kwara
Kebbi
Taraba
Adamawa
Kano
Cross…
Enugu
Niger
Akwa…
Ogun
Delta
Benue
Edo
Ekiti
Yobe
Abia
Anambra
Imo
Ondo
Bayelsa
Ebonyi
Rivers
National
Capacity Utilization (%)
 Kaduna State has the highest capacity utilization (79%) of its water works in the
country.
 It appears 3 States (Bayelsa, Ebonyi and Rivers) have no functional water works as
they posted 0% capacity utilization.

26. Consumers Satisfied with the Quality of
Service of their Water Utilities
(% Kaduna State and National Average)
Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 26
84.0
70.2
77.7 77.7 77.7
79.8
56.9
39.6
48.3
61.0
47.5
62.8
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Process of obtaining
new connection
Process of re-connection
when disconnected
Duration of flow/supply
to the household
Water pressure during
supply
Quantity of water
supplied to the
household
Amount charged for
water supply service
Kaduna National
For consumer satisfaction with the quality of service of the Water Utility, Kaduna State
consistently recorded higher than the national average.

27. Consumers Satisfied with the Quality of
Service of their Water Utilities
(% North-Western States)
Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 27
87.9
75.7
89.2
91.8 93.3 91.9
84.0
70.2
77.7 77.7 77.7
79.8
74.5
64.3
74.5
75.5 72.4
87.7
92.6
81.5
74.1
100.0
70.4
100.0
46.5
32.7
27.0
38.3 39.0
33.3
56.9
39.6
48.3
61.0
47.5
62.8
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
Process of obtaining
new connection
Process of re-
connection when
disconnected
Duration of flow/supply
to the household
Water pressure during
supply
Quantity of water
supplied to the
household
Amount charged for
water supply service
Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi National
Katsina, Jigawa and Kaduna are respectively the States with the most satisfied consumers
of their water utilities in all the categories. Kebbi recorded the least.

28. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019
28
Per Capita Share of Water Supply by Population
Served in North-West States (%)
In Kaduna State, only 4.3% of the population have sufficient
per capita water supply; only higher than Katsina State
among the North-Western States and much less than the
national average of 19%.
41.5
47.8
21.1 21.4
38.2
28.6
17.6
32.6
26.4 8.7
46.1
39.3
23.5
34.7
41.2
26.6
11.3
21.7
18.4
17.9 17.6 10.2
8.8
13.9
5.7
17.4 6.6 17.9
2.9 14.3
11.8
8.0
15.1
4.3 7.9 3.6
17.6
12.2
20.6 19.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara National
Snapped Stressed Stretched Suitable Sufficient

29. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019
29
Per Capita Share of Water Supply by Population
Served (%) (Zonal & National Averages)
North-West Zone has the least % of the population with
sufficient per capita water supply; and much less than
the national average of 19%.
23.9
38.4 34.6 37.7
28.4
35.5 32.6
32.6
26.2
26.6
31.8
14.2
31.8
26.6
10.5
11.0 16.7
9.9
20.1
10.1
13.9
5.6
6.5
11.2 5.9
9.9
4.3 8.0
27.5
17.9
10.8 14.7
27.4
18.2 19.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
NC NE NW SE SS SW National
Snapped Stressed Stretched Suitable Sufficient

30. Access to Sanitation Services (NW Zone)
Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 30
66.8
55.0
50.1
41.7 40.8
38.2
34.7
43.8
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Kano Kaduna Katsina Jigawa Sokoto Zamfara Kebbi National
Access to Basic Sanitation Services (%)
31.6
27.3
22.2
19.5 19.0 18.5
17.1
20.9
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
Kano Kaduna Katsina Jigawa Zamfara Sokoto Kebbi National
Access to Safely Managed Sanitation Services (%)
Kaduna State recorded
the second highest
access to basic sanitation
services among the
States in the Zone.
Similarly, Kaduna State
recorded the second
highest access to safely
managed sanitation
services among the
States in the Zone.

31. Access to Sanitation Services (Nigeria)
Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 31
38.6
30.5
59.7 58.6
66.8
55.0
68.1 66.2
58.7
50.8
57.8
32.2
43.8
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Access to Basic Sanitation Services (%)
18.2
13.3
28.9
27.7
31.6
27.3
34.2 33.3
28.2
24.4
28.0
16.3
20.9
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
Access to Safely Managed Sanitation Services (%)
Kaduna State recorded
average among the
States in the Zone but
higher than the national
average.
States in the South-east
Zone have higher access
to safely managed
sanitation services.

32. Open Defecation (OD) Practice
Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 32
18.1 17.8
14.0
9.2
8.2
4.3
2.0
23.1
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Sokoto Kebbi Jigawa Kaduna Katsina Kano Zamfara National
Population Practicing Open Defecation (%)
45.9
47.5
7.6
9.7
2.0
4.3
9.2
2.0
6.9
4.3
16.0
7.4
17.7
23.1
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
Population Practicing Open Defecation (%)
Kaduna State recorded
average among the
States in the Zone but
much lower than the
national average.
States in the North-
central Zone have the
worst cases of OD much
higher than the national
average.

33. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019
33
Access to Improved Sanitation Facilities (%)
(States in North-West Zone)
Only 3 States (Jigawa, Sokoto and Kano) in the Zone have access to sewerage systems
(2.2%, 0.5% and 0.4% respectively); the other 4 States, including Kaduna, have 0%.
Kaduna has the highest access to septic tank systems (27.0%), higher than national average.
All the States in the Zone reported their highest access to pit latrine with slab.
2.2 0.0 0.4 0.0
0.0 0.5 0.0
4.7
4.2
27.0
6.3
2.8 2.3 2.3 1.1
25.0
37.4
44.1
55.5 56.9
33.5
40.5
19.2
32.4
1.0
3.3 3.2
1.5 3.0 3.0
16.4
2.6
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara National
Sewer system Septic Tank Pit latrine with slab Twin pit with slab

34. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019
34
Access to Improved Sanitation Facilities (%)
(Comparisons with Zonal & National Averages)
Zone
Sewer
system
Septic
Tank
Pit latrine
with slab
Twin pit
with slab
Kaduna State 0.0 27.0 44.1 3.3
North Central 10.0 26.4 25.1 0.7
North East 1.3 2.7 44.8 5.1
North West 0.4 7.8 44.9 4.0
South East 4.9 42.8 27.9 2.0
South South 12.5 29.9 19.2 1.0
South West 4.6 53.8 20.9 1.2
National 4.7 25.0 32.4 2.6
South-South and North-Central are the zones with highest access
to sewerage systems (12.5% and 10% respectively).
South-West and South-East are the zones with highest access to
septic tank systems (53.8% and 42.8% respectively).
North-West and
North-East are
the zones with
highest access to
Covered pit
latrines systems
(44.9% and 44.8%
respectively).
It is to be noted
that Kaduna State
has 0% access to
sewerage systems.

35. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 35
Household Toilets by Location and Usage(%)
(States in North-West Nigeria)
75.9
28.4
43.5
72.7 70.1
50.5
40.2
42.9
22.3
69.7
55.0
25.5 26.9
49.0
57.0
49.6
1.8 2.0 1.6 1.7 3.0 0.5 2.8
7.5
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara National
In own dwelling In own yard or plot Elsewhere
2.5
32.1
7.4
21.3
15.4 17.3 19.4
28.3
97.5
67.9
92.6
78.7
84.6 82.7 80.6
71.7
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara National
Shared Not shared
The percent of HHs with
toilet inside dwelling in
Kaduna State is the
lowest in north-west
zone.
However, the percentage
of HHs with toilets in
their yards or plots is the
highest in the zone.
Percentage of HHs
with toilets not shared
in Kaduna State is the
lowest in the zone;
and is lower than the
national average.

36. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 36
Household Toilets by Location and Usage(%)
(Comparisons with Zonal & National Averages)
Zone
In
own
dwelling
In
own
yard
or
plot
Elsewhere
Shared
Not
shared
Kaduna 28.4 69.7 2.0 32.1 67.9
North Central 38.9 53.1 7.9 27.6 72.4
North East 46.5 46.9 6.7 8.7 91.3
North West 51.8 46.4 1.8 16.3 83.7
South East 35.8 51.8 12.4 27.8 72.2
South South 32.6 47.8 19.6 37.9 62.1
South West 43.6 53.8 2.5 48.4 51.6
National 42.9 49.6 7.5 28.3 71.7
The percent of HHs
with toilet inside
dwelling in Kaduna
State is lower than all
the zonal averages.
However, the
percentage of HHs
with toilets in their
yards or plots is higher
than all the zonal
averages and national
average.
Percentage of HHs
with toilets not shared
in Kaduna State is
lower than most zonal
averages.

37. Access to Basic WASH Services
in the North-West Zone of Nigeria
Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 37
State
Access
to
Basic
Water
Supply
Services
Access
to
Basic
Sanitation
Services
Access
to
Basic
Hygiene
Services
on
Premises
and
with
Soap
and
Water
Access
to
Basic
Water
Supply
and
Basic
Sanitation
Services
Access
to
Basic
Water
Supply
and
Basic
Hygiene
Services
Access
to
Basic
Sanitation
and
Hygiene
Services
Access
to
Basic
Water
Supply,
Basic
Sanitation
and
Hygiene
Services
Jigawa 91.7 41.7 53.7 37.9 50.1 23.8 21.8
Kaduna 56.4 55.0 23.4 33.4 19.0 14.9 12.2
Kano 67.1 66.8 27.8 48.3 19.9 21.4 16.3
Katsina 77.0 50.1 8.5 38.2 6.4 5.3 4.2
Kebbi 39.1 34.7 12.0 15.1 4.4 7.7 3.1
Sokoto 38.0 40.8 32.2 20.0 14.5 6.3 4.3
Zamfara 86.1 38.2 21.0 32.1 19.2 6.1 5.7
National 70.0 43.8 16.0 33.5 13.1 10.0 8.6

38. Access to Basic WASH Services
(Kaduna State and National Average)
Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019
38
Basic Water
Supply Services
56.4%
Basic
Sanitation
Services
55.0%
Basic Hygiene
Services
23.4%
33.4%
12.2%
14.9%
19.0%
Kaduna State
Basic Water
Supply Services
70.0%
Basic
Sanitation
Services
43.8%
Basic Hygiene
Services
16.0%
33.5%
8.6%
10.0%
13.1%
National
Kaduna State recorded higher than the national
average except for basic water supply services.

39. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019
39
Access to Water Supply Services in Educational
Facilities (%) in North-West States
Kaduna State is among the top 3 States in the north west zone
with access to water supply services in educational institutions;
and higher than the national average in all categories.
77.7
69.3
20.5
59.0
64.4
56.0
58.6 54.3
20.7
45.7
54.3
33.6
59.5
41.7
12.9
28.8
35.9
22.5
55.4
34.3
26.8
32.2
34.3
28.9
46.5
40.3
12.6
34.2
40.3
32.1
28.3
20.6
9.2
12.8 14.3
10.7
66.0
58.0
26.0
34.0
56.0
34.0
47.0
32.7
13.7
25.2
31.0
22.5
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Schools with improved
water supply facility
Schools with basic water
supply services
Schools with basic water
supply and sanitation
services
Schools with functional
improved water supply
facility within the premises
Schools with functional
improved water supply
facility within 250 m
Schools with improved
water supply source within
the premises and is
typically available
throughout the school year
Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara National

40. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 40
Access to Water Supply Services in Educational
Facilities (%) (Comparisons with Zonal & National
Averages)
Zone
Schools
with
improved
water
supply
facility
Schools
with
basic
water
supply
services
Schools
with
basic
water
supply
and
sanitation
services
Schools
with
functional
improved
water
supply
facility
within
the
premises
Schools
with
functional
improved
water
supply
facility
within
250
m
Schools
with
access
to
basic
+
water
supply
services
(schools
with
functional
improved
water
supply
facility,
within
the
school
premises
and
available
at
all
times
during
school
days)
Number
of
Schools
Kaduna State 58.6 54.3 20.7 45.7 54.3 33.6 4,549
North Central 39.8 26.9 9.2 19.5 25.5 15.9 22,023
North East 51.6 40.4 21.1 28.5 37.4 21.4 13,560
North West 56.2 44.7 17.6 34.3 41.7 26.8 20,750
South East 29.2 17.4 7.7 13.8 16.6 10.5 9,134
South South 34.8 18.8 9.2 14.7 18.5 11.5 8,392
South West 60.6 35.3 14.3 32.0 34.9 24.4 12,314
National 47.0 32.7 13.7 25.2 31.0 19.6 86,173
The percent
access to water
supply services
in educational
facilities in
Kaduna State
compare very
well with the
zonal averages
and consistently
higher than the
national
average in all
categories.

41. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019
41
Access to Sanitation and Hygiene Services
in Educational Facilities (North West)
38.6 40.1 40.3
94.6
31.4
42.0
70.0
46.2
30.7
20.7 22.2
73.2
20.8 23.2
42.0
25.7
17.5
7.8 9.6
18.1
0.0 0.0
8.0 9.7
4.2
0.0 3.6 3.3
0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara National
Schools with improved toilet/latrine
Schools with separate blocks of improved toilet/latrine for males and females
Schools with basic handwashing service
Schools with girls’ toilet/latrine compartments that has provision for mensural hygiene management
 With the exception of Katsina and Zamfara States, there is low access to sanitation
services in educational facilities across the north-west zone. There is also very low
access to basic hygiene services with 0% access in Kebbi and Sokoto States.
 Only 3 States have few Educational facilities with provisions for mensural hygiene
management. Kaduna, Kebbi, Sokoto and Zamfara States have no school with the
provision.

42. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019
42
Access to Sanitation and Hygiene Services
in Educational Facilities (Zonal Averages)
31.8
50.8 48.6
44.0
55.5
58.0
46.2
20.0
28.6 30.3
20.1
25.1
29.7
25.7
9.6
4.2
8.7
11.3 11.1
15.5
9.7
3.9
1.1 1.8 1.2
4.5 5.0 2.9
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
North Central North East North West South East South South South West National
Schools with improved toilet/latrine
Schools with separate blocks of improved toilet/latrine for males and females
Schools with basic handwashing service
Schools with girls’ toilet/latrine compartments that has provision for mensural hygiene management
 There is low access to sanitation services in educational facilities in all the 6 Zones
with very few schools having handwashing facilities. There is also low number of
schools with separate blocks of improved toilet/latrine for males and females.
 Few Educational facilities have provisions for mensural hygiene management. The
zones with the highest percent of schools with the provision are South-West, south-
south and north-central with only 5.0%, 4.5% and 3.9% respectively.

43. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019
43
Access to WASH Services in Educational
Facilities Across the North West
10.2
20.5
10.2
3.0
5.6
20.7
3.4 3.4
5.4
12.9
0.7 0.7
11.7
26.8
13.9
9.6
0.0
12.6
0.0 0.0
0.0
9.2
0.0 0.0
6.0
26.0
6.0 6.0
5.1
13.7
5.5
3.2
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Schools with basic water
supply and hygiene
Services
Schools with basic water
supply and sanitation
services
Schools with basic
sanitation and hygiene
services
Schools with basic WASH
services
Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara National
 There is low access to WASH services in educational facilities across the
north-west zone with very low access to hygiene services. Any of the
associations with hygiene service brings the access to WASH very low.
 Educational facilities in Kebbi and Sokoto States appear to have 0% access
to hygiene services.

44. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019
44
Access to WASH Services in Educational
Facilities (Zonal Averages)
5.0
9.2
6.3
3.6
2.6
21.1
2.5
1.8
5.6
17.6
3.9
2.9
3.6
7.7
4.4
1.7
4.8
9.2
6.6
3.4
8.8
14.3
9.8
5.4
5.1
13.7
5.5
3.2
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Schools with basic water
supply and hygiene Services
Schools with basic water
supply and sanitation
services
Schools with basic sanitation
and hygiene services
Schools with basic WASH
services
North Central North East North West South East South South South West National
 There is low access to WASH services in educational facilities in all the 6
Zones with very low access to hygiene services. Any of the associations with
hygiene service brings the percentage very low.
 The south-west zone has relatively higher percentage access and
consistently higher than the national average

45. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 45
Availability and Type of Toilet/Latrine in
Educ. Facilities Across the North West
17.5
25.5
7.7
0.0
13.9
0.0 0.0
30.3
44.7
40.4
46.1
97.8
39.6
81.0
92.1
49.3
37.9 30.5
44.2
2.2
46.5
19.0
7.9
18.8
0.0 3.5 1.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
1.1
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara National
Flush/Pourflush toilets Pit latrines with slab
Pit Latrine without slab No toilets/ latrines on premises
Kaduna State has the highest access (25.5%) to flush/pourflush
toilets in Health Facilities among the States in the north west.
However, the State also has the highest percentage (3.5%) of
Health Facilities with no toilets/latrines on premises.

46. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 46
Availability and Type of Toilet/Latrine
in Educ. Facilities (Zonal Averages)
 The southern States have much higher access to flush/pourflush
toilets in Educational facilities compared with northern States
 In fact, 60% of the Educational facilities in the South-south and
south-west States have flush/pourflush toilets;
 North-west and north-east averaged only 9.6% and 8.5% respectively.
29.6
8.5 9.6
39.1
68.6
63.1
30.3
44.2
72.0
60.4
46.4
26.0
27.2
49.3
0.2
1.6
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
24.8
16.7
28.7
13.1
4.5 7.9
18.8
1.2 0.7 1.0 0.9
0.9
1.8 1.1
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
North Central North East North West South East South South South West National
Flush/Pourflush toilets Pit latrines with slab Compost Toilets
Pit Latrine without slab No toilets/ latrines on premises

47. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019
47
Access to Water Supply Services in Health
Facilities Across the North West
69.6
59.4
69.6
62.5 59.4
62.5
65.3
45.8
58.5
64.8 61.3
64.8
76.0
73.0 73.0
64.4
57.2
64.4
81.2
56.1
78.0
68.8
54.9
66.6
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
HFs with improved water supply
facility
HFs with Basic Water Supply Service HFs with functional improved water
supply facility within 250m
Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara National
 All the States in the north-west zone showed good access to water supply
services in their Health facilities though many of them below national
average
 Kaduna State is among the States with lower percentage access

48. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 48
Access to Water Supply Services in Health
Facilities (Zonal Averages)
68.4
44.0
64.8
69.6
52.9
67.7
67.6
57.7
65.8
66.3
58.5
63.8
66.2
58.0
65.2
74.8
65.2
73.0
68.8
54.9
66.6
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
HFs with improved water supply
facility
HFs with Basic Water Supply Service HFs with functional improved water
supply facility within 250m
North Central North East North West South East South South South West National
 All the 6 Zones showed good access to water supply services in their Health
facilities
 The south-west zone has relatively higher percentage access followed by
north-west; consistently higher than the national average

49. Source: WASH NORM Survey 2019 49
Sanitation Services in Health Facilities
Across the North West
32.4
1.0
24.7
37.5
18.8
3.1
19.9
12.2
9.0
39.7
1.5
11.1
27.4
18.4
23.0
35.8
17.8
3.6
32.7
17.1
6.3
42.6
18.1
9.6
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
HFs with improved
toilet/latrines for staff
within the building
HFs with improved
toilet/latrines for
patients within the
building
HFs with Basic
Sanitation Service
Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara National
52.7
11.1
32.4
25.0 21.9
15.6
32.6
15.1
14.1
50.8
8.5
32.7
42.4
27.4 26.7
53.5
17.8
3.6
31.0
15.3
29.6
38.3
19.0 21.3
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
HFs with separate
latrine/toilet
compartment for males
and females staff
HFs with separate
latrine/toilet
compartment for males
and females patients
HFs with improved
toilets, which are
accessible to those
with limited mobility
Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara National
Kaduna State is among the
States in the north west zone
with low access to separate
toilet compartments for
males and females in Health
Facilities; and low access to
improved toilets for PLWD.
Kaduna State is among the
top 2 States in the north
west zone with higher access
to improved sanitation
services within the buildings
in health facilities.

50. THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
50

51. Give 5 key recommendations to sustain the good
performances and address the weak/poor
performances identified in this presentation to:
1. Kaduna State Water Corporation (KADSWAC)
2. Kaduna State Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Agency (KADRUWASSA)
3. Kaduna State Water Services Regulatory Commission
(KADWREC)
4. Kaduna State Ministries Responsible for Water and
Kaduna State Government
GROUP WORK
51