Mycorrhiza- types and description

1. MYCORRHIZA
P. Dhamodharan
2019502205
Department of Agronomy

2. MYCORRHIZA
• The word mycorrhiza was coined by the German
scientist Albert Bernhard Frank in 1885.
• The word mycorrhiza is derived from the Greek words –
‘mukes’meaning fungus and ‘rhiza’meaning roots.
• Mycorrhiza (fungus-root) can be defined as a symbiotic
association between fungi and plant roots.

3. Mycorrhizal fungi
 Mycorrhizal fungi colonize the plant’s root system and develop a symbiotic
association called “mycorrhiza”
 They form a network of fine filaments that associate with plant roots and draw
nutrients and water from the soil that the root system would not be able to
access otherwise.
 Mycorrhizae are formed with more than 90% of plant species

4. Why Mycorrhizal Fungi Are Important
 mycorrhizal-obligate
 assisting the host plant with the uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen
 increase the surface area associated with the plant root

5. Classification ofmycorrhiza
Based on tropic level by A.B. Frank
• Ectotropic Mycorrhiza
• Endotropic Mycorrhiza
Based on morphological and anatomical feature
• Ectomycorrhiza
• Endomycorrhiza
• Ectendomycorrhiza

6. Broadly classified into
• Ectomycorrhiza (EcM)
• Endomycorrhiza (AM / VAM)
• Ectendomycorrhiza
• Monotropoid mycorrhiza
• Arbutoid mycorrhiza
• Orchid mycorrhiza
• Ericoid mycorrhiza

7. Ectomycorrhiza or ectotrophic
mycorrhiza (EcM)
• Ectomycorrhizas, or EM, are typically formed between the roots
of around 10% of plant families, mostly woody plants including the
eucalyptus, oak, pine, deodar and rose families , orchids, and fungi
belonging to the Basidiomycota, Ascomycota and Zygomycota.
• Commonly associated with trans temperate forest trees.

8. • Ectomycorrhizal fungi form a sheath or mantle around the root,
and hyphae emanate through the soil increasing the surface area.
• The fungus grows within the root cell wall but never penetrates the
cell interior.
• It grows between the cells of the cortex to form Hartig net.
• The Hartig net present outside the endodermis and meristematic
zones is the site for nutrient exchange.
• Colonization of root tips induces marked changes in the host
root morphology.

9. Fungus forming ectomycorrhizae
• Amanita muscaria
• Boletus variegatus
• Paxillus invalutus
• Rhizopogon vinicolor
• Entomoloma
• Sclerodendran
Amanita muscaria Entomoloma

11. Advantages of ectomycorrhiza
• Extensive multibranching hyphae increases the water holding
capacity of plants.
• Increase the tolerance to drought, high soil temperature, organic
and inorganic soil toxins, extremes of soil acidity to sulphur and
aluminium.
• Deter infection of feeder roots by some rot pathogens.
• Enhance the uptake of many nutrients. (P, Cu, Zn through Hartig
net)
• Disease control through barrier effect, competitive exclusion.
• Play a key role in afforestation.

12. Endomycorrhiza or endotrophic
mycorrhiza
• Arbuscular mycorrhizae (often called AM) are the most common
and widespread of all mycorrhizae and are found in as many as
85%-90% of the world's plant species.
• Commonly associated with agricultural, horticulture crops in
addition to tropical trees.

13. • The external hyphal mantle or sheath is absent or scanty. The
fungal hyphae enters inside the root cortex and penetrates the
cortical cells.
• This is not a destructive parasitic association but endomycorrhiza
are present at certain times as a part of normal root development.
• AM fungi penetrate the cell walls of root cells.
• They grow between the cell wall and cell membrane forming
arbuscules.
• VAM fungi produce vesicles for lipid storage.

14. Fungi forming endomycorrhizae
• Endogone
• Glomus
• Sclerocystis
• Acaulospora
• Gigaspora
• Enterophophora
• Scutellispora
Glomus Gigaspora

16. Endomycorrhizae Ectomycorrhizae
Generally fungi produce its typical
structures, vescicles and arbuscules
inside the root system.
Fungi produce majority of its
structure outside the root system.
Commonly associated with
agricultural, horticultural and
tropical trees.
Commonly associated with trans
temperate forest tree roots.
Have a loose network of hyphae in
the soil and an extensive growth
within the cortex cells of the plants.
Form a complete mantle or sheath
over the surface of the rot and
hyphae grows out into the soil.
Cannot be cultured on artificial
media.
Can be cultured on artificial media.
Doesn’t cause morphological
changes in roots.
Cause morphological changes in
roots.

17. Ectendomycorrhiza
• They share the features of both ecto- and endomycorrhiza.
• They have less developed hyphal mantle.
• The hyphae within the host penetrate its cells and grow within.
• These are found in both angiosperms and gymnosperms.
• Fungus associated areAscomycetes.
• Hosts are Eucalyptus, Salix, Alnus etc.

18. Monotropoid mycorrhiza
• The family Monotropaceae, which includes
achlorophyllous plants, develop the
association.
• These plants entirely depend
upon the fungus for carbon and
energy.
• Sheath, inter- and intracellular hyphae and peg-like
haustoria are present.
Monotropa sp.

19. Arbutoid mycorrhiza
• These are found in the family Ericaceae.
• The fungi penetrate into the cortical cells forming extensive coils
of hyphae.
• The mycosymbionts are Basidiomycetes.
• Sheath, inter- and coiled intercellular hyphae are present.

20. Orchid mycorrhiza
• At some point of time all Orchids are infected by orchidaceous
mycorrhiza – Basidiomycota.
• Orchids germinate only after infection by mycorrhiza. Ex:
Rhizoctonia sp.
• Within cells, hyphae form coils called pelotons which greatly
increase the interfacial surface area between orchid and fungus.

21. Cymbidum orchid Orchid pelotons stained
red in a light micrograph
of sectioned tissue.
Scaning
electronmicrograph of
orchid pelotons

22. Ericoid mycorrhiza
• This type occurs in the family Ericaceae.
• These plants have fine roots and the fungal members of
ascomycetes like Pezizella, Clavaria forms the association in the
outer region of cortical layer of roots.
• The ericoid fungal hyphae form a loose network over the hair root
surface the hyphae can also penetrate the epidermal cells, often at
several points in each cell and coiled hyphae fill the cell.
• Up to 80% of root volume can be fungal tissue and it is through
these coils that nutrient exchange is thought to occur

24. Mycorrhiza Host range Types of relationship
Ectomycorrhiza Gymnosperms andAngiosperms
Sheath, intercellular
hyphae
Endomycorrhiza (VAM) All groups of plant kingdom
Coiled intracellular hyphae, vesicle and
arbuscules present
Ectendomycorrhiza Gymnosperms andAngiosperms Sheath optional, inter and intracellularhyphae
Monotropoid mycorrhiza Very restricted, Monotropaceae
Sheath, inter and coiled intracellular hyphae
Arbutoid mycorrhiza Very restricted, Ericales
Sheath, inter and coiled intracellular hyphae
Orchid mycorrhiza, Restricted, Orchidaceae
Only coiled intracellular hyphae
Ericoid mycorrhiza Very restricted, Ericales
No sheath, no intercellular
hyphae, long,
coiled

25. Crop Mycorrhiza species
Barley, maize, wheat Glomus spp.
Bean Asaulospora morrowiae, Glomus, Gigaspora
Peanut Glomus fasciculatum, Sclerocystis dussi
Pea Glomus intraradices
Cotton Glomus sp., Sclerocystis sinuosa
Tomato, potato Gigaspora margarita, Glomus spp., Acaulospora sp.
Black pepper Entrophosphora colombiana, Scutellospora sp.
Cardamom Glomus fasciculautm
Citrus Glomus faciculatum, G. mosseae
Marigold Glomus mosseae

26. Mechanism of symbiosis
1-Spore germination 2-Root colonisation
3-Exploration
4-Network development

27. Benefits of mycorrhiza
• Produce more vigorous and healthy plants.
• Increase plant establishment and survival at seedling or
transplanting.
• Enhance flowering and fruiting.
• Increase yields and crop quality.
• Improve drought tolerance, allowing watering reduction.

28. Benefits of mycorrhiza
• Optimize fertilizers use, especially Phosphorus.
• Increase tolerance to soil salinity.
• Reduce disease occurrence.
• Contribute to maintain soil quality and nutrient cycling.
• Contribute to control soil erosion.

29. No mycorrhizaltreatment Mycorrhizal treatment Nomycorrhizal treatment Mycorrhizal treatment

30. Mycorrhizal effects on soil structure
 Greater water infiltration and water holding capacity
 More permeability to air
 Better root development
 Higher microbial activity and nutrient cycling
 Better resistance to surface sealing (crusts)
 Better resistance to erosion (water/wind)
 Better resistance to compaction

31. Application of VAM fungi
•Nursery application
100 g bulk inoculum is sufficient for one m2. The inoculum should
be applied a 2-3 cm below the soil at the time of sowing. The
seeds/cuttings should be sown/planted above the VAM inoculum to
cause infection.

32. Application of VAM fungi
• For polythene bag raised crops
5 to 10 g bulk inoculum is sufficient for each packet. Mix 10 kg of inoculum with 1000 kg of
sand potting mixture and pack the potting mixture in polythene bag before sowing.
•For out-planting
20 g of VAMinoculum is required per seedling. Apply inoculum atthe time of planting.
•For existing trees
200 g VAMinoculum is required for inoculating one tree. Applyinoculum near the root surface
at the time of fertilizer application.

33. Fewmycorrhizal products available commercially

34. Advantages of Premier Tech Mycorrhizae
•Available in large quantities
•Superior quality inoculants (Pathogen-free – Homogeneous - Consistent quality)
•Great flexibility in formulation and applications
•Can be formulated at different concentrations
•Can be formulated with different carriers
•Can be formulated according to customer’s needs

35. THANK YOU